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List of space telescopes

(Redirected from List of X-ray space telescopes)

This list of space telescopes (astronomical space observatories) is grouped by major frequency ranges: gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, and radio. Telescopes that work in multiple frequency bands are included in all of the appropriate sections. Space telescopes that collect particles, such as cosmic ray nuclei and/or electrons, as well as instruments that aim to detect gravitational waves, are also listed. Missions with specific targets within the Solar System (e.g., the Sun and its planets), are excluded; see List of Solar System probes for these, and List of Earth observation satellites for missions targeting Earth.

The Hubble Space Telescope
Comparison between many space telescopes by diameter
Overview of active and future telescopes (as of January 2021)

Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in Earth orbit, the minimum and maximum altitude are given in kilometers. For telescopes in solar orbit, the minimum distance (periapsis) and the maximum distance (apoapsis) between the telescope and the center of mass of the Sun are given in astronomical units (AU).

Gamma ray edit

Further information: Gamma-ray astronomy

Gamma-ray telescopes collect and measure individual, high energy gamma rays from astrophysical sources. These are absorbed by the atmosphere, requiring that observations are done by high-altitude balloons or space missions. Gamma rays can be generated by supernovae, neutron stars, pulsars and black holes. Gamma ray bursts, with extremely high energies, have also been detected but have yet to be identified.[1]

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
Proton-1USSR16 Jul 196511 Oct 1965Earth orbit (183-589 km)[2]
Proton-2USSR2 Nov 19656 Feb 1966Earth orbit (191-637 km)[2]
Proton-4USSR16 Nov 196824 Jul 1969Earth orbit (248-477 km)[3]
Small Astronomy Satellite 2 (SAS-B)NASA15 Nov 19728 Jun 1973Earth orbit (443–632 km)[4][5]
Cos-BESA9 Aug 197525 Apr 1982Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km)[6][7][8]
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3NASA20 Sep 197929 May 1981Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km)[9][10][11]
GranatCNRS & IKI1 Dec 198925 May 1999Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km)[12][13][14]
GammaUSSR, CNES, RSA11 Jul 19901992Earth orbit (375 km)[15]
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO)NASA5 Apr 19914 Jun 2000Earth orbit (362–457 km)[16][17][18]
Low Energy Gamma Ray Imager (LEGRI)INTA19 May 1997Feb 2002Earth orbit (600 km)[19][20]
High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2)NASA9 Oct 2000Mar 2008Earth orbit (590–650 km)[21][22][23]
International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL)ESA17 Oct 2002—Earth orbit (639–153,000 km)[24][25]
Neil Gehrels Swift ObservatoryNASA20 Nov 2004—Earth orbit (585–604 km)[26][27]
Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini Leggero (AGILE)ISA23 Apr 200718 Jan 2024Earth orbit (524–553 km)[28][29]
Fermi Gamma-ray Space TelescopeNASA11 Jun 2008—Earth orbit (555 km)[30]
Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter (IKAROS)JAXA21 May 201021 May 2015Heliocentric orbit[31][32]

X-ray edit

Further information: X-ray astronomy

X-ray telescopes measure high-energy photons called X-rays. These can not travel a long distance through the atmosphere, meaning that they can only be observed high in the atmosphere or in space. Several types of astrophysical objects emit X-rays, from galaxy clusters, through black holes in active galactic nuclei to galactic objects such as supernova remnants, stars, and binary stars containing a white dwarf (cataclysmic variable stars), neutron star or black hole (X-ray binaries). Some Solar System bodies emit X-rays, the most notable being the Moon, although most of the X-ray brightness of the Moon arises from reflected solar X-rays. A combination of many unresolved X-ray sources is thought to produce the observed X-ray background.

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
Uhuru (Small Astronomy Satellite 1, SAS-A)NASA12 Dec 1970Mar 1973Earth orbit (531–572 km)[33][34][35]
Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS)SRON30 Aug 1974Jun 1976Earth orbit (266–1176 km)[36][37]
Ariel VSRC & NASA15 Oct 197414 Mar 1980Earth orbit (520 km)[38][39]
AryabhataISRO19 Apr 197523 Apr 1975Earth orbit (563–619 km)[40]
Small Astronomy Satellite 3 (SAS-C)NASA7 May 1975Apr 1979Earth orbit (509–516 km)[41][42][43]
Cos-BESA9 Aug 197525 Apr 1982Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km)[6][7][8]
Cosmic Radiation Satellite (CORSA)ISAS4 Feb 19764 Feb 1976Failed launch[44][45]
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 (HEAO 1)NASA12 Aug 19779 Jan 1979Earth orbit (445 km)[46][47][48]
Einstein Observatory (HEAO 2)NASA13 Nov 197826 Apr 1981Earth orbit (465–476 km)[49][50]
Hakucho (CORSA-b)ISAS21 Feb 197916 Apr 1985Earth orbit (421–433 km)[51][52][53]
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3)NASA20 Sep 197929 May 1981Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km)[9][10][11]
Tenma (Astro-B)ISAS20 Feb 198319 Jan 1989Earth orbit (489–503 km)[54][55][56]
AstronIKI23 Mar 1983Jun 1989Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km)[57][58][59]
EXOSATESA26 May 19838 Apr 1986Earth orbit (347–191,709 km)[60][61][62]
Ginga (Astro-C)ISAS5 Feb 19871 Nov 1991Earth orbit (517–708 km)[63][64][65]
GranatCNRS & IKI1 Dec 198925 May 1999Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km)[12][13][14]
ROSATNASA & DLR1 Jun 199012 Feb 1999Re-entry 23 October 2011.[66]
Formerly Earth orbit (580 km)		[67][68][69]
Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1NASA2 Dec 199011 Dec 1990Earth orbit (500 km)[70][71]
Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA, Astro-D)ISAS & NASA20 Feb 19932 Mar 2001Earth orbit (523.6–615.3 km)[72][73]
Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors (Alexis)LANL25 Apr 19932005Earth orbit (749–844 km)[74][75][76]
Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE)NASA30 Dec 19953 Jan 2012Earth orbit (409 km)[77][78][79]
BeppoSAXASI30 Apr 199630 Apr 2002Earth orbit (575–594 km)[80][81][82]
A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey (ABRIXAS)DLR28 Apr 19991 Jul 1999Earth orbit (549–598 km)[83][84][85]
Chandra X-ray ObservatoryNASA23 Jul 1999—Earth orbit (9,942–140,000 km)[86][87]
XMM-NewtonESA10 Dec 1999—Earth orbit (7,365–114,000 km)[88][89]
High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2)NASA9 Oct 2000Mar 2008Earth orbit (590–650 km)[21][22][90]
International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL)ESA17 Oct 2002—Earth orbit (639–153,000 km)[24][25]
Neil Gehrels Swift ObservatoryNASA20 Nov 2004—Earth orbit (585–604 km)[26][27]
Suzaku (Astro-E2)JAXA & NASA10 Jul 20052 Sep 2015Earth orbit (550 km)[91][92]
Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini Leggero (AGILE)ISA23 Apr 200718 Jan 2024Earth orbit (524–553 km)[28][29]
Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR)NASA13 Jun 2012—Earth orbit (603.5 km)[93][94]
AstroSatISRO28 Sep 2015—Earth orbit (600–650 km)[95][96][97]
Hitomi (Astro-H)JAXA17 Feb 201628 Apr 2016Earth orbit (575 km)[98][99][100]
Mikhailo LomonosovMoscow State University28 Apr 201630 Jun 2018Earth orbit (478–493 km)[101][102]
Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER)NASA7 Jun 2017—International Space Station[103]
Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT)CNSA & CAS14 Jun 2017—Low Earth orbit (545–554.1 km)[104]
Spektr-RGRSRI & MPEJul 13, 2019—Sun-Earth L2[105]
Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE)NASA9 Dec 2021—Earth orbit (540 km)[106][107]
Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy (LEIA)CSA27 Jul 2022—Low Earth orbit[108][109]
X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM)JAXA & NASA7 Sep 2023—Earth orbit (550 km)[110][111]
X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat)ISRO & RRI1 Jan 2024—Earth orbit (638–653 km)[112][113]
Einstein ProbeCAS & ESA & MPE9 Jan 2024—Earth orbit (581–593 km)[114]

Ultraviolet edit

Further information: Ultraviolet astronomy

Ultraviolet telescopes make observations at ultraviolet wavelengths, i.e. between approximately 10 and 320 nm. Light at these wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so observations at these wavelengths must be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space.[115] Objects emitting ultraviolet radiation include the Sun, other stars and galaxies.[116]

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedObserving locationRef(s)
OAO-2 (Stargazer)NASA7 Dec 1968Jan 1973Earth orbit (749–758 km)[117][118]
Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space ObservatoriesUSSR19 Apr 1971 (Orion 1); (Orion 2) 18 Dec 19731971; 1973Earth orbit (Orion 1: 200–222 km; Orion 2: 188–247 km)[119][120]
Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph (UVC)NASA16 Apr 197223 Apr 1972Descartes Highlands on lunar surface[121]
OAO-3 CopernicusNASA21 Aug 1972Feb 1981Earth orbit (713–724 km)[117]
Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS)SRON30 Aug 1974Jun 1976Earth orbit (266–1176 km)[36][37]
International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE)ESA & NASA & SERC26 Jan 197830 Sep 1996Earth orbit (32,050–52,254 km)[122][123]
AstronIKI23 Mar 1983Jun 1989Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km)[57][58][59]
Hubble Space TelescopeNASA & ESA24 Apr 1990—Earth orbit (586–610 km)[124]
Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1NASA2 Dec 199011 Dec 1990Earth orbit (500 km)[70][71]
Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE)NASA7 Jun 199231 Jan 2001Earth orbit (515–527 km)[125][126]
Astro 2NASA2 Mar 199318 Mar 1993Earth orbit (349–363 km)[127][128]
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE)NASA & CNES & CSA24 Jun 199912 Jul 2007Earth orbit (752–767 km)[129][130]
Cosmic Hot Interstellar Spectrometer (CHIPS)NASA13 Jan 200311 Apr 2008Earth orbit (578–594 km)[131][132]
Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX)NASA28 Apr 200328 Jun 2013Earth orbit (691–697 km).[133][134][135]
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Satellite 4 (Kaistsat 4)KARI27 Sep 20032007?Earth orbit (675–695 km)[136][137]
Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift)NASA20 Nov 2004—Earth orbit (585–604 km)[26][27]
Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS)NASA27 Jun 2013—Earth orbit (387–415 km)[138][139]
Hisaki (SPRINT-A)JAXA14 Sep 20138 December 2023Earth orbit (957–1151 km)[140][141]
Venus Spectral Rocket ExperimentNASA26 Nov 2013reusableSuborbital to 300 km[142]
Lunar-based ultraviolet telescope (LUT)CNSA1 Dec 2013—Lunar surface
(On Chang'e 3 lander)		[143]
AstroSatISRO28 Sep 2015—Earth orbit (600–650 km)[96][95][97]
Spatial Heterodyne Interferometric Emission Line Dynamics Spectrometer (SHIELDS)NASA19 Apr 202119 Apr 2021Suborbital to 284.8 km[144]

UV ranges listed at Ultraviolet astronomy#Ultraviolet space telescopes.

Visible light edit

Further information: Visible-light astronomy

The oldest form of astronomy, optical or visible-light astronomy, observes wavelengths of light from approximately 400 to 700 nm.[145] Positioning an optical telescope in space eliminates the distortions and limitations that hamper that ground-based optical telescopes (see Astronomical seeing), providing higher resolution images. Optical telescopes are used to look at planets, stars, galaxies, planetary nebulae and protoplanetary disks, amongst many other things.[146]

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
HipparcosESA8 Aug 1989Mar 1993Earth orbit (223–35,632 km)[147][148][149]
Hubble Space TelescopeNASA & ESA24 Apr 1990—Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km)[124]
MOSTCSA30 Jun 2003Mar 2019Earth orbit (819–832 km)[150][151]
Neil Gehrels Swift ObservatoryNASA20 Nov 2004—Earth orbit (585–604 km)[26][27]
COROTCNES & ESA27 Dec 20062013Earth orbit (872–884 km)[152][153]
KeplerNASA6 Mar 200930 Oct 2018Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit[154][155][156]
BRITE constellationAustria, Canada, Poland25 Feb 2013 - 19 Aug 2014—Earth orbit[157]
Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite (NEOSSat)CSA, DRDC25 Feb 2013—Sun-synchronous Earth orbit (776–792 km)[158][159]
Gaia (astrometry)ESA19 Dec 2013—Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point[160]
AstroSatISRO28 Sep 2015—Earth orbit (600–650 km)[95][96][97]
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)NASA18 Apr 2018—High Earth Orbit[161]
CHEOPSESA18 Dec 2019—Sun-synchronous orbit[162]
ILO-XILOA15 Feb 2024—Lunar surface[163]

Infrared and submillimetre edit

Main articles: Infrared astronomy and Submillimetre astronomy

Infrared light is of lower energy than visible light, hence is emitted by sources that are either cooler, or moving away from the observer (in present context: Earth) at high speed. As such, the following can be viewed in the infrared: cool stars (including brown dwarves), nebulae, and redshifted galaxies.[164]

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
IRASNASA25 Jan 198321 Nov 1983Earth orbit (889–903 km)[165][166]
Infrared Telescope in SpaceISAS & NASDA18 Mar 199525 Apr 1995Earth orbit (486 km)[167][168]
Infrared Space Observatory (ISO)ESA17 Nov 199516 May 1998Earth orbit (1000–70500 km)[169][170][171]
Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX)USN24 Apr 199626 Feb 1997Earth orbit (900 km)[172]
Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS)NASA6 Dec 1998Last used in 2005Earth orbit (638–651 km)[173][174]
Wide Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE)NASA5 Mar 1999no observationsRe-entered May 10, 2011[175][176]
Spitzer Space TelescopeNASA25 Aug 200330 Jan 2020[177]Solar orbit (0.98–1.02 AU)[178][179]
Akari (Astro-F)JAXA21 Feb 200624 Nov 2011[180]Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km)[181][182]
Herschel Space ObservatoryESA & NASA14 May 2009 [183]29 Apr 2013[184]Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point[185][186][187]
Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)NASA14 Dec 2009(hibernation Feb 2011 – Aug 2013)Earth orbit (500 km)[188][189][190]
CHEOPSESA18 Dec 2019—Sun-synchronous orbit[162]
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)NASA/ESA/CSA25 Dec 2021—Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point[191]
EuclidESA1 Jul 2023—Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point[192][193]

Microwave edit

Further information: Radio astronomy

Microwave space telescopes have primarily been used to measure cosmological parameters from the Cosmic Microwave Background. They also measure synchrotron radiation, free-free emission and spinning dust from our Galaxy, as well as extragalactic compact sources and galaxy clusters through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect.[194]

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)NASA18 Nov 198923 Dec 1993Earth orbit (900 km)[195][196]
OdinSwedish Space Corporation20 Feb 2001—Earth orbit (622 km)[197][198]
WMAPNASA30 Jun 2001Oct 2010Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point[199]
PlanckESA14 May 2009Oct 2013Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point (mission)
Heliocentric (Derelict)		[186][200][201]

Radio edit

Further information: Radio astronomy and Very Long Baseline Interferometry

As the atmosphere is transparent for radio waves, radio telescopes in space are most useful for Very Long Baseline Interferometry: doing simultaneous observations of a source with both a satellite and a ground-based telescope and by correlating their signals to simulate a radio telescope the size of the separation between the two telescopes. Typical targets for observations include supernova remnants, masers, gravitational lenses, and starburst galaxies.[citation needed]

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy (HALCA, VSOP or MUSES-B)ISAS12 Feb 199730 Nov 2005Earth orbit (560–21,400 km)[202][203][204]
Spektr-R (RadioAstron)ASC LPI18 Jul 201111 Jan 2019Earth orbit (10,000–390,000 km)[205][206][207]

Particle detection edit

Spacecraft and space-based modules that do particle detection, looking for cosmic rays and electrons. These can be emitted by the sun (Solar Energetic Particles), our galaxy (Galactic cosmic rays) and extragalactic sources (Extragalactic cosmic rays). There are also Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from active galactic nuclei, those can be detected by ground-based detectors via their particle showers.

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
Proton-1USSR16 Jul 196511 Oct 1965Earth orbit (589–183 km)[2]
Proton-2USSR2 Nov 19656 Feb 1966Earth orbit (637–191 km)[2]
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3)NASA20 Sep 197929 May 1981Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km)[9][10][11]
SAMPEXNASA / DE3 Jul 199230 Jun 2004Earth orbit (512–687 km)[208]
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 01 (AMS-01)NASA2 Jun 199812 Jun 1998Earth orbit (296 km)[209]
Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA)ISA, INFN, RSA, DLR & SNSB15 May 20067 Feb 2016Earth orbit (350–610 km)[210][211]
IBEXNASA19 Oct 2008—Earth orbit (86,000–259,000 km)[212]
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 02 (AMS-02)NASA16 May 2011—Earth orbit (353 km) on ISS[213]
Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE)CNSA & CAS17 Dec 2015—Earth orbit (500 km)[214]

Gravitational waves edit

A type of telescope that detects gravitational waves; ripples in space-time generated by colliding neutron stars or black holes.

PhotoNameSpace agencyLaunch dateTerminatedLocationRef(s)
Lunar Surface GravimeterNASA7 Dec 197214 Dec 1972Taurus–Littrow[215]

To be launched edit

PhotoNameSpace agencyPlanned launch dateLocationRef(s)
SVOMCNSA/CNES24 June 2024Low Earth orbit[216]
XuntianCNSA/CAS2024Low Earth orbit[217][218]
SPHERExNASA2025Earth orbit[219]
PLATOESA2026Geosynchronous orbit[220]
ULTRASATIsrael Space Agency2026Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point[221]
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope; WFIRST)NASA/DOE2027Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point[222]
ARIELESA2029Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point[223]
Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (Athena)ESA/NASA/JAXA2035Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point[224]
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA)ESA2037Heliocentric orbit[225]

See also edit

References edit

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