How to Calculate NPV

If you’ve never calculated net present value (NPV) before, the process can feel kind of perplexing. Don’t worry though—once you know the formula, calculating NPV isn’t hard. We’ll walk you through how to do it step-by-step, with examples, so you can quickly find the number you’re looking for.

NPV can be calculated with the formula NPV = ⨊(P/ (1+i)t ) – C, where P = Net Period Cash Flow, i = Discount Rate (or rate of return), t = Number of time periods, and C = Initial Investment.

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Method 1

Method 1 of 3:

Calculating Net Present Value

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1
Determine your initial investment. This is “C” in the above formula. In the world of business, purchases and investments are often made with the goal of earning money in the long run. These sorts of investments usually have a single initial cost—typically the cost of the asset being purchased.^{[1]XResearch source}
- For example, let's imagine that you operate a small lemonade stand. You are considering buying an electric juicer for your business which will save you time and effort compared to juicing the lemons by hand. If the juicer costs $100, then that $100 is your initial investment.
2
Determine a time period to analyze. This is “t” in the above formula. As noted above, businesses and individuals make investments with the goal of making money in the long run. To determine the NPV for your investment, you'll need to specify a time period during which you're trying to determine whether the investment will pay for itself. This time period may be measured in any unit of time, but for most financial calculations the unit of measure is years.^{[2]XResearch source}
- In our lemonade stand example, let's say that you've researched the juicer you intend to buy online. According to most reviews, the juicer works great, but usually breaks after about 3 years. In this case, you’ll use 3 years as the time period in your NPV calculation to determine whether the juicer will pay for itself before it's likely to break.
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3
Estimate your cash inflow for each time period. This is “P” in the above formula. You'll need to estimate how much money your investment will make you during each time period for which it's earning you money. These amounts (or "cash inflows") can be specific, known values, or they can be estimates. In the latter case, companies and financial firms sometimes devote a great deal of time and effort to getting an accurate estimate, hiring industry experts, analysts, and so on.
- Let's continue with our lemonade stand example. Based on your past performance and your best future estimates, you assume that implementing the $100 juicer will bring in an extra $50 the first year, $40 the second year, and $30 the third year by reducing the time your employees need to spend juicing (and thus saving you money on wages). In this case, your expected cash inflows are: $50 in year 1, $40 in year 2, and $30 in year 3.
4
Determine the appropriate discount rate. This is “i” in the above formula. In general, a given amount of money is worth more now than it is in the future. This is because the money you have today can be invested in an interest-earning account and gain value over time. In other words, it's better to have $10 today than $10 one year in the future because you can invest your $10 today and have more than $10 in a year. This concept is called the “time value of money.” For NPV calculations, you need to know the interest rate of an investment account or opportunity with a similar level of risk to the investment you're analyzing. This is called your "discount rate" and is expressed as a decimal, rather than a percent.^{[3]XResearch source}
- In corporate finance, a firm's weighted-average cost of capital is often used to determine the discount rate. In simpler situations, you can usually just use the return rate on a savings account, stock investment, etc. that you might put your money in instead of making the investment you're analyzing.
- In the lemonade stand example, let's say that if you don't purchase the juicer, you'll invest the money in the stock market, where you feel confident that you can earn 4% annually on your money. In this case, 0.04' (4% expressed as a decimal) is the discount rate we'll use in our calculation.
5
Discount your cash inflows. Next, you’ll weight the value of your cash inflows for each time period we're analyzing against the amount of money you’ll make from your alternate investment in the same period. This is called "discounting" the cash flows and is done using the simple formula P / (1 + i)^t, where P is the amount of the cash flow, i is the discount rate, and t represents time.^{[4]XResearch source} You don't need to worry about your initial investment yet—you'll use this in the next step.
- In the lemonade example, you're analyzing 3 years, so you'll need to use your formula 3 times. Calculate your yearly discounted cash flows as follows:
  - Year One: 50 / (1 + 0.04)¹ = 50 / (1 .04) = $48.08
  - Year Two: 40 / (1 +0.04)² = 40 / 1.082 = $36.98
  - Year Three: 30 / (1 +0.04)³ = 30 / 1.125 = $26.67
6
Sum your discounted cash flows and subtract your initial investment. Finally, to get the total NPV for the project, purchase, or investment you're analyzing, you'll need to add up all of your discounted cash flows and subtract your initial investment.^{[5]XTrustworthy SourceHarvard Business ReviewOnline and print journal covering topics related to business management practicesGo to source} The answer you get for this calculation represents your NPV—the net amount of money that your investment will make compared to the alternative investment that gave you the discount rate. In other words, if this number is positive, you'll make more money than if you had spent it on an alternative investment, such as the hypothetical 4% you would have earned in the stock market above. If it's negative, you'll make less money.
- For the lemonade stand example, the final projected NPV value of the juicer would be:
  - 48.08 + 36.98 + 26.67 - 100 = $11.73
7
Determine whether or not to make the investment. The NPV basically tells you the value of your future payout minus your invested cash amount. Use that number to determine whether it's a good investment or not.^{[6]XExpert SourceJonathan DeYoe, CPWA®, AIF®
Author, Speaker, & CEO of Mindful MoneyExpert Interview. 15 October 2020.}
- In general, if the NPV for your investment is a positive number, then your investment will be more profitable than putting the money in your alternate investment and you should accept it.
- If the NPV is negative, your money is better invested elsewhere, and your proposed investment should be rejected.
- Note that these are generalities—in the real world, much more usually goes into the process of determining whether a certain investment is a wise idea.^{[7]XResearch source}
- In the lemonade stand example, the NPV is $11.73. Since this is positive, you'll probably decide to buy the juicer. Note that this doesn't mean that the electric juicer only made you $11.73. In fact, this means that the juicer made you the required return rate of 4% annually, plus an additional $11.73 on top of that. In other words, it's $11.73 more profitable than your alternative investment.

Method 2

Method 2 of 3:

Using Cash Outflows to Determine NVP

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1
Calculate the value of your company’s profits over a given period with a PV equation. In many situations, you’ll need to take recurring expenses into account (such as the cost of goods or maintenance expenses). In these situations, start by using the following equation to calculate your profits for a given period of time: $PV=FV/(1+r)^{n}$ $How.com.vn English: {\displaystyle PV=FV/(1+r)^{n}}$ . Here, PV = present value, FV is the future amount you hope to make in a given period, r is the rate of return or interest rate, and n is the number of periods you’ll be looking at.^{[8]XResearch source}
- For example, imagine if you’re hoping to make $2000 over 10 years, with a rate of return of 3%. The present value of this amount of money would be $2000/(1+.03)^{10}=1488.18783$ , or about $1488.19.
2
Add up your expected expenses to find your cash outflow. To get a more accurate picture of your present value, consider the various expenses you might need to pay. For instance, you might need to pay for maintenance, supplies, or fees associated with running your business. Tally up these expenses to determine your cash outflow over the period in question.
- For example, say you need to invest $150 in a piece of equipment for your home business, then pay $50 in maintenance on it every 5 years. Your cash outflow for a period of 10 years would be $150 + $50 + $50 = $250.
3
Subtract the cash outflow from the present value to find the NPV. Your net present value is the difference between the present value and your expected cash outflow, or total expenses for the period. For example:
- If your PV is $1488.19 and you expect your cash outflow to be $250, then your NPV = $1488.19 - $250 = $1238.19.

Method 3

Method 3 of 3:

Using the NPV Equation

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1
Compare investment opportunities by their NPV. Finding the NPVs for multiple investment opportunities allows you to easily compare your investments to determine which are more valuable than others. In general, the investment with the highest NPV is the most valuable because its eventual payout is worth the most in present dollars. Because of this, you'll usually want to pursue the investments with the highest NPVs first (assuming you don't have enough resources to pursue every investment with a positive NPV).^{[9]XResearch source}
- For instance, let's say that we have three investment opportunities. One has an NPV of $150, one has an NPV of $45, and one has an NPV of -$10. In this situation, we'd pursue the $150 investment first because it has the greatest NPV. If we have enough resources, we'd pursue the $45 investment second because it's less valuable. We wouldn't pursue the -$10 investment at all because, with a negative NPV, it will make you less money than investing in an alternative with a similar level of risk.
2
Use PV = FV / (1+i)^t to find present and future values. Using a slightly modified form of the standard NPV formula, it's possible to quickly determine how much a present sum of money will be worth in the future (or how much a future sum of money is worth in the present). Simply use the formula PV = FV / (1+i)^t, where i is your discount rate, t the number of time periods being analyzed, FV is the future money value, and PV is the present value. If you know i, t, and either FV or PV, it's relatively simple to solve for the final variable.^{[10]XResearch source}
- For instance, let's say we want to know how much $1,000 will be worth in five years. If we know that, at bare minimum, we can get a return rate of 2% on this money, we'll use 0.02 for i, 5 for t, and 1,000 for PV and solve for FV as follows:
  - 1,000 = FV / (1+0.02)⁵
  - 1,000 = FV / (1.02)⁵
  - 1,000 = FV / 1.104
  - 1,000 × 1.104 = FV = $1,104.
The accuracy of any NPV calculation basically depends on the accuracy of the values you use for your discount rate and your future cash inflows. If your discount rate is close to the actual return rate you can get on your money for an alternative investment of similar risk and your future cash inflows are close to the amounts of money you'll actually make from your investment, your NPV calculation will be right on the money.^{[11]XResearch source}

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What does Net Present Value (NPV) represent?
Jonathan DeYoe, CPWA®, AIF®
Author, Speaker, & CEO of Mindful Money
Jonathan DeYoe is a Financial Advisor and the CEO of Mindful Money, a comprehensive financial planning and retirement income planning service based in Berkeley, California. With over 25 years of financial advising experience, Jonathan is a speaker and the best-selling author of "Mindful Money: Simple Practices for Reaching Your Financial Goals and Increasing Your Happiness Dividend." Jonathan holds a BA in Philosophy and Religious Studies from Montana State University-Bozeman. He studied Financial Analysis at the CFA Institute and earned his Certified Private Wealth Advisor (CPWA®) designation from The Investments & Wealth Institute. He also earned his Accredited Investment Fiduciary (AIF®) credential from Fi360. Jonathan has been featured in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, Money Tips, Mindful Magazine, and Business Insider among others.
Jonathan DeYoe, CPWA®, AIF®
Author, Speaker, & CEO of Mindful Money
Expert Answer
NPV is the value today (the present) of a series of future cash flows. The NPV is equation is the way you determine if an investment is a good one or not. If this investment involves a single investment in for a single investment out, the equation is:NPV = Today's value of that future payout - Today's invested cash amount.
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You can use the NVP formula to calculate your internal rate of return (IRR), or the discount rate that would make the NVP for all cash flows from a project equal to 0. In general, the higher the IRR, the more potential a project has for growth. To find the IRR, set the NVP to 0 and solve for the discount rate (or rate of return).^{[12]XResearch source}
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NPV can also be calculated using a financial calculator or a set of NPV tables, which are useful if you don't have a calculator to perform the cash flow discounts.
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Always remember that there may be other, non-financial factors (such as environmental or social concerns) to consider when making any investment decision.
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Warnings

Avoid making financial decisions without taking the time value of money into account. Time value of money (TVM) refers to the concept that a given amount of money is worth more now than the same amount would be in the future, due to the potential of that money to grow in value if you invest it properly.^{[13]XResearch source}
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