Ukuvukela kweNtsha kwama-16 uNhlangulana we-1976

Ukuvukela kweNtsha kwama-16 uNhlangulana we-1976 (Youth Uprising of 16 June 1976) imibhikisho elandalanayo eyaqala elokishini laseSoweto yabe isibhebhetheka ezweni lonke, lokhu kwaletha ushinto olikhulu kwezombusazwe ezweni laseNingizimu Afrika. Zonke izigigaba ezenzeka ngalesi sikhathi zibhekiswa emuva kunyaka we-1953 lapho uhulumeni wobandlululo wabeka khona Umthetho weMfundo yaBantu (Bantu Education Act) [1].[2] . Lomthetho wabe uhlukanisa imfundo ngokobuhlanga futhi wabe uphoqa ukuba kusetshenziswe ulimi lweisiBhunu kanye nolwesiNgisi kuphela njengezilimi zokufundisa ezikoleni ngonyaka we-1974 [3].banamanga.

Isendlalelo hlela

Ukungena kweqembu le-National Party embusweni kwafika nezinguquko eziningi njengokushintsha imithetho yezemfundo. Ngonyaka we-1949 uhulumeni wajuba ukuba kwenziwe iKhomishana le-Eiselen lapho kwakumele khona kubhekwe khona ukuphakwa kemfundo ay"Bantu" nukuthi ishintshew ngendlela ephakwa ngayo. Lekhomishana yayaholela ukusungulweni woMthetho weMfundo yeBantu (Bantu Education Act) ngonyaka we-1953. Lomthetho wenza kwaba yimpoqqo ukuba zonke izikole ezabe ziphethwe ngamasonto ezabe zithola uxhaso kuhulumeni ukuba zibhaliswe ngaphansi kukahulumeni. Ngalokhu uhulumeni wabe ufuna ukususa ukuphathwa kwezemfundo yama-Afrika ezandleni zamasonto knaye nezifundazwe. UMnyango weMfundo yaBantu wabe ubhekele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imfundo yam-Afrika ihlukene futhi ibe sezingeni eliphansi. Lomthetho futhi wahlukanisa ukukhokhelwa kwemfundo yama-Afrika, umbuso wabe usebenzisa imali encane ezikoleni zabafundi bama-Afrika uma kuqhathaniswa nabafundi "abamhlophe." Ukwehla kwemali eyabe ifakwa ezikoleni zama-Afrika kwaholela ukutheni izikole ziminyane futhi zabe zinothisha abangenele, futhi bengenazo iziqu eziphelele zokufundisa [4].

Imfundo yama-Afrika yabe iwaqeqeshela ukuba benze imisebenzi yezandla njengokusbenza emaplazini, emakhishini, neminye eminingi. Lokhu kufakazelwa amazwi kaH.F Verwoerd, lapho athi khona: "Ayikho indawo yom'Afrika emphakathini wamaYurophu ngaphezu kwezinye izinhlobo zemisebenzi. Akusizi ukuba athole uqeqesho oluzomdonsela emphakathini wamaYurophu (“There is no place for [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labour. It is of no avail for him to receive a training which has as its aim, absorption in the European community”) [5]Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name. Ngonyaka we-1954-5 othisha kanye nabafundi bazama ukubhikishela uMthetho weMfundo yaBantu, babumba inhlanganao eyabe yaziwa njenge The African Education Movement.

Ukuqhutshekiswa koMthetho weMfundo yaseNyuvesi wama-45 wavala nya ukuba ama-Afrika aye emanyuvesi "abamhlophe" (iNyuvesi yaseKapa kanye nasyaseEWitwatersrand). Lomthetho wabe uhlukanisa amanyuvesi ngokobuhlanga kanye ngezizwe zama-Afrika, okwaholela ekutheni kubunjwe amanyuvesi angamahlathi (bush universities). Kulezi ziNyuvesi kubalwa eyaseINyuvesi yaseFort Hare, eyaseVenda, eyaseNtshonalanga Kapa, lamanyuvesi abe ehlukene ngokobuzwe, nalapha kwaba khona imibhikishoCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name.

UMthetho wezeMfundo waBantu bamaKhaladi we-1963 (Coloured Person's Education Act of 1965) kanye noMthetho weMfundo yamaNdiya we-1965 (Indian Education Act of 1965) yabekwa ukulawula imfundo yamaKhaladi kanye namaNdiya ngokulandelana futhi ukuyihlukanisa "kweyabamhlophe". UMthetho wezeMfundo waBantu bamaKhaladi wanika igunya lokuphathwa kwemfundo yamaKhaladi engaphansi kuMnyango weziNdaba zamaKhaladi, uphoqa ukuba izikole zaKhaladi zibhaliswe ngaphansi kwahulumeni. UMthetho Mfundo yamaNdiya wanika igunya lokuphathwa kwemfundo yamaNdiya kuMnyango weziNdaba zamaNdiya okwenza imfundo yamaNdiya ukuba ibe yimpoqo Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name .

Ngonyaka we-1974 uMphathi weBantu Education uJ.G Erasmus wakhipha umyalelo owabe uthi kusukela zi-1 uMasingana we-1975 zonke izifundo zabe zozfundwa ngolimi lwesiBhunu, lapha kubalwa lezi zifundo: izibalo, ezokubala kanye nezifundo ngabantu kusukela ebangeni lesikhombisa. Isizathu sokuphoqa ukuba kusetshenziswe ulimi lwesiBhunu yingoba ukusetshenzisa kwalo lolu limi kwabe kuphansi kakhulu nguma-Afrika[6]. Ama-afrika amaningi kanye nenhlangano yo thisha eyaziwa nge African Teachers Association of South Africa babengambisani nalokhu ngoba isiBhunu sabe saziwa njegolimi lomcindezeli ("Language of the Oppressor") njengoba kwabeka uMbhishobi uDesmond Tutu [7].

Mhla zingama-30 uMbasa 1976 abafundi baseOrlando West Junior School bangenelela isiteleka esagcina siqhubekele kwzinye izikole. Lapha abafundi babenhikishela ukuba bathole impatho efanayo nokuthi bafundiswe ngenndlela efanayo nezikole zabamhlophe. Umfundi wasesikoleni i-Morris Isaacson High School, ogama lakhe ngu-Teboho "Tsietsi" Mashinini, waphakamisa ukuthi kube khona umhlangano mhla zi-13 ukuzokhuluma ukuthi kumele kwenziwe njani ukuze bazwakale. Abafundi babumba ikomidi elaziwa nje Soweto Students' Representative Council elahlanginisa umbuthano wama-16 Nhlangulana 1976 Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name.

Ukuvukela eSoweto nge-1976 hlela

Ngehora le-7 eSoweto ngosuku le-16 Nhlangulana 1976 umbuthano owabe uhlelwe yiSoweto Students' Representative Council uyabe iholwa ngu Teboho "Tsietsi" Mashinini wenzeka ngalolu suku wabe uhlanganisa abafundi abalelwa phakathi kwe-10 000 kuya kwi-20 000 abanye babo labafundi bebengenalo ulwazi ngaphambilini ngalombuthano [8]. Le mashi ayabe ithola ukwesekwa yinhlangano ye- Black Consciousness Movement njengoba yabe ihlelelwe ukuba ibe yimashi enokuthula noxolo yingakho yaphinda yesekwa ngothisha kanye nothishanhloko ezikoleni eSoweto [5].

Abafundi bokuqala ukuhlangana abaseNaledi High school, balandelwa abaseMorris Isaacson High School, bathuka sebevinjwe ngamaphoyisa Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name. Umholi wabo wabaluleka ukuba bangawasukeli amaphoyisa, baqhubeka nemashi ngenye indlela eyabaholela eOrlando High School. Abafundi kulesi lesi sikhathi babephethe azingqwembe ezabe zibhlawe ukuthi "Pansi ngesiBhunu" "Down with Afrikaans", "Viva Azania", "Uma kumele senze isiBhunu, uVoster kumele enze isiZulu" ""If we must do Afrikaans, Vorster must do Zulu". Lemashi yabe ingenalo udlame abafundi babeneme futhi nemimoya iphezulu Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name[9].

Kwathi ngokugamaxa kwehora lesi-9 abafundi baqhubeka nokumasha baze bafika maduzane nasesikoleni i-Orlando High School lapho bafika bama khona beqhubeka becula futhi bephethe izingqwembe zabo phezulu. Amaphoyisa aqala ukudubula ngaso lesi sikhathi, abafundi bokuqala abadutshulwa bafa ngalesi sikhathi kubalwa uHastings Ndlovu owabe eneminyaka engama-15 kanye noHector Pieterson owabe eneminyaka engama-13. Yingalesi sikhathi lapho kwaqala khona udlame olwadonsa isikhathi eside laze lwabhethekela emalokishini amaningi aseNingizimu AfrikaCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name. Umbiko wamaphoyisa wabe uthi ngalolu suku kwafa abafundi abangama-23 ngosuku loqukala lombhikisho. Ngenkathi luqhubeka usuku ilokishi lonke labe livutha, ngoba lapha kwashiswa zonke izakhiwo zahulumeni kanye nezindawo lapho kuphuzelwa khona utshwala[10].

Ngosuku lwesibili (17 Nhlangulana)sabe sisemanzonzo isimo ngoba amaphoyisa abe esephume ngobuningi bawo eyabalelwa ezi-1500 ukuzoqapha isimo elokishini laseSoweto. Ngalolu suku isimo sabe sesishube kakhulu ngoba amaphoyisa abae esebenzisa indluzula ukukuhlakaza izixuku. Intsha nayo yaphendula kulendluzula ngokuthi ilwe nawo namaphoyisa, futhi kwaphinde kwashiswa namabhilidi kanye nezimoto zika hulumemeni ngelesi sikhathi. Izigameko zango Nhlangulana zabhebhetheka nakwezinye izindawo eNingizimu Afrika, lokhu kwadala uthuthuva olukhulu eNingizimu Afrika ngalesi sikhathi. Abantu abasha abaningi abasha balahlekelwa izimpilo zabo, abanye akwaziwua ukuthi baduka bayaphi kanti abanye baboshwa baphuma abanye abazange babuye emajele.

Bonke Abalahlekelwa yizimpilo zabo hlela

Imbibiko yabe ithi bangama-176 abashona ngemibhikisho ye-1976, lesi sibalo sibuye silinganiselwe e-700. Uhulumeni wabe ekhiphe isitatimende esithi bangama-23 abafundi abafa kwalingiselwa kwabayizinkulungwane abalimala Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name[11][12].

Uhla lwabahlekelwa yizimpilo zabo ngemibhikisho ye-1976 .
IgamaIndawo afela kuyoIminyakaUsukuImbangela yokufa
Adams, Sandra JoyceKew Town1516.9.76Wadutshulwa ekhanda ngaphambili (ricochet) kwsitezi sesi-3
Adriaanse, Noel JohnHanover Park132.9.76Wadutshulwa ekhanda ngakwesokunxele
Africa, PieterMontagu2411.9.76Iminingwane yokufa isaphenywa
Albern, BazilElsies River169.9.76Wuduthulwa eceleni esisiwini
Allie, AbduraghmanRavensmead-7.9.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni kusuka ngaphambili
Appolis, ChristopherMenenberg1610.9.76Wadutshulwa ekhanda ngaphambilu kuJordaan Road
August, Victor L.Gugulethu-31.12.76Wabikwa njengolahlekile emva kwezinxushunxushu zikaZibandlela
Bakubaku, GoldenNyanga-26.12.76Wabulawa ngabasebenzi bokufika (migrant workers)
Balnardo, Gary SandyGrassy Park1916.9.76Wadutshulwa esinqeni kanye nasesifubeni ngaphambili kuHead Road
Barnes, IsaacBonteheuwel1625.8.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni kusuka ngaphambili
Barnes, SydneyGugulethu3226.8.76Washawa waze wafe yiqulu labsebenzi bokufika (migrant workers)
Barron, JamesSoweto-26.12.76Wadutshulwa
Bezuidenhout, IsaacMosselbay-14.9.76Wangcwatshwa
Bota, MichaelNyanga East-26.12.76Wadutshulwa wafa
Botha, WilliamNyanga-26.12.76Wabulawa ngabasebenzi bokufika (migrant workers)
Botha, Neville, J.G.Retreat208.9.76Wadutshulwa esisswini kusuka ngaphambili
Buba, LawrencePhilippi149.9.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni kusuka ngaphambili
Buthelezi, LeonardSoweto394.8.76Amanxeba okuduthulwa ekhanda knaye nasemzimbeni
Buthelezi, Joyce-1626.12.76Amanxeba okudutshulwa esifubeni nasekhanda negnkathi amaphoyisa edubula abafundi eSekano-Ntoane High School
Carolissen, GasantHanover Park212.9.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni kusuka ngaphambili
Carolissen, Ronald C.Stellenbosch229.9.76
Cezala, Bonekeli--31.12.76Wabikwa njengolahlekile emva kwezinxushunxushu zikaZibandlela
Cloete, Joseph E.-309.9.76Waduthsulwa esidlathini nasesiswini ngaphambili nasemuva kanye emqaleni ngemuva
Cook,, FariedManenberg169.9.76Waduthulwa emqaleni kusuka ngemuva
Cooke, RodneyBonteheuwel2425.8.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni ngaphambili
Dajee, BhanudeyRetreat378.9.76Waduthulwa emaphashini nasenhliziweni
Daniels, Patrick JElsies River249.9.76Wadutshulwa ngemuva kwekhanda
Daniels, JohnRetreat358.9.76Waduthulwa kwesokunxele esifubeni
Daniels, KammipsCloetesville337.9.76Waduthulwa washona
Davids, JohnMenenberg169.9.76Wadutshulwa ekhanda ngemuva ku-Thomas Avenue
Davids, Mogamat RushaadAthlone2427.12.76Wadutshulwa ngemuva
Dlanza, Dennis BantuLanga2227.12.76Wadutshulelwa eLanga
Dondi, T.S.B.Gugulethu-16.9.76Wadutshulwa
Domtsa, N.Mellville4626.12.76Wadutshulwa washona
Dube, YvonnePaarl East459.9.76Uphenyo lokufa laveza ukuthi wafa emve kokudutshulwa ngezinhlwayi eziyi-7 zesibhamu. Inkosi yasenkantolo yahtola ukuthi aketkho obandakanyekayo ekufeni kwakhe. Wabe esequlini elalijikijela amatshe
Dunga, GidlizaEpton-1.12.76Wadutshulwa washona
Dithipe, ElifasKagiso-31.12.76-
Dladla, BabySoweto2814.6.76Wadutshulwa ekhanda
Dlamini, EmmanuelSoweto-26.12.76-
Edelstein, Melville LeonardSoweto5716.6.76Washaywa yiqulu labantu abangaziwa ngamatshe waze washona
Eesterhuizen, Johannes HendrikSoweto-26.12.76-
Elliot, CharlesManenberg169.9.76Wadutshulwa esiswini ngaphambili
Essop, DawoodBonteheuwel3025.8.76Wadutshulwa ngemuva
Ferguson, Herry A.J.DHanover Park302.9.76Wadutshulwa emaphashini ngemuva
Finch, Alfred A.Retreat159.9.76Wadutshulwa kwesokudla esifubeni ngaphambili
Fish, EdwardRavensmead257.9.76Wadutshulwa kwesokudla esifubeni kanye nasesiswini ngaphambili
Fisher, IvyLanga3212.8.76Wadutshulwa ekhanda ngakwesokudla
Follie, EnochSoweto-18.6.76Wadutshulwa ngaphezu kwenhliziyo
Garnie, R.W.Alexandra-26.12.76Wadutshuwa ehlombe lakwesokudla
Gasnola, SulemanLansdowne179.9.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni eceleni
Gcwabe, Abel DanisoGugulethu-1.11.76Wadutshulwa ngemuva
Genu, FetrasGugulethu1812.8.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni ngaphambili
Gincana, Atwell--18.6.76-
Gishi, Jackson-6727.12.76Kusaphenywa
Gobile, ChristopherGugulethu2621.8.76Wadutshulwa esiswini ngaphambili
Godwe, JefferySoweto-18.6.76-
Gonxeka, Sidney Z.Langa1828.12.76Wadutshulwa washona
Gule, PetrusSoweto1526.8.76Inxeba lokudutshulwa ekhanda
Gumata, JumbaSoweto2626.12.76-
Gushamn, Mhlangabezi EGugulethu2811.8.76Waduthulwa ekhanda ngaphambili
Guwa, NelsonGugulethu4826.12.76Wagencwa waze wafa ngabasebenzi bokufika
Harris, RonaldSilvertown2516.9.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni ngaphambili
Hlakula, Stanley MlamliGugulethu2627.12.76Wadutshulwa washona
Hoogaardt, Spasiena Hugenot,Paarl159.9.76Wadutshulwa
Hlatshwayo, JoyceSoweto-26.12.76-
Hlongwane, JohannesSoweto4312.9.76-
Hlongwane, PetrosSoweto2925.7.76-
Hlokwane, N.C.Alexandra-26.12.76Wagxotshwa yibhasi
Isaacs, ColinRetreat319.9.76Wadutshulwa emqaleni ngemuva
Isaacs, JohnManenberg159.9.76Wadutshulwa
Jacobs, ShaheedDistrict Six153.9.76Wadutshulwa eceleni emqaleni kanye nasesifubeni ekhoneni lemiqwaqo Sackville and Vincent Streets, eKapa.
Jacobs, MervynElsies River168.9.76Waduthulwa ngemuva
Jacobs, JohnManenberg159.9.76Waduthulwa engalweni kanye nasesifubeni kwesokunxele eGreen Dolphin Bottle Store, kuJordaan Road.
Jelems, GovernmentNyanga-27.12.76Wadutshulwa waphinde wagencwa waze wafa
Johnson, ErolManenberg-4.2.77Waduthulwa esiswini
Jonas, LawrenceNyanga2626.12.76Wabulawa ngabasebenzi migrant workers
Kahn, NazeemManenberg-16.9.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni kanye nasesisiwini
Kalakahla, Samson FantuSoweto2625.8.76-
Kalane, GeorgeSoweto1526.12.76-
Kamesi, AndriesGugulethu2511.8.76Waduthsulwa ekhanda ngapambili
Kamfer, Christiaan B.Ravensmead167.9.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni ngaphambili
Khalipha, RichardNyanga4 months15.1.77Isizathu sokufa asikakaziwa
Khan, NaziemManenberg1516.9.76-
Kleinschmidt, AmgelineElsies River318.9.76Wadutshulwa emuva kwekhanda
Komani, BrianNyanga2726.12.76Wadutshulwa washona
Kumalo, JosephGugulethu223.9.76Wadutshulwa esiswini ngaphambili
Kwisomba, HarryGugulethu3026.12,76Wadutshulwa washona
Kambule, Eliakim Sutu-50-Ukulimala okuningi emzimbeni
Kekane, AndriesMamelodi-31,12,76-
Kekane, ShadrackSoweto-26.12.76
Keokame, MarshallSoweto-16.6.76
Kgampe, PhilemonSoweto-26.12.76
Kgapule, EdwardSoweto-26.12.77
Kgate, Sydney-46-Wadutshulwa washona
Kgoadi, GustovSoweto-26.12.76
Kgokong, LindaDaveyton-31.12.76-
Kgongoana, Ariel "Pro"Soweto-16.6.76-
Kgupisi, HerbertSoweto-26.12.76-
Khaje, Sydney KabeloSoweto4726.12.76Wadutshulwa
Khambule, GodfreySoweto1224.8.76Aamxeba okuduthulwa ngenkathi amaphoyisa edubula esixukwini.
Khoza, JohnMamelodi-31.12.76-
Khumalo, ColumbusSoweto-26.12.76-
Khumalo, DanielSoweto2419.6.76Ukulimala okuningi emzimbeni
Khumalo, Nehemiah M.Soweto2421.6.76Wagwazwa ngaphezudlwana kwenhliziyo
Koalana, DoctorSoweto-26.12.76-
Koalana, WillySoweto-26.12.76-
Kobedi, KabeloSoweto-25.6.76-
Koloane, David D.-1624.8/76Inxeba lokudutshulwa. Aamphoyisa ophenyweni lokufa kwakhe athi wahlasela iphoyisa ngembazo
Kolonga, DavidMamelodi-31.12.76-
Kubeka, JohannesSoweto2416.7.76Amanxeba okudutshulwa onyaweni lakwesokunxele. Wabuluwa ukopha
Khubeka, HiltonSoweto1917.6.76-
Khubeka, RobertSoweto2426.12.76Amanxeba okugwazwa
Khubeka, ZabulonSoweto4722.8.76-
Kumalo, ZolileSoweto---
Kunene, EdwardSoweto4218.6.76Wagwazwa kabili ngakwesobunxele esifubeni
Kunene, Norman-2717.6.76Wadutshulwa
Kwadi, GunstonSoweto3226.8.76Amanxeba okudutshulwa ekhanda
Kwinana, GregorySoweto3817.6.76-
Laaka, Erick-5817.9.76Amanxeba amaningi esiswini
Lebelo, AbielSoweto204.8.76Wadutshulwa futhi wa-teargassed
Leburu, JohnSoweto2318.6.76
Leburu, Nathaniel-39-Inhlamvu yangena emgogodleni
Ledwaba, JacobSoweto-26.12.76-
Lee, Ralph, RRetreat348.9.76Wadutshulwa emaqaleni ngaphambili
Leepo, Junior--19.1.77Washiswa waze wafe ngebhomu likaphethiloli
Lengwali, PatrickSoweto-11.1.77-
Lengwathi, Patrick ThembaSoweto-16.6.76Wadutshulwa
Lepota, David--26.12.76-
Leroke, HerminaSoweto-26.12.77
Lesele, Tutu JohnLanga4511.8.76Wadutshulwa isihluzu , esinqeni kanye nasesisfubeni ngemuva
Lesejane, AshelyMoepong-31.12.76-
Lesumi, J. Soweto--26.12.76Wahlaselwa ngabahlali basehostela
Letlaku, J.Soweto-26.12.76-
Letleka, DominicSoweto418.6.76-
Letsholo, PeterSoweto2125.8.76-
Leukes, OwenBonteheuwel17-Wabokwa ohlwini lwamaphoyisa njengofile kodwa engabulawanga ngamaphoyisa
Limba, Cyril IvanManenberg189.9.76Wadutshulwa emhlane e-Vistula Tavern Bottle Store
Linda, Petrus KingSoweto2626.12.76Wafa ngokudutshulwa
Lloyd, JanSoweto-26.12.76-
Louw, SamuelGugulethu4211.8.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni ngaphambili
Lucas, CorneliusMossel Bay--Wafa ngaphambi zamhla zingama-15 kuMandulo
Lutiya, WisemanGugulethu2211.8.76Wadutshulwa esiswini
Luphindo, InspectorSoweto242.7.76-
Lupiwane, GoowillSoweto3518.2.77Ugebhezi oluphoqokile
Luvatsha, ReginaldSoweto-26.12.76
Luvatsha, ThemboSoweto-26.6.76Amanxeba okudutshulwa ngezansi kwesisu
Mabandla, SelbySoweto5826.12.76Wagencwa ekhanda ngenkathi abahlali basehostela behlasela abahlali baseSoweto
Mabaso, ErickSoweto1826.12.76-
Mabaso, MathabeniSoweto-26.12.76-
Mabaso, NSoweto-26.12.76Wadutshulwa
Mabena, PeterSoweto-26.12.76Wagwazwa
Mabitsa, Steven-5819.6.76Wagwazwa esifubeni - wafa ngenkathi kubhikishwa
Maboya, BennetSoweto-26.12.76
Maboya, BernardSoweto-26.12.76
Mabuku, GlagysSoweto-26.12.76-
Mabunda, Sam BoyMamelodi-31.12.76-
Mabuya, B.Soweto-26.12.76Inxeba lokudutshulwa emlonyeni nasehlombe
Mabuza, PatrickSoweto2417.9.76-
Mabuza, ShadrackMamelodi-31.12.76-
Mabyka, GladysSoweto2618.2.77-
Madibo, P.Alexandra-26.12.76Wadutshulwa ehlombe lakwesobunxele
Madikane, DanielMamelodi-31.12.76-
Madzivhandla, PatrickSoweto-26.12.76-
Madupe, Johannes---Waduka ngoNhlangulana we-1976 eGa-Rankuwa. Amaphoyisa awanayo eminye imininingwane
Maepa, Simon Soweto--26.12.76-
Maga, DaneAlexandra-26.12.76Inxeba lokudutshulwa
Magadani, FlorenceSoweto-26.12.76-
Magagula, Petrus-49-Wadutshulwa washona
Mahapo, GodfreySoweto-26.12.76-
Mahasha, DanielSoweto-26.12.77-
Mahlaba, DavidSoweto2426.12.78-
Mahlambi, PaulineSoweto-26.12.79Inxeba lokudutshulwa ethangeni
Mahlaza, RaymondSoweto2417.6.76Waduthsulwa enqulwini
Mahlinza, MaxwellSoweto2417.6.76Waduthsulwa enqulwini
Mahopo, G.Soweto-26.12.76Wadutshulwa washona
Mahurawe, Titus-13-Wadutshulwa emuva
Maichetha, WalterSoweto1526.12.76-
Mailangwe, RichardSoweto-26.12.76-
Maipa, SimonSoweto-26.12.77-
Majambela, ArchibaldGugulethu2311.8.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni ngaphambili
Majamba, DouglasPhilippi2012.8.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni ngaphambili
Majeka, RebeccaLanga3711.8.76Wadutshulwa emqaleni ngemuva
Majoko, DanielSoweto-26.12.78-
Majola, NongoentuSoweto288.8.76Wadutshu;wa wafa ngamphoyisa asebenza kulayini westimela
Majola, BoySoweto-26.12.76-
Majola, TitusSoweto1519.7.76-
Makaluza, EllenGugulethu-26.12.76Wagencwa wafa ngebasebenzi bokufika
Makundayi, MonicaGugulethu526.12.76Wadutshulwa washona
Makate, WashingtonSoweto2625.8.76Amanxeba okuydutshulwa ngohlwayi emilenzeni yombili. Wopha waze wafa
Makari, AbrahamSoweto4318.2.77Amanxeba okugwazwa
Makate, Washington T.Soweto-26.12.76Wadutshulwa emqaleni
Makgabane, PeterSoweto-26.12.76-
Makgetle, DavidSoweto-26.12.76-
Makhabane, Petrus K.Soweto-26.12.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni kanye naseseswini
Makhari, AbrahamSoweto3326.12.76-
Makhetha, Percy-1526.12.76.Inxeba lokudutshulwa
Makhotla, MakhosiSoweto417.9.76Amanxeba okudutshulwa esiswini
Malindisa, GeorgeSoweto2331.7.76-
Mamogobo, Ezra-4924.7.76Ukulimala emzimbeni kanye nasekhanda
Maneli, Gladwell, V.Gugulethu-2.1.77Washawa wafa yiqulu labasebenzi bokufika
Manale. HerbertSoweto-26.12.76-
Manganyi, VictorSoweto-26.12.76-
Manhayi, ArthurSoweto2424.8.76Wagencwa waze wafa, kusolaka abahlali basehostela (hostel dwellers)
Mankayi, BenjaminSoweto3923.8.76Wagwazwa ngesikhtahi kuhlasela abahlali basehostela
Mankayi, GideonSoweto3924.8.76Wanqunywa ekhanda ngesikhali esibukhali
Maphalala, S.Soweto-27.8.76Wadutshulwa
March, PhillipSoweto1620.6.76Wadutshulwa kathathu ekhanda
Marney, AlfredRetreat1816.9.76Wadutshulwa emhlane
Maseko, SaraSoweto4617.6.76Amaxeba okuduthulwa emathangeni. Wabulawa wukopha
Maseko, Sylvester VusiSoweto2120.9.76Amaxeba okudutshulwa ekhanda
Masiba, Nkululo, S.Gugulethu2211.8.76Wadutshulwa ehlombe lakwesokudla ngemuva
Masimango, BernardSoweto-26.12.76-
Masuku, ThembaSoweto-26.12.76-
Masenya, GraceSoweto-26.12.76-
Mashaba, JohannesSoweto2226.12.76Waklinywa.
Mashiane, F.B.Soweto-26.8.76Wadutshulwa
Mashinini, MorrisSoweto-26.12.76-
Mashombo, BenSoweto-26.12.76-
Masilela, AbySoweto2426.12.76Amanxeba amaningi
Masilo, Boas SydneySoweto-26.12.76-
Masilo, E.N.Soweto-24.8.76Wagencwa ngabahlali basehostela
Masinga, DavidSoweto1916.6.76-
Masuiga, DavidSoweto1916.6.76-
Mathabathe, AaronMamelodi-31.12.76-
Mathagane, ElifasMamelodi-31.12.76-
Mathebula, Jacob SydneySoweto224.7.76Wadutshulwa onyaweni
Mathebula, JosiahSoweto5426.12.76Ukulimala emgogodleni.
Matheson, Reginald C.Retreat188.9.76Wadutshulwa emhlane, emqaleni kanye nasekhanda ngemuva. S
Mathobela, JohanSoweto1912.8.76-
Matimela, LazarusMamelodi-31.12.76-
Matlhaku, SamuelSoweto6626.6.76-
Matome, MackenzieSoweto-26.12.76-
Matsabu, Abel JanSoweto-26.12.76-
Matsapola, E.Soweto-26.12.76Amanxeba ambili okudutshulwa
Matsepe, JeffreySoweto-26.12.76-
Matsunyane, James SelloSoweto-26.12.76Wadutshulwa emhlane, inhlamvu yangena emzimbeni
Mavimbela, SiphoSoweto-18.6.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni
Matyeni, Wellington K.-2131.12.76Wabikwa njengolahlekile ngoZibandlela we-1976
May, NicholasRetreat198.9.76Wadutshulwa emuva
Mazomba, Boy Charles-1814.9.76Amanxeba okudutshulwa kugonyelwa ukuthi wabe onela phansi ujantshi wesitimela ngaphambi kokuba abalekele iphoyisa elamdubula
Mazwai, ZizweGugulethu188.9.76Waya kovakashela umngani ngehora lesi-6 kusihlwa mahlazingama-8.8.76. Isidumbu sakhe satholakala emakhazeni ngosuku olulandelayo.
Mbali, James-151.12.76Wadutshulwa washona
Mbatha, AmesMamelodi-31.12.76-
Mbatha, Dumisani Isaac-1625.9.76-
Mbatha, Sipho ClementSoweto2224.10.76Amanxeba amaningi okuduthulwa esifubeni kanye naseseiswini
Mbebe, FrankSoweto-26.12.76-
Mbeki, PrincessSoweto-17.9.76Amaphoyisa adubula esixukwini sabafundi eSekano-Ntoane High School. Amanxeba okudutshulwa
Mbele, AaronSoweto-26.12.76Washaywa yinhlamvu yesibhamu
Mbele, SimonSoweto-24.10.76Wabulawa amaxeba okudutshulwa ekhanda kanye nasesifubeni
Mbengwane, StanleySoweto2826.12.76-
McDeci, RichardManenberg359.9.76Wadutshulwa emuva
Mchunu, MosesSoweto1226.12.76Ikhanda labe linqunywanqunywe kaningi
Mda, JohnSoweto3217.6.76Amanxeba okudusthulwa esifubeni kanye nasemaphashini
Mdayi, Dambile, S.Langa2411.8.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni ngaphambili
Menwe, PeterSoweto-26.12.76-
Mevana, DavidSoweto-26.12.76Wadudutshulwa kwiphe
Meyer, KarelSherwood Park459.9.76Wadutshulwa esinqeni ngakwesokudla ngemuva
Mhlanga, SamuelSoweto1726.12.76Ugebhezi oluphoqozekile
Mhlongo, FelixAlexandra-18.6.76Wadutshulwa - walimala emphashini, enhliziweni kanye nasemgogodleni
Miller, LordSoweto-26.12.76-
Mithi, LilySoweto-26.12.76-
Mjamba, DouglasGugulethu2012.8.76-
Mkafulo, CajuloLanga3611.8.76Wadutshulwa emhlane kanye nasenhiziweni ngemuva
Mkhize, TusokwakheSoweto-26.12.76-
Mkhotlana, EliasMoletsane4326.12.76-
Mkhwanazi, IsraelSoweto2626.12.76Amanxeba okugwazwa
Mkhwanazi, LindiweSoweto-26.12.76-
Mkwanzi, LSoweto-26.12.76Wadutshulwa
Mlangeni, LeaSoweto-26.12.76-
Mlangeni, MbophaSoweto1814.9.76-
Mlilo, Amos-3024.8.76Amaphoyisa atshela inkantolo ephenya ngokufa kwabantu ukuthi kwakungenzeka ukuba abae isisulu sabahlali basehostela eSoweto.
Mlotshwa, Derrick-2314.9.76Amanxeba amaningi okudutshulwa esifubeni.
Mmutle, DennisSoweto-26.12.76Inxeba lokudutshulwa ecelani.
Mncedisi, MazwiGugulethu169.9.76Wahamba eyolongongela ibhola mhla ziyi-9.9.76. Isidumbu sakhe satholakala emakhazeni ngosuku olulandelayo.
Mncube, GideonSoweto2015.7.76-
Mnculwane, MantombiSoweto-26.12.76Wadutshulwa
Mngemane, MorrisSoweto1820.6.76Amanxeba ama-5 okudutshulwa
Mngoma, TensonSoweto-26.12.76-
Mngomezulu, SimonSoweto2918.6.76
Moatlhudi, AgnesSoweto1026.12.76-
Moatse, TitusSoweto1519.7.76-
Modisane, Samuel OupaSoweto1924.8.76Inxeba lenhlamvu enhliziweni. Watholakala efile emgwaqeni buqamama nakubo. Waduthulwa ngamaphoyisa ngohlwayi ngenkathi isixuku sihlakazeka
Modise, Peter-60-Ukulimala ekhanda
Modise, J.Dobsonville-26.12.76Wadutshulwa esiswini
Modukanele, Isaac RasebataAlexandra-26.12.76Wadutshulwa
Modukanele, JacobSoweto-26.12.76-
Moerane, JacobSoweto2319.6.76Washiswa ngaphansi kwemoto
Mofokeng, R.A.Soweto-17.6.76Wagwazwa ngebhodlela
Mogapi, Samuel-45.3.77Wadutshulwa washona
Mogapi, Stephen--26.12.76-
Mogola, JohannesSoweto- 26.12.76-
Mogotsi, Nchimane PhilemonSoweto-26.12.76-
Mofokeng, RaymondSoweto1425.8.76Amanxeba okuduthulwa esifubeni nasemqaleni
Mohamme, J.Soweto-24.8.76Wagwazwa esiswini, nobuso bucwecwiwe
Mohapi, StevenSoweto5818.2.77Ukulimala ekhanda.
Mohapi, Jacob-1623.9.76Wabulawa amanxeba enhlamvu yesibhamu ephashini.
Mohlabane, MpheleSoweto-26.12.76-
Mohwaduba, SimonMabopane-31.12.76-
Mokgatle, Mohatle MosesSoweto4726.12.76Amanxeba okugwazwa
Mokobi, Cornelius-2430.8.76Watholakala efile nenxeba lokudutshulwa esifubeni
Mokoena, Moremane-14Amanxeba amabili okudtshulwa esufubeni nasemlenzeni
Mokoena, AmosSoweto-26.12.76-
Mokoena, MosesSoweto-26.12.76
Mokoena, VincentSoweto-26.12.76-
Molapo. LobianSoweto-26.12.76-
Molefe, JohnSoweto1925.6.76-
Molefe, PeterSoweto2126.12.76-
Moleko. HendrickSoweto-18.6.76Wadutshulwa esiswini
Moloi, Joseph Karabo-1629.9.76Wadutshulwa esiswini
Moloi, Philadelphia-17-Wadutshulwa wafa
Mononyane, Joseph S.Soweto-18.6.76
Montjane, ElijahSoweto-26.12.76-
Mooketsi, JohanSoweto-26.12.76-
Morolong, Bruce--31.12.76Wabikwa njengolahlekile emva kwezinxushunxushu zikaZibandlela.
Morolong, J.P.Soweto-23.9.76Wagwazwa waphinde washawa waze wafa
Moses, PhillipRavensmead417.9.76Wadutshulwa esiswini ngaphambili
Mosie, Ezekiel, Z. X.Langa1812.8.76Wadutshulwa ekhanda ngaphambili ngaphambi kwesiteshi samaphoyisa eLanga
Mothutsane, Petrus-2525.8.76Inxeba lokudutshulwa esifubeni
Motsweni, Daniel NethanSoweto-25.9.76Amanxeba okudutshulwa
Mphetha, LawrenceSoweto-26.12.76-
Mphithi, JosephSoweto---
Mpinga, JosephSoweto3425.9.76-
Mpusula, SimonSoweto-26.12.76-
Mshelwane, LawrenceSoweto2726.12.76Amanxeba okudutshulwa esiswini
Mshudulu, Welili RGugulethu2311.8.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni ngaphambili
Mrwebi, DanielGugulethu2312.8.76Wadutshulwa esiswini ngaphambili
Msimanga, MbekiseniSoweto-26.12.76
Mteto, TembaGugulethu2131.8.76-
Mthembo, JohnSoweto-26.12.76-
Mthembu, ReubenSoweto1926.12.76-
Mthemba, Mzinane-2714.9.756Isidumbu satholaka emva kokuba iqulu selihlakazekile
Mthombeni, M.Soweto-26.12.76Wahlaselwa yizigebengu
Mtshadi, SimonSoweto-26.12.76-
Mubuya, BennettSoweto-26.12.76-
Mukel, DennisSoweto-26.12.76-
Muller, JurieElsies River169.9.76Wadutshulwa eceleni kwekhanda kanye nagaphezulu komzimba
Mutlane, Herman-42-Inxeba lokudutshulwa ekhanda
Mvukuse, Rebson, TGugulethu-17.9.76Wadutshulwa
Mzwamadoda, M.B.A.Langa3511.8.76Wadutshulwa ehlombeli lesokudla ngasemuva
Mzila, HeziaSoweto-26.12.76-
Mziwoke, Jan Lloyd-3518.6.76Inxeba lokudutshulwa esifubeni
Nabuka, AmbroseSoweto-26.12.76-
Nare, MichaelMamelodi-31.12.76-
Ncube, DanielSoweto-26.12.76Inxeba lokudutshulwa enqulwini
Ndau, HerbertSoweto-26.12.76-
Ndebele, ZuzeleSoweto-26.12.76-
Ndibongo, MichaelSoweto-26.12.76-
Ndingane, MzimkhuluGugulethu1114.9.76Wadutshulwa esiswini ngaphambili
Ndlela, HectorSoweto2026.12.76-
Ndlovu, H.J.Soweto-26.12.76Inxeba okudutshulwa esiphongweni
Ndlovu, JimmySoweto26.12.76-
Ndlovu, Lesley HastingsSoweto1716.6.76-
Ndlovu, ObedSoweto1626.12.76
Ndlovu, TimothySoweto3618.6.76-
Ndou, HerberSoweto-26.12.76-
Nduna, Sifanelo K.Langa3811.8.76Wadutshula emhlane kanye nasokhalweni ngemuva
Ndunga, Nicholas S.Gugulethu2211.8.76Wadutshulwa esifubeni ngaphambili ebhodlela sitolo
Ndzube, Norman B.Gugulethu-4.12.76Wadutshulwa wafa
Ngaba, WellingtonSoweto-26.12.76Wadutshulwa
Ngabi, Joseph M.Camps Bay2211.8.76Wadutshulwa wafa
Ngcobo, ObenSoweto1726.12.76-
Nqcobo, Thuthuka-1615.9.76Amanxeba okudutshulwa
Nqcobo, Eric-16-Wadutshulwa ekhanda
Ngemane, MorrisSoweto-26.12.76-
Ngobeni, HarrySoweto2626.12.76-
Ngobeni, JohannesMabopane-31.12.76-
Ngoma, TennysonSoweto-26.12.76-
Ngubene, AaronSoweto-26.12.76-
Ngubene, VusimuziSoweto3426.12.76-
Ngwenya, Amon VusiSoweto-26.12.76-
Ngwenya, StanleySoweto3417.6.76-
Nhlapo, TimothySoweto3126.12.76-
Nixkey, Basil W.Manenberg419.9.76Wadutshulwa emuva eGreen Dolphin Bottle Store
Nkabinde, FanyanaSoweto1726.12.76Amanxeba okugwazawa emqaleni nasenhliziweni
Nkambule, DavidSoweto-26.12.76
Nkangana, ZachariaNyanga1826.12.76Wadutshulwa wafa
Nkata, SamuelSoweto-26.12.76-
Nkofu, Mnyane, JacobSoweto-26.12.76-
Nkomo, EricSoweto1726.12.76-
Nkonyane, NorurauSoweto3410.8.76-
Nkosi, Jacob Pretoria,Mamelodi-31.12.76-
Nkosi, MonicaSoweto61.8.76-
Nkosi, PatrickSoweto2023.8.76Inxeba lokudutshulwa emqaleni. Waduthsulwa ngenkathi ebalekela ukuboshwa
Nkuta, GordonSoweto1925.7.76-
Nkutha, H.P.Alexandra-26.12.76Wadutshulwa

Imvelamuva hlela

Abantu abasha abaningi balifulathela elaseNingizimu Afrika ngoba kwasekusobala ukuthi izimpilo zabo zabe zisengcupheni babengafa noma bebengaboshawa noma inini. Amaqembu ayesukbhaceni okubalwa kuyo i-ANC kanye noPAC athola ithuba lokuqasha knanye nokuqeqeshela impi abantu abasebancane ezinkambini nagaphandle kwaseNingizimu Afrika. Lamaqembu abe eqeqesha labantu abasghu ukusebenzisa izibhamu kanye nokucekela phansi, lapha babeqeqeshwa ezinkambini eAngola (Engineering Camp) kanye nenye yaseTanzania (Mkumbane) Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name. Izinhlangano zezombusazwe za ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika ukuba ifakelwe izibopho (sanctions) Inhlangano Yezizwe (United Nations) [13].

Izithombe zemibhikisho yangoe-1976 zasabalala umhlaba wonke, lezi zithombe zabe ziveza ngokusaobala ukuthi uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika wabe ewahlukumeza kanjani amalungelo ama-Afrika eNingizimu Afrika. Isithombe esahlaba abaningi umxhwele yileso esathwethsulwa yintatheli yezithombe ogama layo nguSam Nzima, kulesi sithombe kuvela uHector Pieterson ephethwe nguMbuyisa Makhubo emva kokuduthsulwa ngamaphoyisa bengahlomile. Kules sithombe kukhona udadewabo kaHector Pieterson u-Antoinette Sithole egijima eceleni kwabo. Lo mfanekiso sewaba nguphawu lwalolusuku lokuVukela kweNtsha eSoweto[5]Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name.

Ngonyaka we-1994 usuku lwa-mhla zingama-16 kuNhlangulana lweziwa iholide lomphakathi. Kulolu suku kususke kubungazwa iqhaza elabanjwa iyintsha ekulweni nohulumeni wengcindezelo kubuye kukhunjulwe bonke abalahlekelwa yizimpilo zabo belwa ngalolu suku.

Kwimidiya hlela

Lolu suku lwanziwa ifilumu ngonyaka we-1992, kwifilumu esihloko sayo yi-Sarafina eveza izigameko zangonyaka we-1976 lapho kudla phambili kuyo uLeleti Khumalo kanye no-Whoopi Goldberg. Lolu suku lubuye luvele kwenye ifilimu yaseNingizimu Afrika esihloko sayo i-Stander eyabe ikuluma ngomphangi wamabhange owayekade engukaputeni wamaphoyisa. Isiteshi sikamabonakude i-SABC1 wakhombisa umdlalo obizwa nge"When We were Black" ngonyaka we-2006 lapho babeveza imzimpilo zabafundi abangabangani ngonyaka we-1976. [14].

Bheka futhi hlela

Imithombo hlela

  1. "The birth and death of apartheid". Kulandwe ngomhlaka 17 June 2002.
  2. "The Youth Struggle". South African History Online.
  3. Boddy-Evans, Alistair. "16 June 1976 Student Uprising in Soweto". africanhistory.about.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 17 October 2017.
  4. "The June 16 Soweto Youth Uprising". Text "accesdate 25 August 2017" ignored (help)
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Sifiso Mxolisi Ndlovu. "The Soweto Uprising". The Road to Democracy in South Africa (PDF). 2. South African Democracy Education Trust. p. 344. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 30 October 2011.
  6. Alistair Boddy-Evans. "The Afrikaans Medium Decree". About. Archived from the original on 2009-05-13. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2017-10-17.
  7. The Youth Struggle,"The 1976 Students' Revolt". South African History Online.
  8. Davie, Lucille (12 June 2006). "The homecoming that wasn't". City of Johannesburg. Johannesburg News Agency. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 23 August 2017.
  9. F.I.J. van Rensburg. "Soweto, 1976: 'n Inklusiewe herbegin 30 jaar later?" (in Afrikaans). Die Vrye Afrikaan. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2017-10-17.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  10. Empty citation (help)|title=A Dictionary of South African History|year=1998|last=Saunders}}
  11. April Francis; Vanessa Marchese. "Apartheid South Africa and the Soweto Rebellion" (PDF). hofstra.edu. Hofstra University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-09. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2017-10-17.
  12. Harrison, David (1987). The White Tribe of Africa.
  13. Davidson, Basil (1976). Southern Africa: the new politics. Penguin Books.
  14. "When We Were Black (TV Series 2006– )". Internet Movie Database. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 15 October 2017.