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这篇文章的共同创作者是 Luba Lee, FNP-BC, MS. Luba Lee是美国田纳西州的一位认证家庭护理医师,于2006年获得了田纳西大学的护理理学硕士学位。
本文引用了18条参考,详情参见页面底部。
这篇文章已经被读过25,187次。
耳积液是急性中耳炎的主要症状之一。急性中耳炎是感染造成的,内耳有积液(多为脓液),并造成鼓膜疼痛、发红,可能也会引起发烧。感染痊愈后耳内可能仍然有积液,这种情况称为分泌性中耳炎。耳部感染和耳积液多见于幼童。[1] 耳积液通常会自行排出,也有一些家庭疗法可以帮助这一过程。不过,最重要的还是治疗根本病因。[2]
步骤
- 记录和“感冒”有关的症状。耳部感染被认为是伴随着“感冒”(原发感染)发生的继发性感染。预计接下来几天会出现常见的感冒症状,像是流鼻涕、鼻塞、咳嗽、喉咙痛和发低烧。
- 大部分感冒都是病毒感染造成的,病毒感染无药可治,所以通常不需要看医生。只有在吃了适量扑热息痛或布洛芬也无法控制发烧,体温超过38.9°C,才需要就医治疗。记录所有感冒症状,方便医生了解原发感染。感冒应该会持续一周,如果一周后没有好转,也要去看医生。
- 留意听力出现问题的征兆。急性中耳炎和分泌性中耳炎会阻挡声音传播,引发听力问题。听力受影响的征兆包括:[7]
- 对轻柔的声音或其它噪音没有反应
- 总要调高电视机或收音机的音量
- 说话声音非常大
- 注意力不集中
- 了解可能发生的并发症。耳部感染大多会在2-3天内自行好起来,不会引起长期的并发症。不过,耳朵反复受感染,或是感染痊愈后仍然有积液,可能会引起一些严重的并发症,包括:[8]
- 约见医生。如果你怀疑自己或孩子得了耳部感染或分泌性中耳炎,一定要找医生确诊。[13] 医生会用看起来有点像手电筒的耳镜检查耳朵,看清楚鼓膜的情况。通常只需要耳镜就能确认诊断。[14]
- 医生会询问症状发作的情形和性质,你需要做好回答这些问题的准备。如果患病的是孩子,你需要替他回答。
- 如果问题持续很久、经常发生或治疗后没有起色,医生可能将你转到耳鼻喉专科。[15]
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- 进行蒸汽治疗。在家进行蒸汽治疗帮助打开耳咽管,并排出积液。基本上只需要准备一条温热的毛巾和一碗热水。
- 装一大碗沸水。可以放入一些有抗炎作用的药草,比如甘菊或茶树油。用毛巾盖着头,耳朵朝着蒸汽。尽量不要伸长脖子,而且只可以在毛巾底下蒸10-15分钟。[26]
- 你也可以用非常热的水洗澡,看看蒸汽是否能稀释并排出耳积液。这个方法不要用在小孩身上,他们不像大人那样可以很好地耐受极端的温度变化。
- 使用吹风机。这个方法争议性很大,而且没有科学依据,不过有的人声称很有用。基本上就是将吹风机调到最低档位,风嘴在大概30厘米的距离对着耳朵吹。它的原理是温热干燥的空气会将耳积液加热成蒸汽,从而将其排出耳朵外。[27]
- 小心不要烫伤耳朵或侧脸。如果感到疼痛或过热,立刻停止使用吹风机。
- 这些方法全都没有可靠的科学数据支持。大部分研究表明这些方法几乎没什么效果。在大多数情况下,除非内耳积液是某种慢性疾病或持续性耳部感染造成的,否则通常都会自行痊愈。[30]
- 上面这些方法大多只能对付耳积液、充血之类的症状,无法解决急性中耳炎、分泌性中耳炎、耳咽管阻塞等根本病因。
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- 一定要服完所有抗生素。即使症状在疗程进行到一半就消退,也要好好完成整个疗程。如果医生开了10天的抗生素,一定要按照指示吃10天。不过,症状应该会在48小时内得到改善。要是持续发高烧,体温超过37.8摄氏度,说明你可能对有关抗生素产生耐药性,可能需要换药。
- 抗生素疗程结束后,积液可能会在耳朵里继续存在好几个月。服完抗生素后应该再看一次医生,检查感染是否已经痊愈,耳朵里面是否还有积液。通常需要在抗生素疗程结束后约一周复诊。[41]
- 进行腺样体切除术。在这项手术中,被切除的腺样体位于鼻子的后面,咽喉的上面。有时候耳朵反复或持续出问题,医生会选择做这项手术。耳咽管连接耳朵到咽喉后面,其中咽喉这一端的开口靠近腺样体。感冒或喉咙痛会造成腺样体发炎或肿胀,进而压迫耳咽管的开口。另外,附在腺样体上的细菌有时候会被传播到耳咽管,进而引发感染。在这些情况下,耳咽管会阻塞和出现其它问题,引起耳部感染和液体积累。
- 有些儿童天生腺样体就比较大,更容易引起问题,所以这项手术多用在他们身上。患者需要注射麻醉剂,然后耳鼻喉专科医生通过口腔切除腺样体。 有的医院将它归为日间手术,也就是说患者当天就能回家。有的外科医生则要求患者在医院住一晚观察。
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小提示
警告
- 不要试图用棉签去除耳积液。这会将积液推进耳道更深处,损伤鼓膜。
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参考
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/basics/definition/con-20014260
- ↑ http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2010/09/20/how-do-i-drain-my-ears/comment-page-1/
- ↑ http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/ear/otitis_media.html#
- ↑ http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/ear/otitis_media.html#
- ↑ http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/ear/otitis_media.html#
- ↑ https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20351616
- ↑ http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/ear/otitis_media.html#
- ↑ https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20351616
- ↑ https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20351616
- ↑ (Miyamoto, Richard, MD. MS The Merck Manual, 19th edition, revised December 2012)
- ↑ http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/ear-infections-what-happens
- ↑ https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20351616
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/basics/preparing-for-your-appointment/con-20014260
- ↑ http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/ear/otitis_media.html#
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/basics/preparing-for-your-appointment/con-20014260
- ↑ http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2010/09/20/how-do-i-drain-my-ears/comment-page-1/
- ↑ http://patient.info/health/eustachian-tube-dysfunction
- ↑ http://www.activebeat.com/your-health/10-easy-ways-to-remove-fluid-in-the-ear/2/
- ↑ http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2010/09/20/how-do-i-drain-my-ears/comment-page-1/
- ↑ http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2010/09/20/how-do-i-drain-my-ears/comment-page-1/
- ↑ http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2010/09/20/how-do-i-drain-my-ears/comment-page-1/
- ↑ http://patient.info/health/eustachian-tube-dysfunction
- ↑ http://patient.info/health/eustachian-tube-dysfunction
- ↑ http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2010/09/20/how-do-i-drain-my-ears/comment-page-1/
- ↑ http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2010/09/20/how-do-i-drain-my-ears/comment-page-1/
- ↑ http://www.activebeat.com/your-health/10-easy-ways-to-remove-fluid-in-the-ear/
- ↑ http://www.activebeat.com/your-health/10-easy-ways-to-remove-fluid-in-the-ear/4/
- ↑ http://www.activebeat.com/your-health/10-easy-ways-to-remove-fluid-in-the-ear/7/
- ↑ http://www.peachtreeentcenter.com/pediatric-ent/
- ↑ http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2010/09/20/how-do-i-drain-my-ears/comment-page-1/
- ↑ http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/ear/otitis_media.html#
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/basics/treatment/con-20014260
- ↑ http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/ear-infections-what-happens
- ↑ http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/ear/otitis_media.html#
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/basics/treatment/con-20014260
- ↑ http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/ear/otitis_media.html#
- ↑ http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/ear-infections-what-happens
- ↑ http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/ear/otitis_media.html#
- ↑ http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/ear/otitis_media.html#
- ↑ http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/ear-infections-what-happens
- ↑ http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/ear/otitis_media.html#
- ↑ (Current indications for tympanostomy tubes , American Journal of Otolaryngology, 1994, Mar-April 15 (2) 1-3-8)
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/basics/treatment/con-20014260
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/basics/treatment/con-20014260
- ↑ Rosenfield, RM Schwartz, SR, Pynnon, MA et al Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 2013 July 149 ( 1 suppl) S1-35)
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/basics/treatment/con-20014260
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/basics/treatment/con-20014260
- ↑ http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/2408/1/Home-Remedies-For-Ear-Aches.html
- ↑ http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/ear/otitis_media.html#
- ↑ http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/reyes-syndrome/Pages/Introduction.aspx
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/basics/treatment/con-20014260
- ↑ http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/ear/otitis_media.html#
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/basics/treatment/con-20014260
- ↑ http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/ear-infections-what-happens
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