Voiceless bilabial affricate

Voiceless bilabial affricate
Voiceless bilabial affricate
pɸ
Audio sample
	source · help

The voiceless bilabial affricate ([p͡ɸ] in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a bilabial stop [p] and released as a voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ]. It has not been reported to occur phonemically in any language.

Features

Features of the voiceless bilabial affricate:

Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dutch	Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect^[1]	up	[ʊp͡ɸ]	'up, onto'	Optional pre-pausal allophone of /p/.^[1]
English	Broad Cockney^[2]	up	[ˈɐʔp͡ɸ]	'up'	Allophone of /p/, occurs mainly word-finally.^[3] See English phonology
	Received Pronunciation^[4]		[ˈɐʔp͡ɸ]		Rare allophone of /p/.^[4] See English phonology
	North Wales^[5]		[ˈəp͡ɸ]		Word-initial and word-final allophone of /p/; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop [pʰ].^[5] See English phonology
	Port Talbot^[6]		[ˈəp͡ɸ]		Allophone of /p/. In free variation with [pʰʰ].^[6]
	Scouse^[7]		[ˈʊp͡ɸ]		Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /p/.^[7] See English phonology
German	Some speakers	tropfen	[ˈtʁ̥ɔp͡ɸn̩]	'to drip'	Allophone of /p͡f/. See Standard German phonology
Kaingang^[8]		fy	[ˈp͡ɸɤ]	'seed'	Possible word-initial allophone of /ɸ/.^[8]
Northern Tiwa	Taos dialect	[ˌp͡ɸìˑˈwɛ̈̄ːnǣ]		'daughter'	Allophone of /pʰ/, in free variation with [ph] and [ɸ]. See Taos phonology

^ ^a ^b Peters (2010), p. 240.
^ Wells (1982), pp. 322–323.
^ Wells (1982), p. 323.
^ ^a ^b Cruttenden (2014), p. 172.
^ ^a ^b Penhallurick (2004), pp. 108–109.
^ ^a ^b Connolly, John H. (1990). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change. Multilingual Matters Ltd.; Channel View Publications. pp. 121–129. ISBN 1-85359-032-0.
^ ^a ^b Wells (1982), p. 372.
^ ^a ^b Jolkesky (2009), pp. 680–681.

Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, 3, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685
Penhallurick, Robert (2004), "Welsh English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 98–112, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083
Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759. ISBN 0-52128540-2 .