Download ArticleDownload ArticleThis article was co-authored by Clint Bartley. Clint Bartley is a Herpetology Expert based in Chandler, Indiana. He has over 30 years of experience working with reptiles, and opened Metazotics in 2022, a large reptile breeding facility and specialty store where he oversees a breeding colony of nearly 500 reptiles. Metazotics specializes in reptiles such as colubrids, ball pythons, geckos, tortoises, and more, and serves a national audience with their state-of-the-art online merchandise platform. In particular, Clint is known as an industry leader in Asian rat snake and black rat snake mutations. Clint has successfully reproduced more than 60 species of reptiles in captivity. He was the second person in the United States to produce Archelaphe bella chapaensis (bell rat snakes), and the first person in the U.S. to produce them twice. Metazotics carries a comprehensive line of supplies and habitats, offers all bioactive enclosure needs, and works with local organizations to further their knowledge and understanding of reptiles.
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If you keep pet turtles, it's nice to know if you've got boys or girls. However, unlike many mammals, turtles have no external genitalia. This makes determining their sex much more difficult, but it's not impossible. The differences between male and female turtles can be subtle and are easier to spot if you have one turtle of each sex so that you can compare. If you only have one turtle, then look for as many clues as possible to try to determine the turtle's gender.
Steps
Look at your turtle’s shell. The turtle’s shell, or carapace, differs slightly between male and female. An adult female turtle has a slightly longer shell than an adult male has.[2]- As a means of sexing the turtle, this method is limited because you need to make sure that the turtle is fully grown. You may assume that a turtle is male due to a smaller size when it actually has more growing to do.
- There can be an overlap in size between a large male and a small female, so it’s not possible to predict the gender based on size alone.
Examine the turtle’s plastron. The underside of the shell, which covers the turtle equivalent of a belly, is called the plastron. To check the plastron, pick the turtle up with care. They do not like to be handled and may try to bite, so grasp the turtle from the tail end so it can't reach around and snap at you. Gently turn the turtle over so you can see the underside. In male turtles, the plastron is slightly concave (curving inwards), whereas a female's is flat.[3]- A concave plastron allows for a male turtle to fit over a female’s shell during mating without rolling off.
- The female’s flatter plastron gives her more room internally in which to grow eggs.
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Check the turtle for a tail notch. Male turtles often have a small 'V,' or notch, at the rear end of the carapace. This is to accommodate the tail when the turtles mate. Otherwise the tail might be crushed against the underside of his shell.[4]
Look for species-specific clues. Some species of turtles have gender-specific external features. Some species that may reveal gender through coloring are:- The American box turtle: 90 percent of the time, male box turtles have red or orange irises while the female has brown or yellow ones. Also, the female has a tendency to have a higher-domed, more rounded shell, whereas the male has a lower shell with more of an oval or oblong appearance.
- Sun turtle: If the turtle's underbelly has blue coloring, it's a male. If the underbelly does not have blue coloring, it's a female.
Examine the turtle’s front claws. Male turtles use their front claws during mating rituals with female turtles. They also use their front claws to fight and to claim and defend their territory. Therefore, the claws on the males' front legs tend to be longer than the claws of female turtles. Again, this is more obvious when you have two turtles of different sexes to compare with each other.[5]- The Red-eared Slider species particularly shows a pronounced difference between the male and female front claws.
Look at the turtle’s cloaca. Both male and females have an opening or vent located on the underside on the tail. This is called the cloaca, and it is located slightly differently depending on the gender.[6]- The female's cloaca is rounder and more star-shaped than the male's. It is found much closer to her body, at the base of her tail where it joins her body, almost disappearing into the shell.
- The male's cloaca is longer and more slit-like. It is located in the last third of the tail, towards the tip.
Determine the turtle’s tail size. The male's genitalia are located within the tail, and to accommodate them, the tail is longer and thicker than a female’s. The female's tail is shorter and thinner.[7]- Be aware that there is an overlap in normal sizes between male and female, so this can give you a hint, but it is not a foolproof way of sexing a turtle.
Combine multiple signs to reach a conclusion. The best approach to sexing a turtle is using a combination of the suggested steps to come up with the most likely gender for the turtle. Bear in mind that some methods are less reliable than others in determining the gender of your turtle.- If all the signs point in one direction, then it's more likely than not that you've determined the gender accurately. However, if the signs are mixed, you may wish to take your turtle to a vet to be certain.[7]
- If you're not sure what conclusion to draw, wait until the turtle is older and try again. It is extremely difficult to sex a baby turtle.
- Be aware that you might have to wait years until your turtle is fully grown and you can determine the gender effectively.
Expert Q&A
- QuestionDo all turtles hibernate?
Clint BartleyClint Bartley is a Herpetology Expert based in Chandler, Indiana. He has over 30 years of experience working with reptiles, and opened Metazotics in 2022, a large reptile breeding facility and specialty store where he oversees a breeding colony of nearly 500 reptiles. Metazotics specializes in reptiles such as colubrids, ball pythons, geckos, tortoises, and more, and serves a national audience with their state-of-the-art online merchandise platform. In particular, Clint is known as an industry leader in Asian rat snake and black rat snake mutations. Clint has successfully reproduced more than 60 species of reptiles in captivity. He was the second person in the United States to produce Archelaphe bella chapaensis (bell rat snakes), and the first person in the U.S. to produce them twice. Metazotics carries a comprehensive line of supplies and habitats, offers all bioactive enclosure needs, and works with local organizations to further their knowledge and understanding of reptiles.
Herpetology ExpertTurtles and tortoises typically exhibit hibernation behavior based on their proximity to the equator. Species inhabiting tropical climates near the equator typically do not hibernate. Conversely, as one moves away from the equator, the likelihood of tortoises hibernating increases. This tendency stems from the environmental variations experienced, where regions closer to the equator often have distinct dry and rainy seasons rather than clear hot and cold seasons. - QuestionWhat does the shell look like for a male and female?
Pippa Elliott, MRCVSDr. Elliott, BVMS, MRCVS is a veterinarian with over 30 years of experience in veterinary surgery and companion animal practice. She graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1987 with a degree in veterinary medicine and surgery. She has worked at the same animal clinic in her hometown for over 20 years.
VeterinarianThe appearance of the shell is more heavily influenced by external, environmental factors than by gender. For example, poor nutrition and lack of calcium may lead to "terracing" or ridges within individual scutes. However, there are no useful or consistent differences in the shell between the genders when it comes to telling male from female. - QuestionDoes this apply to tortoises as well?Pippa Elliott, MRCVSDr. Elliott, BVMS, MRCVS is a veterinarian with over 30 years of experience in veterinary surgery and companion animal practice. She graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1987 with a degree in veterinary medicine and surgery. She has worked at the same animal clinic in her hometown for over 20 years.
VeterinarianYes, most of the general gender differences described in this guide apply to tortoises as well. This includes the size differences, curve of the plastron, and tail length; however, tortoise tail notches can be subtly different such that the male has a more "V" shaped notch, whilst the female's is "U" shaped.
Tips
- It may help to look at a diagram of the vent on a turtle's tail in a picture. One great book for doing this is Turtles and Tortoises-A Complete Owner's Manual by Bartlett and Bartlett.Thanks
- There are some variations of sea turtles (specifically, the Kemp Ridley, but there may be others) that have no external signs of which gender they are. Speak with a veterinarian specializing in marine animals to discover which gender your sea turtle is.Thanks
Tips from our Readers 
- The male's tail is thicker and the tail hole is farther from the tip of the shell, which makes it easier to compare if you have more than one turtle.
- Some male sea turtles have a sunken-in plastron (belly shell) shaped like an avocado without the pit. It's to make mating easier.
- Size matters too — an adult turtle on the smaller side is more likely male, since males tend to be bigger.
- If you still can't figure out your turtle's gender after trying everything, ask a vet for help.
Warnings
- Wash your hands every single time you handle a turtle. Some turtles carry salmonella and, while it won't harm the turtle, it can harm you.[8] Do not put unwashed hands near your mouth or nose until you've washed them with warm water and soap. Make sure children do so after handling turtles too.Thanks
Expert Interview
Thanks for reading our article! If you’d like to learn more about reptile care, check out our in-depth interview with Clint Bartley.
References
- ↑ Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Maders. Saunders
- ↑ Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Maders. Saunders
- ↑ Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Maders. Saunders
- ↑ Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Maders. Saunders
- ↑ Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Maders. Saunders
- ↑ Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Maders. Saunders
- ↑ http://www.turtlecare.net/home/turtle-topics-parent/gender
- ↑ All Turtles, Turtle FAQs, http://www.allturtles.com/turtle-newbie/turtle-faqs/
About This Article
The most reliable way to tell if a turtle is male or female is to examine the bottom of its shell. If it caves inward, the turtle is most likely male, and if it doesn't cave inward, it's most likely female. You can also inspect the turtle’s tail to guess what sex the turtle is. Male turtles tend to have larger and wider tails than females. Also check the turtle’s cloaca, which is the small hole located under the tail. If the cloaca is closer to the tip of the tail than the shell, the turtle is likely male. If the cloaca is closer to the shell than the tip of the tail, the turtle is likely female. Finally, you can check the color and markings on the turtle. In most turtle species, males are more colorful and have more distinct markings to attract mates. For more tips from our Veterinary reviewer, like how to determine your turtle’s gender based on its species, read on!
Reader Success Stories
"Taking each step with vivid pictures explained thoroughly by text. Also, using comparison between the box turtle and the sun or painted turtle. Advice for turtle husbandry emphasizing very important features to maintain a turtle's health and well-being."..." more
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