International Phonetic Alphabet chart

The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.

Official chart

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The official IPA chart, revised to 2020

Vowels

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FrontCentralBack
Close
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Legend: unrounded  rounded

Consonants

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PlaceLabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Nasalmɱ̊ɱnɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbtdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilant affricatetsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒ
Non-sibilant affricatep̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔ɟʝkxɡɣɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilant fricativeszʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantʋɹɻjɰʔ̞
Tap/flapⱱ̟ɾ̼ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̆
Trillʙ̥ʙrɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬɮ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantlɭʎʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̥𝼈ʎ̆ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

EjectiveStopʈʼʡʼ
Affricatep̪fʼt̪θʼtsʼt̠ʃʼtʂʼtɕʼkxʼqχʼ
Fricativeɸʼθʼʃʼʂʼɕʼχʼ
Lateral affricatetɬʼc𝼆ʼk𝼄ʼq𝼄ʼ
Lateral fricativeɬʼ
Click
(top: velar;
bottom: uvular)
Tenuis


k𝼊
q𝼊

Voicedɡʘ
ɢʘ
ɡǀ
ɢǀ
ɡǃ
ɢǃ
ɡ𝼊
ɢ𝼊
ɡǂ
ɢǂ
Nasalŋʘ
ɴʘ
ŋǀ
ɴǀ
ŋǃ
ɴǃ
ŋ𝼊
ɴ𝼊
ŋǂ
ɴǂ
ʞ
 
Tenuis lateral
Voiced lateralɡǁ
ɢǁ
Nasal lateralŋǁ
ɴǁ
ImplosiveVoicedɓɗʄɠʛ
Voicelessɓ̥ɗ̥ᶑ̊ʄ̊ɠ̊ʛ̥

Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Other consonants

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Tones

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Tone registers
◌̋˥Extra-high (top)
◌́˦High
◌̄˧Mid
◌̀˨Low
◌̏˩Extra-low (bottom)
ꜜ◌Downstep
ꜛ◌Upstep
Tone contours
◌̌˩˥꜖꜒Rising (low to high)
◌̂˥˩꜒꜖Falling (high to low)
◌᷄˧˥꜔꜒High rising
˨˦꜕꜓Mid rising
◌᷅˩˧꜖꜔Low rising
◌᷇˥˧꜒꜔High falling
˦˨꜓꜕Mid falling
◌᷆˧˩꜔꜖Low falling
◌᷈˧˥˨, ˨˦˨, ˩˧˩꜔꜒꜕, ꜕꜓꜕, ꜖꜔꜖Rising–falling (Peaking)
◌᷉˥˧˥, ˦˨˦, ˧˩˧꜒꜔꜒, ꜓꜕꜓, ꜔꜖꜔Falling–rising (Dipping)

Auxiliary symbols

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Diacritics
◌̥◌̊Voiceless◌̤Breathy voiced◌̪◌͆Dental
◌̬Voiced◌̰Creaky voiced◌̺Apical
◌ʰAspirated◌̼Linguolabial◌̻Laminal
◌̹◌͗◌˒More rounded◌ʷLabialized◌̃Nasalized
◌̜◌͑◌˓Less rounded◌ʲPalatalized◌ⁿNasal release
◌̟◌˖Advanced◌ˠVelarized◌ˡLateral release
◌̠◌˗Retracted◌ˤPharyngealized◌̚No audible release
◌̈Centralized◌̴Velarized or pharyngealized◌ᵊMid central vowel release
◌̽Mid-centralized◌̝◌˔Raised◌ᶿVoiceless dental fricative release
◌̩◌̍Syllabic◌̞◌˕Lowered◌ˣVoiceless velar fricative release
◌̯◌̑Non-syllabic◌̘◌꭪Advanced tongue root◌ʼEjective
◌˞Rhoticity◌̙◌꭫Retracted tongue root◌͡◌
◌͜◌
Affricate or double articulation
Suprasegmentals
ˈPrimary stress
ˌSecondary stress
ːLong
ˑHalf-long
◌̆Extra-short
|Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group
.Syllable break
Linking (absence of a break)
↗︎Global rise
↘︎Global fall
Transcription
[ ]Phonetic transcription
/ /Phonemic transcription
{ }Prosodic notation
( )Indistinguishable utterance
⸨ ⸩Sound obscured

See also

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