Harold Alexander

Yang Amat Berhormat Fil Marsyal

Earl Alexander dari Tunis

KG GCB OM GCMG CSI DSO MC CD PCc PC
Yang Amat Berhormat Fil Marsyal; Earl Alexander dari Tunis; KG GCB OM GCMG CSI DSO MC CD PCc PC
Gabenor Jeneral Kanada Ke-17
	Dalam jawatan; 12 April 1946 – 28 Februari 1952
Raja	George VI ; Elizabeth II
Perdana Menteri	William Lyon Mackenzie King ; Louis St. Laurent
Didahului oleh	Earl Athlone
Digantikan oleh	Vincent Massey
Butiran peribadi
Lahir	10 Disember 1891; London, England
Meninggal dunia	16 Jun 1969 (umur 77); Slough, Buckinghamshire, England
Pasangan	Margaret Alexander
Anak-anak	Shane Alexander, Brian James Alexander, Rose Maureen Alexander
Profesion	Tentera
Tandatangan
Perkhidmatan ketenteraan
Kesetiaan	United Kingdom
Perkhidmatan/ cawangan	Tentera Darat British
Tahun perkhidmatan	1911–1946
Pangkat	Fil Marsyal
Unit	Pengawal Ireland
Pertempuran	Perang Dunia I; Perang Kemerdekaan Latvia; Kempen Mohmand Kedua; Perang Dunia II

Fil Marsyal Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, Earl Alexander Tunis Pertama, KG, GCB, OM, GCMG, CSI, DSO, MC, CD, PCc, PC (10 Disember 1891 - 16 Jun 1969), adalah seorang pegawai kanan Tentera Darat British yang berkhidmat dengan cemerlang di kedua-dua Perang Dunia I dan Perang Dunia II dan, selepas itu, sebagai Gabenor Jeneral Kanada yang Ke-17 semenjak Konfederasi Kanada.

Alexander telah dilahirkan di London, England, kepada keluarga bangsawan dan mendapat pendidikan di Sekolah Harrow sebelum berpindah ke Maktab Tentera Diraja, Sandhurst, untuk dilatih sebagai pegawai tentera Pengawal Ireland. Beliau menjadi terkenal menerusi perkhidmatannya dalam Perang Dunia Pertama, menerima pelbagai anugerah dan pingat, dan menyambung kerjaya tenteranya melalui pelbagai kempen British di serata Eropah dan Asia. Dalam Perang Dunia II, Alexander menyelia peringkat akhir pemindahan tentera Bersekutu dari Dunkirk dan kemudian memegang jawatan tinggi pemerintahan medan di Burma, Afrika Utara dan Itali, termasuk bertugas sebagai Panglima Tertinggi Timur Tengah dan memerintah Kumpulan Tentera Darat Ke-18 di Tunisia. Beliau kemudian memerintah Kumpulan Tentera Darat Ke-15 untuk menawan Sicily dan sekali lagi berjuang di Itali sebelum menerima baton fil marsyalnya dan dilantik Pemerintah Bersekutu Tertinggi Mediterranean.

Pada tahun 1946 beliau telah dilantik sebagai Gabenor Jeneral oleh Raja George VI, atas cadangan Perdana Menteri Kanada William Lyon Mackenzie King, bagi menggantikan Earl Athlone sebagai Wizurai, dan beliau menduduki jawatan itu sehingga digantikan oleh Vincent Massey pada 1952. Alexander terbukti bersemangat dengan padang belantara Kanada dan merupakan seorang gabenor jeneral yang popular dengan rakyat Kanada. Beliau adalah gabenor jeneral terakhir yang bukan kelahiran Kanada sebelum pelantikan Adrienne Clarkson pada tahun 1999, serta gabenor jeneral terakhir dilantik sebagai bangsawan Britain.

Selepas tamat tempoh pemerintahannya, Alexander mengangkat sumpah ke Majlis Privi Ratu bagi Kanada dan selepas itu,^[1] untuk berkhidmat sebagai Menteri Pertahanan British dalam Kabinet Winston Churchill, ke Majlis Privi Imperial. Alexander bersara pada 1954 dan meninggal dunia pada tahun 1969.

Gelaran, gaya panggilan, kurniaan dan lambang sunting

Gelaran sunting

Templat:Infobox Viceroy styles United Kingdom

10 Disember 1891 – Februari 1915: Yang Berhormat Harold Alexander
Februari 1915 – Ogos 1917: Yang Berhormat Kapten Harold Alexander
Ogos 1917 – Mei 1922: Yang Berhormat Mejar Harold Alexander
Mei 1922 – Februari 1928: Yang Berhormat Leftenan Kolonel Harold Alexander
Februari 1928 – Oktober 1934: Yang Berhormat Kolonel Harold Alexander
Oktober 1934 – Oktober 1937: Yang Berhormat Brigedier Harold Alexander
Oktober 1937 – Julai 1940: Yang Berhormat Mejar Jeneral Harold Alexander
Julai 1940 – 1 Januari 1942: Yang Berhormat Leftenan Jeneral Harold Alexander
1 Januari 1942 – 12 Disember 1944: Yang Berhormat Sir Jeneral Harold Alexander
12 Disember 1944 – 1 Mac 1946: Yang Berhormat Sir Fil Marsyal Harold Alexander
1 Mac 1946 – 14 Mac 1952: Yang Amat Berhormat Fil Marsyal Viscount Alexander dari Tunis
14 Mac 1952 – 16 Jun 1969: Yang Amat Berhormat Fil Marsyal Earl Alexander dari Tunis

Kanada

12 April 1946 – 1 Oktober 1947: Tuan Terutama Yang Amat Berhormat Fil Marsyal Viscount Alexander Tunis, Gabenor Jeneral dan Panglima Tertinggi Militia, Tentera Laut dan Tentera Udara Kanada
1 Oktober 1947 – 28 Februari 1952: Tuan Terutama Yang Amat Berhormat Fil Marsyal Viscount Alexander Tunis, Gabenor Jeneral dan Panglima Tertinggi Kanada

Tidak rasmi sunting

Alberta

Chief Eagle Head^[2]

Kurniaan sunting

Bar reben Earl Alexander Tunis

Lantikan

7 February 1936 – 16 June 1969: Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI)^[3]
1938 – 1 January 1942: Companion of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath 8(CB)^[4]
- 1 January 1942 – 11 November 1942: Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (KCB)^[5]
- 11 November 1942 – 16 June 1969: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB)^[6]
1 January 1946 – 16 June 1969: Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (KStJ)^[7]
16 September 1946 – 28 February 1952: Knight of Justice, Prior, and Chief Officer in Canada of the Venerable Order of Saint John of Jerusalem (KStJ)^{[n 1]}
20 January 1946 – 25 March 1960: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG)^[9]
- 25 March 1960 – 12 October 1967: Grand Master of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George^[10]^[11]
- 12 October 1967 – 16 June 1969: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG)^[9]
12 April 1946 – 28 February 1952: Chief Scout of Canada^[12]
13 July 1946 – 16 June 1969: Honorary Chief of the Kwakiutl Tribe^[2]
3 December 1946 – 16 June 1969: Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG)^[13]
1950 – 16 June 1969: Chief of the Blackfoot Tribe^[2]
29 January 1952 – 16 June 1969: Member of the King's Privy Council for Canada (PC (Can))^[14]
1952 – 16 June 1969: Member of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council (PC)^[15]
17 May 1957 – 1 April 1965: Lord Lieutenant of the County of London^[16]
1 April 1965 – 28 December 1966: Lord Lieutenant of Greater London^[17]
1960–1965: Constable of the Tower of London^[18]
1 January 1959 – 16 June 1969: Member of the Order of Merit (OM)^[19]

Darjah

14 January 1916: Military Cross (MC)^[20]
20 October 1916: Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO)^[21]
7 June 1951: Canadian Forces Decoration (CD)^[22]

Pingat

1919: 1914 Star with clasp
1919: British War Medal
1919: Victory Medal
1935: King George V Silver Jubilee Medal
1935: India General Service Medal (1909)
1937: King George VI Coronation Medal
1945: 1939–45 Star
1945: Burma Star
1945: Africa Star
1945: Italy Star
1945: War Medal 1939–1945
1953: Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal

Anugerah

4 January 1917: Dipuji Dalam Perutusan^[23]
27 December 1918: Mentioned in Despatches^[24]
8 July 1919: Mentioned in Despatches^[24]
3 February 1920: Mentioned in Despatches^[24]
7 February 1936: Mentioned in Despatches^[25]
8 May 1936: Mentioned in Despatches^[26]
20 December 1940: Mentioned in Despatches^[27]
28 October 1942: Mentioned in Despatches^[28]
Templat:Royal Standard-UK: Augmentation of honour
1945 Freedom of the City of Manchester ^[29]
25 March 1946 Freedom of the City of London^[30]
Freedom of the City of Edinburgh^[31]

Kurniaan dan pingat asing

20 October 1916 – 16 June 1969: Knight of the Légion d'honneur^[2]
: Member Second Class with Swords of the Order of St. Anna^[24]
10 August 1943: Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit^[32]
29 February 1944 – 16 June 1969: Member First Class of the Order of Suvorov^[33]
20 June 1944 – 16 June 1969: Member Grand Cross of the Royal Order of George I^[34]
5 December 1944 – 16 June 1969: Member Fifth Class of the Order Virtuti Militari^[35]
2 August 1945: Distinguished Service Medal^[36]

Lantikan kehormat tentera sunting

Templat:Royal Standard-UK 7 Mac 1936 – 19 November 1937: Juruiring kepada Baginda Raja (ADC)^[37]^[38]
2 Julai 1937 – 14 Ogos 1947: Kolonel Battalion Ke-3 Rejimen Ke-2 Punjab^[39]
Templat:Royal Standard-UK 20 Julai 1944 – 2 Ogos 1946: Juruiring Jeneral kepada Baginda Raja (ADC General)^[40]^[41]
28 Ogos 1946 – 16 Jun 1969: Kolonel Pengawal Ireland^[42]
10 November 1949 – n/a: Kolonel Raifal Ulster Diraja (London Irish Rifles)^[43]
10 Julai 1951 – n/a: Kolonel Kontinjen Kor Latihan Universiti Oxford^[44]

Ijazah kehormat sunting

22 May 1946: McGill University, Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[45]
1946: Queen's University, Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[46]
1946: University of Toronto, Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[47]
13 May 1948: University of British Columbia, Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[48]
21 March 1949: University of California Los Angeles, Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[49]
22 October 1949: University of Western Ontario, Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[50]
1953: University of Liverpool, Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[51]
1955: University of Nottingham, Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[52]

Penghormatan eponim sunting

Lihat juga: Viceregal eponyms in Canada

Lokasi Geografi

Ontario: Viscount Alexander Park, Ottawa

Sekolah

Ontario: Viscount Alexander Public School, Ottawa^[53]
Manitoba: École Viscount Alexander, Winnipeg

Lambang sunting

Templat:Infobox emblem wide

Senarai karya sunting

Alexander, Harold (3 February 1948). "The African Campaign from El Alamein to Tunis, from 10 August 1942 to 13 May 1943". London Gazette. London: King's Printer (Supplement 38196): 839–887. Dicapai pada 22 March 2009.
Alexander, Harold (10 February 1948). "Conquest of Sicily 10 July 1943 to 17 August 1943". London Gazette. London: King's Printer (Supplement 38205): 1009–1025. Dicapai pada 22 March 2009.
Alexander, Harold (6 June 1950). "The Allied Armies in Italy, from 3 September 1943 to 12 December 1944". London Gazette. London: King's Printer (Supplement 38937): 2879–2975. Dicapai pada 22 March 2009.

Lihat juga sunting

Perang Dunia II Kancah Mediterranean dan Timur Tengah

Nota sunting

^ It was on 16 September 1946 that the Canadian priory of the Order of Saint John was created, and Alexander became the first prior and chief officer in Canada. He relinquished this status on 28 February 1952 to his viceregal successor, thus returning to holding solely the rank of knight of justice in the British priory of the order.^[8]

Petikan sunting

Rujukan sunting

Bradley, Omar N. (1951). A Soldier's Story. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8371-7924-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Graham, Dominick; Bidwell, Shelford (1986). Tug of War: the Battle for Italy 1943–5. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 1-84415-098-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Coucill, Irma (1998). Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General, and Fathers of Confederation. Stenhouse Publishing. ISBN 978-1551381145.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Heathcote, Tony (1999). The British Field Marshals 1736–1997. London: Pen & Sword Books Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-696-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Hunt, David (1990) [1st publ. 1966]. A Don at War (ed. Revised). Abingdon: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-3383-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Jackson, General W.G.F.; Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1987]. Butler, J.R.M (penyunting). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume VI: Part II – June to October 1944. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-071-8. Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (bantuan)
Keegan, John; Reid, Brian Holden (1991). Churchill's Generals. London: Cassell Military. ISBN 0-304-36712-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: A biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II. Stroud: Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Molony, C.J.C.; with Flynn, F.C.; Davies, H.L.; Gleave, T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1973]. Butler, J.R.M (penyunting). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume V: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and The Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-069-6. Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (bantuan)
Playfair, I.S.O.; Flynn, F.C.; Molony, C.J.C.; Gleave, T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1960]. Butler, J.R.M (penyunting). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-067-X. Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (bantuan)
Playfair, I.S.O.; Molony, C.J.C.; Flynn, F.C.; Gleave, T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1966]. Butler, J.R.M (penyunting). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume IV: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-068-8. Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (bantuan)
Wilson, John S. (1959). Scouting Round the World (ed. 1st). Poole: Blandford Press. OCLC 58863729.

Pautan luar sunting

Pegawai tentera
Didahului oleh Clement Armitage	Panglima 1 Divisyen Infantri 1938–1940	Diikuti oleh: Kenneth Anderson
Didahului oleh Michael Barker	Panglima Kor I Jun–Disember 1940	Diikuti oleh: Laurence Carr
Didahului oleh Sir Claude Auchinleck	Panglima Markas Selatan 1940–1942	Diikuti oleh: Sir Charles Loyd
Didahului oleh Sir Claude Auchinleck	Panglima Tertinggi Markas Timur Tengah 1942–1943	Diikuti oleh: Sir Henry Wilson
Didahului oleh Jawatan baru	Panglima Kumpulan Tentera Darat Ke-18 Februari 1943 – Mei 1943	Diikuti oleh: Jawatan dimansuhkan
Didahului oleh Jawatan baru	Panglima Kumpulan Tentera Darat Ke-15 1943–1944	Diikuti oleh: Mark Clark
Didahului oleh Sir Henry Wilson	Pemerintah Tertinggi Markas Angkatan Bersekutu 1944–1945	Diikuti oleh: Jawatan dimansuhkan
Pejabat-pejabat kerajaan
Didahului oleh Earl Athlone	Gabenor Jeneral Kanada 1946–1952	Diikuti oleh: Vincent Massey
Jawatan politik
Didahului oleh Winston Churchill	Menteri Pertahanan 1952–1954	Diikuti oleh: Harold Macmillan
Gelaran Kehormat
Didahului oleh Viscount Alanbrooke	Lord Leftenan Daerah London 1956–1965	Daerah London dibubarkan
Didahului oleh Earl Halifax	Grand Master of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George 1959–1967	Diikuti oleh: Putera Edward, Duke Kent
Didahului oleh Lord Wilson	Konstabel Menara London 1960–1965	Diikuti oleh: Sir Gerald Templer
Gelaran baharu	Lord Leftenan London Raya 1965–1966	Diikuti oleh: Sir Gerald Templer
Bangsawan United Kingdom
Gelaran baharu	Earl Alexander Tunis 1952–1969	Diikuti oleh: Shane Alexander
Gelaran baharu	Viscount Alexander Tunis 1946–1969	Diikuti oleh: Shane Alexander

[OStJ-9] It was on 16 September 1946 that the Canadian priory of the Order of Saint John was created, and Alexander became the first prior and chief officer in Canada. He relinquished this status on 28 February 1952 to his viceregal successor, thus returning to holding solely the rank of knight of justice in the British priory of the order.^[8]

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Yang Amat Berhormat Fil Marsyal Earl Alexander dari Tunis KG GCB OM GCMG CSI DSO MC CD PCc PC


Gabenor Jeneral Kanada Ke-17
Dalam jawatan 12 April 1946 – 28 Februari 1952
Raja	George VI Elizabeth II
Perdana Menteri	William Lyon Mackenzie King Louis St. Laurent
Didahului oleh	Earl Athlone
Digantikan oleh	Vincent Massey

Butiran peribadi
Lahir	(1891-12-10)10 Disember 1891 London, England
Meninggal dunia	16 Jun 1969(1969-06-16) (umur 77) Slough, Buckinghamshire, England
Pasangan	Margaret Alexander
Anak-anak	Shane Alexander, Brian James Alexander, Rose Maureen Alexander
Profesion	Tentera
Tandatangan
Perkhidmatan ketenteraan
Kesetiaan	United Kingdom
Perkhidmatan/ cawangan	Tentera Darat British
Tahun perkhidmatan	1911–1946
Pangkat	Fil Marsyal
Unit	Pengawal Ireland
Pertempuran	Perang Dunia I Perang Kemerdekaan Latvia Kempen Mohmand Kedua Perang Dunia II