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Perang Soviet–Jepun

Untuk perang pada 1904–05, sila lihat Perang Jepun-Rusia. Untuk konflik sempadan pada 1930an, sila lihat konflik sempadan Soviet–Jepun.

Perang Soviet–Jepun (Rusia: Советско-японская война; Jepun: ソ連対日参戦, rumi: soren tai nichi sansen, lit. 'Kesatuan Soviet memasuki perang menentang Jepun'), dikenali di Mongolia sebagai Perang Pembebasan 1945 (Bahasa Mongolia: 1945 оны чөлөөлөх дайн) adalah konflik ketenteraan dalam Perang Dunia II bermula sejurus tengah malam pada 9 Ogos 1945, dengan pencerobohan Soviet terhadap negara boneka Manchukuo Jepun. Pihak Soviet dan Mongolia mengakhiri penguasaan Jepun ke atas Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Mongolia Dalam), utara Korea, Karafuto, dan Kepulauan Chishima (Kepulauan Kuril). Kekalahan Tentera Kwantung Jepun membawa kepada penyerahan kalah Jepun dan penamatan Perang Dunia II.[12][13] Penyertaan Soviet ke dalam perang merupakan faktor penting dalam kerajaan Jepun membuat keputusan untuk menyerah kalah tanpa syarat, kerana jelas menunjukkan bahawa Soviet Union tidak bersedia untuk bertindak sebagai pihak ketiga dalam merundingkan penghentian peperangan pada terma bersyarat.[1][2][14][15][16][17][18][19]

Perang Soviet-Jepun
Sebahagian daripada Kancah Pasifik Perang Dunia II

Kelasi AS dan laskar Soviet meraikan bersama pada Hari VJ
Tarikh9 Ogos – 3 September 1945
(3 minggu dan 3 hari)
Lokasi
Manchuria/Manchukuo, Mongolia Dalam/Mengjiang, Sakhalin, Kepulauan Kuril dan utara Korea
KeputusanKemenangan Soviet dan Mongolia
Perubahan
wilayah		Pengilhakan Sakhalin Selatan dan Kepulauan Kuril oleh KRSS
Pihak yang terlibat
 Kesatuan Soviet
Mongolia

 Empayar Jepun

Komandan dan pemimpin
Unit terlibat

Kesatuan Soviet Barisan Transbaikal

Kesatuan Soviet Barisan Pertama Timur Jauh

Kesatuan Soviet Barisan Kedua Timur Jauh

Empayar Jepun Tentera Kwangtung

Empayar Jepun Tentera Darat Wilayah Ke-5

Manchukuo Tentera Darat Imperial Manchukuo
Templat:Country data Mengjiang Tentera Nasional Mengjiang
Kekuatan
Soviet Union:
  • 1,577,225 askar[3]
  • 26,137 artileri
  • 1,852 sup. artileri
  • 5,556 kereta kebal dan artileri gerak sendiri
  • 5,368 pesawat
Mongolia:
  • 16,000 askar
Jepun:
  • ~1,092,400 askar[4][a]
  • 2,012 pesawat (635 kombat)[5]
[b]Manchukuo:
  • 200,000 askar[6]
Mengjiang:
Kerugian dan korban
  • 9,780 terkorban
  • 911 hilang
  • 1,340 kematian bukan-combat (kemalangan/penyakit)
  • 24,425 kehilangan sanitari, termasuk
  • 19,562 cedera
  • 4,863 sakit
  • 36,456 kehilangan semua sekali
  • dari 30,253 kehilangan kombat[7][8]
Sumber Jepun:
  • 22,300-23,600 terbunuh
  • ~40,000 cedera[9]
Dakwaan Soviet:
  • 83,737 terbunuh
  • 20,000 cedera (Manchuria sahaja)
  • < 41,199 ditangkap (19 Ogos)[10][c][11]
  • 640,000 ditangkap dan dilucut senjata (total)

Lihat juga sunting

Nota sunting

  1. ^ According to statistics compiled in 1964 by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare's Relief Bureau, by 22 August 1945 there were 665,500 military personnel remaining in Manchuria, 335,900 in Korea, and 91,000 in Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and the Aleutian Islands. These numbers do not appear to factor in casualties incurred during the Soviet-Japanese War, because the total for Army personnel in Manchuria, 664,000, almost exactly corresponds to the total given in JM-155 for the Kwantung Army minus the 34th Army in Korea, 663,625.
  2. ^ There were an additional 8 Japanese aircraft involved in the Battle of Shumshu.
  3. ^ 41,199 is the listed total of Japanese soldiers in Soviet custody on 19 August, two days after the surrender of the Kwantung Army by order of Hirohito and four days after Hirohito announced the surrender of Japan. Post-war, 594,000 to 609,000 Japanese soldiers ended up in Soviet custody.

Rujukan sunting

Bacaan lanjut sunting

  • Despres, J, Dzirkals, L, et al. (1976). Timely Lessons of History : The Manchurian Model for Soviet Strategy. Santa Monica, RAND: 103. (available on-line)
  • Duara, P. (2006). The New Imperialism and the Post-Colonial Developmental State: Manchukuo in comparative perspective. Japan Focus.
  • Garthoff, R L. (1966). Soviet Military Policy : A Historical Analysis. London, Faber and Faber.
  • Garthoff, R L. (1969). The Soviet Manchurian Campaign, August 1945. Military Affairs XXXIII(Oct 1969): 312–336.
  • Glantz, David M. (1983a). August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, Leavenworth Paper No.7, Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, February 1983.
  • Glantz, David M. (1983b). August Storm: Soviet Tactical and Operational Combat in Manchuria, 1945, Leavenworth Paper No.8, Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, June 1983.
  • Glantz, David M. (1995) The Soviet Invasion of Japan. Quarterly Journal of Military History, vol. 7, no. 3, Spring 1995.
  • Glantz, David M. (2003). The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, 1945 (Cass Series on Soviet (Russian) Military Experience, 7). Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5279-2.
  • Gordin, Michael D. (2005). Five Days in August: How World War II Became a Nuclear War. (Extracts on-line)
  • Hallman, A L. (1995). Battlefield Operational Functions and the Soviet Campaign against Japan in 1945. Quantico, Virginia, United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College. (available on-line)
  • Hasegawa, T. (Ed.) (2007). The End of the Pacific War. (Extracts on-line)
  • Ishiwatari, H, Mizumachi, K, et al. (1946) No.77 – Japanese Preparations for Operations in Manchuria (prior to 1943). Tokyo, Military History Section, Headquarters, Army Forces Far East, US Army.
  • Jowett, Phillip (2005). Rays of the Rising Sun: Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45 Volume 1: China and Manchukuo. Helion and Company Ltd. ISBN 1-874622-21-3.
  • Phillips, S. (2004). The Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945 : The Military Struggle – Research Guide and Bibliography. Towson University. available on-line
  • USMCU CSC (1986). The Soviet Army Offensive : Manchuria, 1945. (US Marine Corps University, Command and Staff College – available on-line)
  • Walg, A. J. (March–April 1997). "Wings over the Steppe: Aerial Warfare in Mongolia 1930–1945, Part Three". Air Enthusiast. No. 68. m/s. 70–73. ISSN 0143-5450.

Monograf Jepun sunting

The "Japanese Monographs" and the "Japanese Studies on Manchuria" – The 187 Japan Monographs are a series of operational histories written by former officers of the Japanese army and navy under the direction of General Headquarters of the U.S. Far East Command.

  • Monographs of particular relevance to Manchuria are:
  • List of the 13 Studies on Manchuria
    • Vol. I Japanese Operational Planning against the USSR (1932–1945)
    • Vol. II Imperial Japanese Army in Manchuria (1894–1945) Historical Summary
    • Vol. III STRATEGIC STUDY ON MANCHURIA MILITARY TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY Terrain Study
    • Vol. IV AIR OPERATIONS (1931–1945) Plans and Preparations
    • Vol. V INFANTRY OPERATIONS
    • Vol. VI ARMOR OPERATIONS
    • Vol. VII SUPPORTING ARMS AND SERVICES
    • Vol. VIII LOGISTICS IN MANCHURIA
    • Vol. IX CLIMATIC FACTORS
    • Vol. X Japanese Intelligence Planning against the USSR (1934–1941)
    • Vol. XI Small Wars and Border Problems
    • Vol. XII Anti-Bandit Operation (1931–1941)
    • Vol. XIII Study of Strategic and Tactical peculiarities of Far Eastern Russia and Soviet Eastern Forces (1931–1945)

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