The voiced bilabial affricate ([b͡β] in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a bilabial stop [b] and released as a voiced bilabial fricative [β]. It has not been reported to occur phonemically in any language.
| Voiced bilabial affricate | |
|---|---|
| bβ | |
| Audio sample | |
Features edit
Features of the voiced bilabial affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence edit
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Banjun[1] | [example needed] | ||||
| English | Broad Cockney[2] | rub | [ˈɹ̠ɐˑb͡β] | 'rub' | Sporadic allophone of /b/.[3] See English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[4] | Rare allophone of /b/.[4] See English phonology | ||||
| Scouse[5] | [ˈɹ̠ʊˑb͡β] | Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /b/.[5] See English phonology | |||
| Shipibo[6] | boko | [ˈb͡βo̽ko̽] | 'small intestine' | Possible realization of /β/. See Shipibo phonology.[6] | |
| Ngiti[7] | abvɔ | [āb͡βɔ̄] | 'thorny vine' | Rarely [bβ] more commonly [b̪v][8] | |
Notes edit
- ^ "Phoible 2.0 -".
- ^ Wells (1982), pp. 322–323.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 323.
- ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), p. 172.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 372.
- ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001).
- ^ Kutsch Lojenga (1992), p. 31.
- ^ Kutsch Lojenga (1992), p. 45.
References edit
- Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.