This is a list of all the consonants which have a dedicated letter in the International Phonetic Alphabet, plus some of the consonants which require diacritics, ordered by place and manner of articulation.
| IPA: Pulmonic consonants | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IPA: Non-pulmonic consonants | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| IPA: Co-articulated consonants |
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Ordered by place of articulation
edit(articulated by using the lips)
- bilabial clicks [ʘ] etc.
- bilabial nasal [m] (man)
- bilabial ejective [pʼ]
- voiced bilabial implosive [ɓ]
- voiceless bilabial plosive [p] (spin)
- voiced bilabial plosive [b] (bed)
- voiceless bilabial affricate [pɸ]
- voiced bilabial affricate [bβ]
- voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ]
- voiced bilabial fricative [β]
- bilabial approximant [β̞]
- bilabial trill [ʙ]
- bilabial percussive [ʬ]
- labiodental approximant [ʋ]
- labiodental nasal [ɱ] (symphony)
- voiced labiodental fricative [v] (van)
- Voiced labiodental plosive
- Voiced labiodental affricate
- voiceless labiodental fricative [f] (fan)
- voiceless rounded velarized labiodental fricative [ɧ]
- Voiceless labiodental plosive
- Voiceless labiodental affricate
(articulated by using the tip of the tongue)
- dental clicks [ǀ] etc.
- dental lateral clicks [ǁ̪] etc.
- dental ejective [t̪ʼ]
- dental nasal [n̪]
- voiced dental fricative [ð] (this)
- voiced dental implosive [ɗ̪]
- voiced dental plosive [d̪]
- voiceless bidental fricative
- voiceless dental fricative [θ] (thing)
- voiceless dental plosive [t̪]
- bidental percussive [ʭ]
- alveolar lateral clicks [ǁ] etc.
- alveolar approximant [ɹ] (red)
- alveolar ejective [tʼ]
- alveolar ejective fricative [sʼ]
- alveolar flap [ɾ]
- alveolar lateral approximant [l] (lead)
- alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]
- alveolar nasal [n] (none)
- alveolar trill [r]
- velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ]
- voiced alveolar fricative [z] (zoo)
- voiced alveolar implosive [ɗ]
- voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮ]
- voiced alveolar plosive [d] (done)
- voiced alveolar affricate [d͡z]
- voiceless alveolar grooved fricative [s] (son)
- voiceless alveolar retroflex fricative [s̠]
- voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative [θ̠]
- voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ]
- voiceless alveolar plosive [t] (ton)
- voiceless alveolar affricate [t͡s]
- voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [t͡ɬ]
- ejective alveolar lateral affricate [t͡ɬʼ]
- voiced alveolar lateral affricate [d͡ɮ]
- (post)alveolar click [ǃ] etc.
- voiced palato-alveolar affricate [dʒ] (jug)
- voiced palato-alveolar fricative [ʒ] (vision)
- voiceless palato-alveolar affricate [tʃ] (chip)
- voiceless palato-alveolar fricative [ʃ] (ship)
- voiced palatalized postalveolar fricative [ʑ]
- voiceless palatalized postalveolar fricative [ɕ]
- voiced palatalized postalveolar affricate [d͡ʑ]
- voiceless palatalized postalveolar affricate [t͡ɕ]
- retroflex clicks [𝼊 ] etc. (commonly written ⟨[‼]⟩)
- retroflex approximant [ɻ ]
- retroflex flap [ɽ]
- retroflex lateral flap [𝼈 ]
- retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ ]
- voiceless retroflex lateral fricative [ꞎ ]
- retroflex nasal [ɳ ]
- voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ ]
- voiced retroflex plosive [ɖ ]
- voiced retroflex affricate [d͜ʐ ]
- voiceless retroflex fricative [ʂ]
- voiceless retroflex plosive [ʈ]
- voiceless retroflex affricate [t͜ʂ],
(articulated with the middle of the tongue)
- palatal clicks [ǂ] etc.
- palatal approximant [j] (yes)
- palatal ejective [cʼ]
- palatal lateral approximant [ʎ]
- voiceless palatal lateral fricative [𝼆]
- palatal nasal [ɲ]
- voiced palatal fricative [ʝ]
- voiced palatal implosive [ʄ]
- voiced palatal plosive [ɟ]
- voiceless palatal fricative [ç] (human, but not hum)
- voiceless palatal plosive [c]
- voiceless palatal lateral affricate [c͡𝼆]
- ejective palatal lateral affricate [c͡𝼆ʼ]
- labialized palatal approximant [ɥ] [jʷ]
- velar approximant [ɰ]
- velar ejective [kʼ]
- velar lateral approximant [ʟ]
- voiceless velar lateral fricative [𝼄]
- voiced velar fricative [ɣ]
- voiced velar implosive [ɠ ]
- voiced velar plosive [ɡ] (get)
- voiceless velar fricative [x]
- voiceless velar plosive [k] (kick, cat)
- ejective velar lateral affricate [k͡𝼄ʼ]
- voiced labialized velar approximant [w] (witch)
- voiceless labialized velar approximant [ʍ] (which, in some dialects)
- uvular ejective [qʼ]
- uvular nasal [ɴ]
- uvular trill [ʀ]
- voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]
- voiced uvular implosive [ʛ]
- voiced uvular plosive [ɢ]
- voiceless uvular fricative [χ]
- voiceless uvular plosive [q]
(articulated with the throat)
Ordered by manner of articulation
edit- Pulmonic consonants
- bilabial nasal [m]
- voiceless bilabial nasal [m̥]
- labiodental nasal [ɱ]
- dental nasal [n̪]
- alveolar nasal [n]
- voiceless alveolar nasal [n̥]
- retroflex nasal [ɳ ]
- voiceless retroflex nasal [ɳ̊ ]
- palatal nasal [ ɲ]
- voiceless palatal nasal [ ɲ̥]
- velar nasal [ŋ]
- voiceless velar nasal [ŋ̊]
- uvular nasal [ɴ]
- Sibilant fricatives
- voiceless alveolar sibilant [s]
- voiced alveolar sibilant [z]
- voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant [ ʃ ]
- voiced palato-alveolar sibilant [ʒ]
- voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant (palatalized postalveolar) [ɕ]
- voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant [ʑ]
- voiceless retroflex sibilant [ʂ]
- voiced retroflex sibilant [ʐ ]
- Central non-sibilant fricatives
- voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ]
- voiced bilabial fricative [β]
- voiceless labiodental fricative [f]
- voiced labiodental fricative [v]
- voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆]
- voiceless dental fricative [θ]
- voiced dental fricative [ð]
- voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative [θ̠]
- voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative [ɹ̝]
- voiceless palatal fricative [ç]
- voiced palatal fricative [ ʝ]
- voiceless velar fricative [x]
- voiced velar fricative [ɣ]
- voiceless uvular fricative [χ]
- voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ]
- voiceless epiglottal fricative [ʜ]
- voiceless palatal-velar fricative (not possible) [ɧ]
- Lateral fricatives
- voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ]
- voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮ]
- voiceless retroflex lateral fricative [ꞎ ]
- voiceless palatal lateral fricative [𝼆])
- voiceless velar lateral fricative [𝼄])
- voiced velar lateral fricative [ʟ̝]
- both fricatives and approximants
- Pseudo-fricatives
- voiceless glottal fricative [h]
- voiced glottal fricative (murmured) [ɦ]
- Sibilant affricates
- voiceless postalveolar affricate [tʃ]
- voiced postalveolar affricate [dʒ]
- voiceless alveolar affricate [ts]
- voiced alveolar affricate [dz]
- voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate [ʨ]
- voiced alveolo-palatal affricate [dʑ]
- voiceless retroflex affricate [tʂ]
- voiced retroflex affricate [dʐ]
- Fricated alveolar clicks [ǃᶴ] (also voiced, nasalized, etc.)
- Non-sibilant affricates
- Voiceless bilabial affricate [pɸ]
- Voiceless bilabial-labiodental affricate [pf]
- Voiceless labiodental affricate [p̪f]
- Voiced labiodental affricate [b̪v]
- Voiceless dental affricate [t̪θ]
- Voiced dental affricate [d̪ð][dubious – discuss]
- Voiceless retroflex nonsibilant affricate [tɻ̝̊ ]
- Voiced retroflex nonsibilant affricate [dɻ̝ ][dubious – discuss]
- voiceless palatal affricate [cç]
- voiced palatal affricate [ɟʝ]
- Voiceless velar affricate [kx]
- Voiced velar affricate [ɡɣ][dubious – discuss]
- Voiceless uvular affricate [qχ]
- Voiced uvular affricate [ɢʁ][dubious – discuss]
- Voiceless epiglottal affricate [ʡʜ]
- Lateral affricates
- voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [tɬ]
- voiced alveolar lateral affricate [dɮ]
- Voiceless palatal lateral affricate [c𝼆]
- Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate [tꞎ][dubious – discuss]
- Voiceless velar lateral affricate [k𝼄]
- Voiced velar lateral affricate [ɡʟ̝][dubious – discuss]
- bilabial approximant [β̞]
- labiodental approximant [ʋ]
- dental approximant [ð̞]
- alveolar approximant [ɹ]
- alveolar lateral approximant [l ]
- velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ]
- retroflex approximant [ɻ ]
- retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ]
- palatal approximant [j]
- palatal lateral approximant [ʎ]
- nasal palatal approximant [ȷ̃]
- labialized palatal approximant [ɥ] [jʷ]
- velar approximant [ɰ]
- velar lateral approximant [ʟ]
- labialized velar approximant (voiced) [w]
- voiceless labialized velar approximant [ʍ]
- nasal labialized velar approximant [w̃]
- uvular approximant [ʁ̞]
- pharyngeal approximant [ʕ̞]
- epiglottal approximant [ʢ̞]
- voiced glottal approximant (murmured) [ɦ̞]
- voiceless glottal approximant [h̞]
- voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]
- bilabial flap [ⱱ̟]
- labiodental flap [ⱱ]
- alveolar flap [ɾ]
- alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]
- retroflex flap [ɽ]
- retroflex lateral flap [𝼈 ]
- palatal lateral flap [ʎ̯]
- uvular flap [ɢ̆]
- velar lateral flap [ʟ̆]
- epiglottal flap [ʡ̯]
- bilabial trill [ʙ]
- alveolar trill [r]
- alveolar fricative trill [r̝]
- retroflex trill
- uvular trill [ʀ]
- epiglottal trill
- Approximants
- Alveolar lateral approximant [l]
- Velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ]
- Retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ ]
- Palatal lateral approximant [ʎ]
- Velar lateral approximant [ʟ]
- Fricatives
- Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ]
- Voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮ]
- Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative [ꞎ ]
- Voiceless palatal lateral fricative [𝼆]
- Voiced velar lateral fricative [ʟ̝]
- Voiceless velar lateral fricative [𝼄]
- Affricates
- Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [tɬ]
- Voiced alveolar lateral affricate [dɮ]
- Voiceless palatal lateral affricate [c𝼆]
- Ejective palatal lateral affricate [c𝼆ʼ]
- Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate [tꞎ ]
- Ejective retroflex lateral affricate [tꞎʼ]
- Voiced velar lateral affricate [ɡʟ̝]
- Voiceless velar lateral affricate [k𝼄]
- Ejective velar lateral affricate [k𝼄ʼ]
- Flaps
- Ejective
- Clicks
- Dental lateral clicks [ǁ̪] etc.
- Alveolar lateral clicks [ǁ] etc.
- Plosives
- bilabial ejective [pʼ]
- dental ejective [t̪ʼ]
- alveolar ejective [tʼ]
- retroflex ejective [ʈʼ]
- palatal ejective [cʼ]
- velar ejective [kʼ]
- uvular ejective [qʼ]
- Affricates
- alveolar ejective affricate [t͜sʼ]
- palato-alveolar ejective affricate [t͜ʃʼ]
- retroflex ejective affricate [t͜ʂʼ]
- alveolo-palatal ejective affricate [t͜ɕʼ]
- dental ejective affricate [t͜θʼ]
- palatal lateral ejective affricate [c͜𝼆ʼ]
- velar ejective affricate [k͜xʼ]
- uvular ejective affricate [q͜χʼ]
- alveolar lateral ejective affricate [t͜ɬʼ]
- velar lateral ejective affricate [k͜𝼄ʼ]
- Fricatives
- bilabial ejective fricative [ɸʼ][citation needed]
- labiodental ejective fricative [fʼ]
- dental ejective fricative [θʼ]
- alveolar ejective fricative [sʼ]
- palato-alveolar ejective fricative [ ʃʼ]
- alveolo-palatal ejective fricative [ɕʼ]
- retroflex ejective fricative [ʂʼ]
- palatal ejective fricative [çʼ]
- velar ejective fricative [xʼ]
- uvular ejective fricative [χʼ]
- pharyngeal ejective fricative [ħʼ][citation needed]
- alveolar lateral ejective fricative [ɬʼ]
- velar lateral ejective fricative [𝼄ʼ][citation needed]
- voiced bilabial implosive [ɓ]
- voiceless bilabial implosive [ƥ]
- voiced dental implosive [ɗ̪ ]
- voiced alveolar implosive [ɗ ]
- voiceless alveolar implosive [ƭ]
- voiced retroflex implosive [ᶑ ]
- voiced palatal implosive [ ʄ ]
- voiceless palatal implosive [ƈ ]
- voiced velar implosive [ɠ ]
- voiceless velar implosive [ƙ]
- voiced uvular implosive [ʛ ]
- voiceless uvular implosive [ʠ ]
- Plosives
- voiceless labialized velar plosive [kʷ]
- voiced labialized velar plosive [ɡʷ]
- Voiceless labialized labial-velar plosive [k͜pʷ]
- voiceless labialized uvular plosive [qʷ]
- voiced labialized uvular plosive [ɢʷ]
- Fricatives
- voiceless labialized velar fricative [xʷ] [ʍ]
- voiced labialized velar fricative [ɣʷ]
- voiceless labialized uvular fricative [χʷ]
- voiced labialized uvular fricative [ʁʷ]
- Approximants
- labialized palatal approximant [ɥ] [jʷ]
- (voiced) labialized velar approximant [w] [ɰʷ]
- voiceless labialized velar approximant [ʍ] [w̥]
- nasal labialized velar approximant [w̃]
- voiced palatalized postalveolar fricative [ʑ]
- voiceless palatalized postalveolar fricative [ɕ]
- voiced palatalized postalveolar affricate [d̠͜ʑ]
- voiceless palatalized postalveolar affricate [t̠͜ɕ]
- voiceless palatalized velar plosive [kʲ]
- voiceless pharyngealized alveolar sibilant [sˤ]
- voiced pharyngealized alveolar sibilant [zˤ]
- voiceless pharyngealized alveolar plosive [tˤ]
- voiced pharyngealized alveolar plosive [dˤ]
- voiceless pharyngealized dental fricative [θˤ]
- voiced pharyngealized dental fricative [ðˤ]
- voiceless pharyngealized alveolar lateral fricative [ɬˤ]
- voiced pharyngealized alveolar lateral fricative [ɮˤ]
- pharyngealized glottal stop [ʔˤ]
- pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant [lˤ]
- pharyngealized alveolar nasal [nˤ]
- Voiceless velarized alveolar sibilant [sˠ]
- Voiced velarized dental fricative [ðˠ]
- Voiceless velarized alveolar plosive [tˠ]
- Velarized alveolar flap [ɾˠ]
- Voiceless velarized uvular plosive [qˠ]
- Voiceless velarized uvular fricative [χˠ]
- Voiced velarized uvular fricative [ʁˠ]
- Voiceless velarized alveolar lateral fricative [ɬˠ]
- Voiced velarized alveolar lateral fricative [ɮˠ]
- Velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] [lˠ]
- Voiceless labioglottal plosive[ʔᵖ]
- Voiceless alveologlottal plosive[ʔᵗ]
- Voiceless veloglottal plosive[ʔᵏ]
- Voiced glottalized alveolar nasal [nˀ]
- Voiced glottalized alveolar plosive [tˀ]
- Voiced glottalized dental fricative [ðˀ]
- Breathy-voiced bilabial nasal [mʱ]
- Breathy-voiced bilabial plosive [bʱ]
- Breathy-voiced alveolar plosive [dʱ]
- Breathy-voiced velar plosive [gʱ]
The less common clicks, such as are found in Taa, are not included.
- Simple clicks
- bilabial clicks [ʘ]
- either velar:
- voiceless bilabial click [ᵏʘ]
- voiced bilabial click [ᶢʘ]
- bilabial nasal click [ᵑʘ]
- or uvular:
- [𐞥ʘ], [𐞒ʘ], [ᶰʘ]
- dental clicks [ǀ] (= ⟨ʇ⟩)
- either velar:
- voiceless dental click [ᵏǀ]
- voiced dental click [ᶢǀ]
- dental nasal click [ᵑǀ]
- or uvular:
- [𐞥ǀ], [𐞒ǀ], [ᶰǀ]
- (post)alveolar click [ǃ] (= ⟨ʗ⟩)
- either velar:
- voiceless alveolar click [ᵏǃ]
- voiced alveolar click [ᶢǃ]
- alveolar nasal click [ᵑǃ]
- or uvular:
- [𐞥ǃ], [𐞒ǃ], [ᶰǃ]
- alveolar lateral clicks [ǁ] (= ⟨ʖ⟩)
- either velar:
- voiceless alveolar lateral click [ᵏǁ]
- voiced alveolar lateral click [ᶢǁ]
- alveolar lateral nasal click [ᵑǁ]
- or uvular:
- [𐞥ǁ], [𐞒ǁ], [ᶰǁ]
- retroflex clicks [𝼊 ] (= ⟨‼⟩)
- either velar:
- voiceless retroflex click [ᵏ𝼊 ]
- voiced retroflex click [ᶢ𝼊 ]
- retroflex nasal click [ᵑ𝼊 ]
- or uvular:
- [𐞥𝼊 ], [𐞒𝼊 ], [ᶰ𝼊 ]
- palatal clicks [ǂ (= ⟨ 𝼋 ⟩)
- either velar:
- voiceless palatal click [ᵏǂ]
- voiced palatal click [ᶢǂ]
- palatal nasal click [ᵑǂ]
- or uvular:
- [𐞥ǂ], [𐞒ǂ], [ᶰǂ]
- velar (uvular clicks not shown):
- glottalized bilabial nasal click [ᵑ̊ʘˀ]
- glottalized dental nasal click [ᵑ̊ǀˀ]
- glottalized alveolar nasal click [ᵑ̊ǃˀ]
- glottalized alveolar lateral nasal click [ᵑ̊ǁˀ]
- glottalized retroflex nasal click [ᵑ̊𝼊ˀ]
- glottalized palatal nasal click [ᵑ̊ǂˀ]
- voiceless bilabial linguo-pulmonic stop [ʘ͡q]
- voiced bilabial linguo-pulmonic stop [ʘ͡ɢ]
- voiceless dental linguo-pulmonic stop [ǀ͡q]
- voiced dental linguo-pulmonic stop [ǀ͡ɢ]
- voiceless alveolar linguo-pulmonic stop [ǃ͡q]
- voiced alveolar linguo-pulmonic stop [ǃ͡ɢ]
- voiceless alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic stop [ǁ͡q]
- voiced alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic stop [ǁ͡ɢ]
- voiceless retroflex linguo-pulmonic stop [𝼊͡q]
- voiced retroflex linguo-pulmonic stop [𝼊͡ɢ]
- voiceless palatal linguo-pulmonic stop [ǂ͡q]
- voiced palatal linguo-pulmonic stop [ǂ͡ɢ]
- voiceless bilabial linguo-pulmonic affricate [ʘ͡χ]
- voiced bilabial linguo-pulmonic affricate [ʘ͡ʁ]
- voiceless dental linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǀ͡χ]
- voiced dental linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǀ͡ʁ]
- voiceless alveolar linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǃ͡χ]
- voiced alveolar linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǃ͡ʁ]
- voiceless alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǁ͡χ]
- voiced alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǁ͡ʁ]
- voiceless retroflex linguo-pulmonic affricate [𝼊͡χ]
- voiced retroflex linguo-pulmonic affricate [𝼊͡ʁ]
- voiceless palatal linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǂ͡χ]
- voiced palatal linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǂ͡ʁ]
- bilabial linguo-glottalic stop [ʘ͡qʼ]
- dental linguo-glottalic stop [ǀ͡qʼ]
- alveolar linguo-glottalic stop [ǃ͡qʼ]
- alveolar lateral linguo-glottalic stop [ǁ͡qʼ]
- retroflex linguo-glottalic stop [𝼊͡qʼ]
- palatal linguo-glottalic stop [ǂ͡qʼ]
- bilabial linguo-glottalic affricate [ʘ͡χʼ]
- dental linguo-glottalic affricate [ǀ͡χʼ]
- alveolar linguo-glottalic affricate [ǃ͡χʼ]
- alveolar lateral linguo-glottalic affricate [ǁ͡χʼ]
- retroflex linguo-glottalic affricate [𝼊͡χʼ]
- palatal linguo-glottalic affricate [ǂ͡χʼ]
These are not found in any language, but occur as phonetic detail or through speech defects.
See also
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