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Charles I wa Uingereza

Charles I (19 Novemba 1600 – 30 Januari 1649[1]) alikuwa mfalme wa Uingereza, Uskoti na Ireland kuanzia tarehe 27 Machi 1625 hadi alipouawa.

Charles I alivyochorwa na Anthony van Dyck, 1636

Alishindana na bunge lililotaka kupunguza mamlaka yake, ambayo mwenyewe alifikiri alipewa na Mungu na anaweza kuitumia kadiri ya dhamiri yake.

Alizidi kuchukiwa kwa kuongeza kodi bila kibali cha bunge, kwa kuoa mwanamke Mkatoliki[2] na kwa kuunga mkono wakleri wenye mwelekeo wa Kikatoliki kama vile Richard Montagu na William Laud, pamoja na kujaribu kulazimisha Kanisa la Uskoti kufuata taratibu za lile la Anglikana.

Hatimaye vita vilizuka dhidi yake, kwanza vita vya Maaskofu, halafu tangu mwaka 1642 Charles alipigana na mabunge ya Uingereza na Uskoti katika vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe. Aliposhindwa na kusalimu amri mwaka 1645, alikataa sharti la kukubali ufalme wa kikatiba. Kisha kutoroka mnamo Novemba 1647 alifungwa tena katika kisiwa cha Wight.

Hatimaye, chini ya utawala wa Oliver Cromwell, mnamo Januari 1649 alihukumiwa kuwa msaliti na kupewa adhabu ya kifo[3].

Ufalme ulifutwa ikatangazwa jamhuri (Commonwealth of England). Baadaye (1660) ufalme ulirudishwa chini ya mwanae, Charles II wa Uingereza .

Baadhi ya Waanglikana walimuona kama mfiadini na mwaka 1660 walimuingiza katika kalenda ya watakatifu kwa jina la "Mfalme Charles Mfiadini".

Tazama pia hariri

Tanbihi hariri

  1. ↑ All dates in this article are in the Old Style Julian calendar used in Britain throughout Charles's lifetime; however, years are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 25 March, which was the English New Year.
  2. ↑ Mpaka leo mfalme wa Uingereza haruhusiwi kuwa na mke Mkatoliki
  3. ↑ Ten days after Charles's execution, on the day of his interment, a memoir purporting to be written by the king appeared for sale. This book, the Eikon Basilike (Greek for the "Royal Portrait"), contained an apologia for royal policies, and it proved an effective piece of royalist propaganda. John Milton wrote a Parliamentary rejoinder, the Eikonoklastes ("The Iconoclast"), but the response made little headway against the pathos of the royalist book.Gregg 1981, p. 445; Robertson 2005, pp. 208–209.

Marejeo hariri

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  • Ashmole, Elias (1715), The History of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, London: Bell, Taylor, Baker, and Collins
  • Carlton, Charles (1995), Charles I: The Personal Monarch (toleo la Second), London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-12141-8
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  • Cust, Richard (2005), Charles I: A Political Life, Harlow: Pearson Education, ISBN 0-582-07034-1
  • Donaghan, Barbara (1995), "Halcyon Days and the Literature of the War: England's Military Education before 1642", Past and Present, 147: 65–100, doi:10.1093/past/147.1.65, JSTOR 651040
  • Edwards, Graham (1999), The Last Days of Charles I, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, ISBN 0-7509-2079-3
  • Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1906), The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625–1660 (toleo la Third), Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • Gillespie, Raymond (2006), Seventeenth Century Ireland (toleo la Third), Dublin: Gill & McMillon, ISBN 978-0-7171-3946-0
  • Gregg, Pauline (1981), King Charles I, London: Dent, ISBN 0-460-04437-0
  • Hibbert, Christopher (1968), Charles I, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson
  • Higgins, Charlotte (24 Novemba 2009), "Delaroche masterpiece feared lost in war to go on show at National Gallery", The Guardian, iliwekwa mnamo 22 Oktoba 2013{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  • Holmes, Clive (2006), Why was Charles I Executed?, London & New York: Hambledon Continuum, ISBN 1-85285-282-8
  • Howat, G. M. D. (1974), Stuart and Cromwellian Foreign Policy, London: Adam & Charles Black, ISBN 0-7136-1450-1
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  • Louda, Jiří; Maclagan, Michael (1999) [1981], Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe (toleo la 2nd), London: Little, Brown, ISBN 978-0-316-84820-6
  • Millar, Oliver (1958), Rubens: the Whitehall Ceiling, Oxford University Press
  • Mitchell, Jolyon (2012), Martyrdom: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-164244-9
  • Quintrell, Brian (1993), Charles I: 1625–1640, Harlow: Pearson Education, ISBN 0-582-00354-7
  • Robertson, Geoffrey (2002), Crimes Against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice (toleo la Second), Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14-101014-4
  • Robertson, Geoffrey (2005), The Tyrannicide Brief, London: Chatto & Windus, ISBN 0-7011-7602-4
  • Russell, Conrad (1990), The Causes of the English Civil War, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 978-0-19-822141-8
  • Russell, Conrad (1991), The Fall of the British Monarchies 1637–1642, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-820588-0
  • Schama, Simon (2001), A History of Britain: The British Wars 1603–1776, London: BBC Worldwide, ISBN 0-563-53747-7
  • Sharp, Buchanan (1980), In Contempt of All Authority, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-03681-6
  • Sharpe, Kevin (1992), The Personal Rule of Charles I, New Haven & London: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-05688-5
  • Smith, David L. (1999), The Stuart Parliaments 1603–1689, London: Arnold, ISBN 0-340-62502-3
  • Starkey, David (2006), Monarchy, London: HarperPress, ISBN 978-0-00-724750-9
  • Stevenson, David (1973), The Scottish Revolution 1637–1644, Newton Abbot: David & Charles, ISBN 0-7153-6302-6
  • Trevelyan, G. M. (1922), England under the Stuarts (toleo la Tenth), London: Putnam
  • Wallis, John Eyre Winstanley (1921), English Regnal Years and Titles: Hand-lists, Easter dates, etc, London: Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge
  • Weir, Alison (1996), Britain's Royal Families: A Complete Genealogy (toleo la Revised), London: Pimlico, ISBN 978-0-7126-7448-5
  • Young, Michael B. (1997), Charles I, Basingstoke: Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-60135-1

Marejeo mengine hariri

  • Ashley, Maurice (1987), Charles I and Cromwell, London: Methuen, ISBN 978-0-413-16270-0
  • Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1882), The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I, 1637–1649: Volume I (1637–1640); Volume II (1640–1642)
  • Hibbard, Caroline M. (1983), Charles I and the Popish Plot, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-8078-1520-9
  • Kishlansky, Mark A. (2005), "Charles I: A Case of Mistaken Identity", Past and Present, 189 (1): 41–80, doi:10.1093/pastj/gti027
  • Lockyer, Roger, mhr. (1959), The Trial of Charles I, London: Folio Society
  • Reeve, L. J. (1989), Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-52133-5
  • Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica (1955), The Great Rebellion: The King's Peace, 1637–1641, London: Collins
  • Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica (1958), The Great Rebellion: The King's War, 1641–1647, London: Collins
  • Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica (1964), A Coffin for King Charles: The Trial and Execution of Charles I, London: Macmillan

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