The charts below show the way in which the IPA is used to transcribe the Nguni languages Swazi, Xhosa, and Zulu. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

A superscript X marks a sound or spelling found specifically in Xhosa, S in Swazi, and Z specifically in Zulu. Sounds marked * only appear in loanwords.

Consonants
Non-click
IPAOrthographyEnglish approximation
bbhbook
ɓbbag, but implosive
dddip
jjust
dzdzdads
dvdvshand valve
fffind
ɡggive
ɠkzgood, but implosive
hhhave
ɦhhbehind
jyyet
kkhcan
kback, with glottalization
ksGlottalized bag
kxʼklz, krxNo English equivalent
kʟ̝̊klz, krxSimilar to clinic
lllike
ɬhlNo English equivalent; Welsh llwyd
ɮdlNo English equivalent; Welsh llwyd, but voiced
mmmode
nnnight
ŋngʼx, ngzs[1]sing
ɲnycanyon
pphpin
plip, with glottalization
rrright, but trilled
sssee
ʃshship
tthtip
tbit, with glottalization
tstscats
tftfsthoughtful
tsʼtscats, with glottalization
tʃʼtshcatch, with glottalization
vvvine
wwwind
xrhxScottish loch
ɣgrxNo English equivalent; Spanish amigo
ʒzhxpleasure
zzzip
ʔ(ʔ)xPause in uh-oh!
Click[2]
IPAOrthography
ᵏǀc
ᵏǀʼc
ᵏǁx
ᵏǁʼx
ᵏǃq
ᵏǃʼq
ᶢǀgc
ᶢǁgx
ᶢǃgq
ᵑǀnc
ᵑǁnx
ᵑǃnq
Other symbols
◌̃nasalisation (placed above consonant)
◌ʰAspirated consonant (placed after consonant)
◌ʱBreathy voice (placed after consonant)
◌ʲPalatalisation (placed after consonant)
◌̠Retracted consonant (placed below consonant)
◌̤ / ◌̈ / ◌̥ / ◌̊slack voice (placed above or below consonant)
Vowels
IPAOrthographyEnglish approximation
a[3]afather
ɛebed
eebay
iibeat
ɔoBritish English off
ooAmerican English stove
uuRP boot
ːlong vowel
Tones
Tone markTone Bar
á˦
à˨
âː˥˩
ǎ̤˨˦
à̤˨
a̤᷈ː˨˧˨

Notes edit

  1. ^ The velar nasal [ŋ] may be pronounced as [ŋg] in Swazi.
  2. ^ The click consonants do not have any equivalent phoneme in English. The nearest equivalents to English-speakers are the Tut-tut or Tsk! Tsk!, tchick!, and clip-clop! interjections.
  3. ^ /a/ is phonetically realised as an open front unrounded vowel [a] in Swazi, an open central unrounded vowel [ä] in Zulu and an open back unrounded vowel in Xhosa [ɑ].

See also edit