HEHEHEHE
| This article is part of a series on the |
| Politics of the United States |
|---|
 |
_US_House_of_Representatives.svg){kind=small}
This is a list of political parties in the United States, listed by the amount of members each party has. This list does not include independents.
Major parties
edit| Party | Ideology | Year founded | Membership [1] | Presidential vote[2] | Senators [3] | Representatives[4] | Governors [5] | State legislators[5] | Legislatures [5] | Trifectas [5] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electoral | Popular | Voting | Nonvoting | |||||||||||
 | Democratic Party | Modern liberalism | 1828 | 47,194,492 | 306 / 538 | 81,284,778 (51.27%) | 48 / 100 [A] | 221 / 435 | 4 / 6 | 26 / 55 | 3,266 / 7,383 | 17 / 49 | 14 / 49 | |
 | Republican Party | Conservatism | 1854 | 35,723,389 | 232 / 538 | 74,224,501 (46.82%) | 50 / 100 | 212 / 435 | 2 / 6 | 28 / 55 | 3,980 / 7,383 | 30 / 49 | 23 / 49 | |
Third parties
edit | This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2019) |
Represented in government
editThe following party has at least one representative in the federal government or at least one state government.
| Party | Ballot access (2022) | Ideology | Year founded | Membership[1] | Presidential vote (2020)[2] | State legislators[5] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Libertarian Party | See also the list of affiliates AZ, CA, CO, DE, FL, HI, ID, IN, KS, LA, MD, MI, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NC, OH, OK, OR, SC, SD, TX, UT, VT, WV, WY + D.C.[6][7] | Libertarianism[8] | 1971[9] | 727,776[1] | 1,865,917 (1.18%) | 1 / 7,383[10] | |
Not represented in government
editThird Parties (single-state)
edit! style="background-color:#c64c4b" |!scope="row" style="text-align:center"| !Vermont Progressive Party|Vermont| Progressivism[11]
Left[11]| 1993| Unknown| data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | —
|
|-! style="background-color:#F8F9FA" |! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |
!Independent Party of Oregon|Oregon| Centrism[14]| 2007| 124,048| data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | —
|
1 / 7,383[15]
Represented in the legislature of the unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico
editThe following third parties are represented in the Puerto Rican Legislature.
| Party | Ideology | Year founded | President | Gubernatorial vote[16] | Senators[17] | Representatives[17] | Mayors[18] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Progressive Party Partido Nuevo Progresista | Puerto Rico statehood | 1967[19] | Thomas Rivera Schatz[20] | 427,016 (33.24%) | 10 / 27 | 21 / 51 | 37 / 78 | ||
 | Popular Democratic Party Partido Popular Democrático | Pro-Commonwealth Liberalism Social liberalism | 1938[21] | Aníbal José Torres[22] | 407,817 (31.75%) | 12 / 27 | 26 / 51 | 41 / 78 | |
 | Citizens' Victory Movement Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana | Anti-imperialism Anti-neoliberalism Progressivism | 2019 | Ana Irma Rivera Lassén | 179,265 (13.95%) | 2 / 27 | 2 / 51 | 0 / 78 | |
 | Puerto Rican Independence Party Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño | Puerto Rico independence Social democracy | 1946[19] | Rubén Berríos | 175,402 (13.58%) | 1 / 27 | 1 / 51 | 0 / 78 | |
 | Project Dignity Proyecto Dignidad | Christian democracy Anti-corruption | 2019 | César Váquez Muñiz | 87,379 (6.80%) | 1 / 27 | 1 / 51 | 0 / 78 | |
Parties with ballot access for Congress, state legislatures, or territorial legislatures
editThe following third parties have ballot access in at least one state and are not represented in a national office, state legislature, or territorial legislature.[23]
Multi-state or territory
edit
Single state or territory
edit
Active parties without ballot access
editThe following parties have been active in the past 4 years, but as of December 2021 did not have official ballot access in any state.[23]
Multi-state or territory
edit
_logo.svg){kind=logo}
_logo.svg){kind=logo}
.png){kind=logo}
.jpg){kind=logo}
Single state or territory
edit
Historical parties
editHeld national office or elected to Congress
editMulti-State political parties
editSingle state political parties
editPolitical parties in the unincorporated territories
edit| Party | Territory | Other names | Ideology | Mergers/Splits | Created | Disbanded | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Puerto Rican Nationalist Party | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rican nationalism[162] | 1922 | 1965 | |||
| Puerto Rican Socialist Party | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rican nationalism[163] | 1959 | 1993 | |||
| Covenant Party | Northern Mariana Islands | Populism | Merged into: Republican Party | 2001 | 2013[164] | ||
| Working People's Party | Puerto Rico | Partido del Pueblo Trabajador | 2010 | 2016 | |||
| Popular Party | Guam | Commercial Party | Merged into: Democratic Party | 1949 | 1964 | ||
Non-electoral organizations
editActive
editThese organizations generally do not nominate candidates for election, but some of them have in the past; they otherwise function similarly to political parties.
Historical
editThese historical organizations did not officially nominate candidates for election, but may have endorsed or supported campaigns; they otherwise functioned similarly to political parties.
See also
edit- Political parties in the United States
- List of frivolous political parties
- List of ruling political parties by country
- List of political parties in Puerto Rico
- List of state parties of the Democratic Party
- List of state Green Parties in the United States
- List of state parties of the Libertarian Party
- List of state parties of the Republican Party
- Party system
- Political party strength in U.S. states
- Politics of the United States
- Third party (United States)
- Two-party system
Notes
edit- Notes
- Footnotes
- ^ a b c Winger, Richard. "August 2022 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f "2020 Presidential General Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
- ^ a b "U.S. Senate: Party Division". United States Senate. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
- ^ "Party Breakdown". House Press Gallery. House Press Gallery. November 29, 2018. Archived from the original on March 14, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e "State Partisan Composition". National Conference of State Legislatures. April 1, 2019. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
- ^ Johnston, Bob (November 9, 2020). "Ballot Access Update". Libertarian Party. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Doherty, Brian (September 15, 2022). "Libertarian Party Faces State Rebellions". Reason. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
- ^ a b c d Segal, Cheryl (May 27, 2016). "5 things the Libertarian Party stands for". The Hill. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ Martin, Douglas (November 22, 2010). "David Nolan, 66, Is Dead; Started Libertarian Party". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ Aspegren, Elinor (November 5, 2020). "Not a Republican, not a Democrat: Wyoming's Marshall Burt wins Libertarian Party's first statehouse seat since 2002". USA Today. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
- ^ a b Elliott-Negri, Luke (August 2, 2016). "Lessons From Vermont". Jacobin. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
- ^ "Vermont House of Representatives elections, 2020". Ballotpedia. December 26, 2021.
- ^ "Vermont State Senate elections, 2020". Ballotpedia. December 26, 2021.
- ^ "INDEPENDENT PARTY'S 2009 LEGISLATIVE AGENDA | Independent Party of Oregon". August 19, 2009. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
- ^ "Senator Brian Boquist has left GOP, is now a member of the Independent Party of Oregon". Oregon Catalyst. January 15, 2021.
- ^ "Puerto Rico gubernatorial election, 2020". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
- ^ a b "Puerto Rico Legislative Assembly". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
- ^ "List of current mayors of Puerto Rico". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
- ^ a b Ramos, Tatiana Mena (October 13, 2020). "Which Political Parties are Competing for the Governorship of Puerto Rico?". BELatina. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
- ^ Fieser, Ezra (July 30, 2019). "Puerto Rico Ruling Party Head Gets Key Backing to Be Governor". Bloomberg. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Political Parties of Puerto Rico, Founded 1898 through 1945* | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
- ^ "José Luis Dalmau asks Raúl Grijalva for more time to submit amendments to Nydia Velázquez's Status Bill". El Nuevo Día. November 13, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
- ^ a b c d "List of political parties in the United States". ballotpedia.org. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- ^ "State Board Recognizes Green Party as NC Political Party".
- ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference
Winger-March2021-BANwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Howie Hawkins will probably be the Green Party's 2020 nominee". The Economist. March 26, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ Blake, Evan (May 29, 2020). "Howie Hawkins and the Green Party: Capitalist politics in the guise of "ecosocialism"". World Socialist Website. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ "Green Party Founding". www.c-span.org. C-SPAN. July 30, 2001. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ Kleefeld, Eric (July 26, 2010). "Tancredo's New Home In The Constitution Party: A Religious, Paleoconservative Group Without Much Electoral Success". Talking Points Memo. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
- ^ a b c Feinauer, J.J. (January 16, 2014). "Want to support a third party? Here are your options". Deseret News. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ Meyerson, Harold (November 11, 2014). "Meet the Working Families Party, Whose Ballot Line is in Play in New York". Prospect. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
- ^ "Ballot Access News -- June 1, 2006". www.ballot-access.org. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
- ^ Winger, Richard (May 6, 2019). "Minnesota Independence Party Becomes State Affiliate of the Alliance Party | Ballot Access News". Ballot Access News. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "How We Formed". Alliance Party. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
- ^ Lind, Michael (December 3, 1995). "The Radical Center or the Moderate Middle?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
- ^ "No separate destiny for US workers apart from the workers of the world". International Communist Press. October 1, 2018. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
- ^ "Would-be independents joining the American Independent Party could blame California's voter registration card". Los Angeles Times. April 19, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ Wojcik, Nik (October 26, 2016). "Peace and Freedom Party candidate talks socialism". Golden Gate XPress. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ Brash, Jim (April 20, 2016). "Q & A with the Legal Marijuana Now Party of Minnesota". The North Star. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017.
- ^ "Unity Party Reaches Minor-Party Status in Colorado". Westword. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
- ^ Thomas, Jeff (February 6, 1996). "Natural Law Party advocates meditation as way to peace". Colorado Springs Gazette - Telegraph. p. B.2.
- ^ Luning, Ernst (October 2, 2019). "Colorado's Approval Voting Party achieves minor party status". Colorado Politics. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- ^ "Presidential Hopefuls Meet in Third Party Debate". PBS NewsHour Extra.
- ^ Chiusano, Mark (February 1, 2019). "End of a Long era for NY Conservatives". Newsday. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ "N.M. Liberation Party Files Incorporation". Albuquerque Journal. June 28, 1972. p. 20. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Oregon Peace Party becomes Progressive Party | Oregon Progressive Party". October 3, 2009. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
- ^ Walker, Hunter (September 17, 2014). "American Separatists Are Thrilled About Scotland And Think It Will Lead To A 'Paradigm Shift'". Business Insider. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
- ^ Finnegan, Michael (September 3, 2008). "Sarah Palin's ties to Alaskan Independence Party are played down". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
- ^ "Voter Registration Totals By Political Party" (PDF). elections.delaware.gov. State of Delaware Department of Elections. December 1, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
- ^ "New centrist party forms in Utah to attract disaffected Republicans, Democrats". The Salt Lake Tribune. May 22, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
- ^ a b Penn, Ivan (October 30, 2012). "Ecology Party of Florida to battle over environmental concerns surrounding the Levy County nuclear plant". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
- ^ "Could Hawaii see another political party? Aloha Aina hopes to join the mix". www.kitv.com. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ Featherly, Kevin (August 3, 2018). "Weed backer hopes to smoke competition in AG race". Minnesota Lawyer. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Cimmino, Jeff (August 7, 2017). "The American Solidarity Party Charts Its Own Path". National Review. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ "A sobering alternative? Prohibition party back on the ticket this election" Archived October 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, May 11, 2016.
- ^ "American Freedom Party". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ "Socialist Equality Party Raises its U.S. Profile: With a History as Left Wreckers and a 19th Century Program, a Group to Beware of". Socialism.com. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ Wade, Christian M. (October 2, 2022). "Libertarians hope to regain major party status". The Eagle-Tribune. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
- ^ Wade, Christian M. (November 11, 2022). "Libertarians regain major party status". The Eagle-Tribune. Boston. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
- ^ Alaska, Green Party of. "Green Party of Alaska". Green Party of Alaska. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- ^ "Political Groups". elections.alaska.gov. Alaska Division of Elections. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- ^ "This SFSU Calif. Secessionist is Newsom's most fascinating recall foe". June 21, 2021.
- ^ "Third Choice | Independence Party of New York | United States". Ipny. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- ^ "Presidential election in New York, 2020". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
- ^ "BROCK 2020". Ipny. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
- ^ Fois, Bob (March 8, 2006). "Revisionist Politics". News Copy. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008 – via Wayback machine.
- ^ "Moderate Party | Rhode Island | onPolitix". November 12, 2012. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ "Green Party of Rhode Island - ¡Este es tu partido! - This is your party!". www.rigreens.org. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- ^ "Washington Progressive Party - About". waprogressiveparty.org. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- ^ Luce, Stephanie (July 28, 2017). "What Happens If We Win?". Jacobin.
- ^ Delano, Jon. "Pennsylvania's newest political party has candidates for governor and senator on ballot". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
- ^ Walsh, Michael (October 25, 2021). "'A Connecticut Party' finds middle ground in West Hartford". CT Insider. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
- ^ Viereck, Peter (1956). Conservative Thinkers: From John Adams to Winston Churchill. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. pp. 87–95.
- ^ Gordon S. Wood (2009). Empire of liberty. Internet Archive. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503914-6.
- ^ "Democratic-Republican Party". Encyclopædia Britannica. July 20, 1998. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
The Republicans contended that the Federalists harboured aristocratic attitudes and that their policies placed too much power in the central government and tended to benefit the affluent at the expense of the common man.
- ^ Brown, Thomas (1985). Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780231056021. OCLC 906445960.
- ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (July 20, 1998). "Anti-Masonic Movement". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
- ^ Ford, Hamilton, Madison, and Jay; ed Paul L. The Federalist (Ford).
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Farmer, Brian (2008). American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 155. ISBN 9781443802765.
- ^ "End of survey report: State of Rhode Island". January 1, 1979. doi:10.2172/5212647.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Thomas Hudson McKee (1970). The National Conventions and Platforms of All Political Parties 1789-1905. p. 52. ISBN 0-403-00356-3.
- ^ Boissoneault, Lorraine. "How the 19th-Century Know Nothing Party Reshaped American Politics". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ Wilentz, Sean (2005). The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 478–479. ISBN 0-393-05820-4.
- ^ "Joel H. Silbey. A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era, 1860–1868. (Norton Essays in American History.) New York: W. W. Norton. 1977. Pp. xviii, 267. $10.95". The American Historical Review. June 1, 1978. doi:10.1086/ahr/83.3.810-a. ISSN 1937-5239.
- ^ Baggett, James Alex (September 2004). The Scalawags : Southern dissenters in the Civil War and reconstruction (Louisiana paperback ed.). Baton Rouge: 2004. ISBN 0-8071-3014-1. OCLC 717408969.
- ^ Freehling, William W., 1935- (1990–2007). The road to disunion. Frank and Virginia Williams Collection of Lincolniana (Mississippi State University. Libraries). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505814-3. OCLC 20670363.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Egerton, Douglas R. (2010). Year of meteors : Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the election that brought on the Civil War (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-59691-619-7. OCLC 504281088.
- ^ Fehrenbacher, Don E.; Nevins, Allan (1972). "The War for the Union. Volume 3, The Organized War, 1863; Volume 4, The Organized War to Victory, 1864-1865". The American Historical Review. 77 (3): 832. doi:10.2307/1870477. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1870477.
- ^ Slap, Andrew L. (2006). Doom of Reconstruction : the Liberal Republicans in the Civil War Era. Bronx: Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-2711-2. OCLC 923763474.
- ^ Veditz, C. W. A. (1908). "The New Encyclopedia of Social Reform, etc. Edited by William D. P. Bliss and Rudolph M. Binder, Ph.D., with the coöperation of many specialists, etc. New Edition. (New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls Company. 1908. Pp. vi, 1321.)". American Political Science Review. 4 (1): 139–141. doi:10.2307/1944430. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1944430.
- ^ Paul Kleppner, The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," in Arthur M. Schlesinger (ed.), History of U.S. Political Parties: Volume II, 1860-1910, The Gilded Age of Politics. New York: Chelsea House/R.R. Bowker Co., 1973; pg. 1552.
- ^ Pearson, C. C. (1916). "The Readjuster Movement in Virginia". The American Historical Review. 21 (4): 734–749. doi:10.2307/1835892. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t08w3zv24. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1835892.
- ^ Mansbridge, Jane; Macedo, Stephen (October 13, 2019). "Populism and Democratic Theory". Annual Review of Law and Social Science. 15 (1): 59–77. doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101518-042843. ISSN 1550-3585. S2CID 210355727.
- ^ "MALAWI: Voter Registration". Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series. 45 (8): 17640B–17640C. 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1467-825x.2008.01886.x. ISSN 0001-9844.
- ^ Ellis, Elmer (1932). "The Silver Republicans in the Election of 1896". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 18 (4): 519–534. doi:10.2307/1898561. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1898561.
- ^ Martinek, Jason D (2010). "Business at the Margins of Capitalism: Charles H. Kerr and Company and the Progressive Era Socialist Movement" (PDF). Business & Economic History On-Line. p. 6.
- ^ Mead, Walter Russell; Chace, James (2004). "1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft, and Debs: The Election That Changed the Country". Foreign Affairs. 83 (5): 172. doi:10.2307/20034097. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20034097.
- ^ Cravens, Hamilton (1966). "The Emergence of the Farmer-Labor Party in Washington Politics, 1919-20". The Pacific Northwest Quarterly. 57 (4): 148–157. ISSN 0030-8803. JSTOR 40488173.
- ^ Waltzer, K. (April 1, 1980). "The Party and the Polling Place: American Communism and an American Labor Party in the 1930s". Radical History Review. 1980 (23): 104–129. doi:10.1215/01636545-1980-23-104. ISSN 0163-6545.
- ^ LeMay, Michael. Transforming America: Perspectives on U.S. Immigration. ABC-CLIO. p. 220.
- ^ "JOHN TYLER: CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS". October 4, 2016.
- ^ Inbody, Donald S. (2016), "Reelecting Mr. Lincoln: 1863–1865", The Soldier Vote, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 29–44, doi:10.1057/9781137519207_3, ISBN 978-1-349-57815-3
- ^ Smith, Adam I. P. (August 17, 2006), "Concepts of Party and Nation before the Civil War", No Party Now, Oxford University Press, pp. 9–24, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188653.003.0002, ISBN 978-0-19-518865-3
- ^ Grevin, Jerry (July 23, 2001). "The political legacy of De Leonism (part VI)". Internationalism. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N. (Murray Newton), 1926-1995. (2002). A history of money and banking in the United States : the colonial era to World War II. Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 0-945466-33-1. OCLC 51205107.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Quint, Howard H. (1953). The forging of American socialism : origins of the modern movement. University of South Carolina Press. OCLC 597175.
- ^ Davenport, Tim, ed. (1897). "Declaration of Principles of The Social Democracy of America" (PDF). Marxist History. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- ^ "The Independence Convention Makes its Choice in Early Morning" (PDF). The New York Times. July 29, 1908. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- ^ "Single Tax". Time. February 18, 1924. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
A National Convention of the great Presidential year of 1924 was held in Manhattan. Before the Convention, the name of the Party was the Single Tax Party. After the Convention it was the Commonwealth Land Party. But the change was only a change of name.
- ^ Saloutos, Theodore (1946). "The Rise of the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota, 1915-1917". Agricultural History. 20 (1): 43–61. ISSN 0002-1482. JSTOR 3739348.
- ^ Foner, Philip Sheldon, 1910-1994. (1988). History of the labor movement in the United States (2d ed.). New York: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0092-X. OCLC 2134966.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Tim Davenport (May 16, 2011). Formation of the Proletarian Party of America, Part 1.
- ^ "Candidate Tells Where He Stands". August 22, 1924. p. 13. ProQuest 161696255. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "The Progressive Movement of 1924. By <italic>Kenneth Campbell MacKay</italic>. (New York: Columbia University Press. 1947. Pp. 298. $3.75.)". The American Historical Review. 1947. doi:10.1086/ahr/53.3.569. ISSN 1937-5239.
- ^ Cannon, James Patrick, 1890-1974. (1944). The history of American Trotskyism : report of a participant. Pioneer Publishers. OCLC 265864.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Industrial Union Party (1968). Industrial unionist Vol. II #6 Nov. 1933. dudeman5685. New York : Greenwood Reprint Corp.
- ^ Wald, Alan M., 1946- (1987). The New York intellectuals : the rise and decline of the anti-Stalinist left from the 1930s to the 1980s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1716-3. OCLC 14273419.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "FOR FUSION WITH THE AWP!". www.marxists.org. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- ^ Brinkley, Alan. (1983). Voices of protest : Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression. Mazal Holocaust Collection. (1st Vintage books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-394-71628-0. OCLC 9370944.
- ^ Caverly, Matthew. America First Party.docx.
- ^ Lemmon, Sarah McCulloh (1951). "The Ideology of the "Dixiecrat" Movement". Social Forces. 30 (2): 162–171. doi:10.2307/2571628. ISSN 0037-7732. JSTOR 2571628.
- ^ Markowitz, Norman D. (1973). The Rise and Fall of the People's Century: Henry A. Wallace and American Liberalism, 1941-1948. New York: Free Press. p. iii. LCCN 72086508. OCLC 1036776283.
- ^ "Constitution Party Hits Candidates on Red Issue". Altoona Tribune. October 2, 1952. p. 13. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Political Party - American (Amer)". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Soldatenko, Michael. (2009). Chicano studies : the genesis of a discipline. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-9953-0. OCLC 844052292.
- ^ Kastenberg, Joshua E. (April 1, 2016). Shaping US Military Law. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315608853. ISBN 978-1-315-60885-3.
- ^ Russo, Andrew (1989). The Lyndon LaRouche political movement (Master's thesis). San Jose State University Library. doi:10.31979/etd.phnj-d7e2.
- ^ "Platform of the Citizens/Consumer Party as adopted at Party Convention | Digital Pitt". digital.library.pitt.edu. 1980. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Fulani, Leonora (February 20, 2007). "Keynote Address". Independent Voting. Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Bringhurst, Newell G. (2008). The Mormon quest for the presidency. Foster, Craig L. (2nd ed.). Independence, MO: John Whitmer Books. ISBN 978-1-934901-11-3. OCLC 243743573.
- ^ "Official Formation of the Green Party-USA | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Hendren, Lee (January 23, 2006). "Labor Party launches petition drive to gain ballot access". The Times and Democrat. Archived from the original on September 6, 2006. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- ^ "Southern Party seeks to revive old times not forgotten - August 1, 1999". www.cnn.com. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Byrnes, Sholto (October 23, 2008). "Bizarre political parties: The Boston Tea Party". New Statesman. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
- ^ "Independence Party of America formed". Mid-Hudson News Network. September 24, 2007. Archived from the original on December 19, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- ^ Christensen, Rob (April 26, 2009). "Whigs Rise Again". The News & Observer. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Modern Whig Party". ballotpedia.org. Ballotpedia. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
- ^ Abrahams, Tom (June 22, 2021). "SAM, known as the Serve America Movement, hopes to become next political party". ABC13. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- ^ Reid, Tim (July 27, 2022). "Former Republicans and Democrats form new third U.S. political party". Reuters. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
- ^ Fox, Dixon Ryan; Purcell, Richard J. (1963). "Connecticut in Transition, 1775-1818". Political Science Quarterly. 36 (2): 317. doi:10.2307/2142262. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2142262.
- ^ Carlton, Frank T. (1907). "The Workingmen's Party of New York City: 1829-1831". Political Science Quarterly. 22 (3): 401–415. doi:10.2307/2141055. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2141055.
- ^ Russell, William D.; Walker, Ronald W. (1999). "Wayward Saints: The Godbeites and Brigham Young". The Western Historical Quarterly. 30 (4): 524. doi:10.2307/971442. ISSN 0043-3810. JSTOR 971442.
- ^ Erickson, Velt G. (1948). "The Liberal Party of Utah". University of Utah Master's Thesis.
- ^ Andrade, Ernest, Jr., 1926- (1996). Unconquerable rebel : Robert W. Wilcox and Hawaiian politics, 1880-1903. Niwot, Colo.: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0-585-02407-3. OCLC 42329047.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Hudelson, Richard. (2006). By the ore docks : a working people's history of Duluth. Ross, Carl, 1913-. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-9760-1. OCLC 320324829.
- ^ Lau, Peter F., 1971- (2006). Democracy rising : South Carolina and the fight for Black equality since 1865. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-7129-6. OCLC 70262482.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Taylor, Kate (July 17, 2014). "Cuomo Allies Plan a Political Party Focusing on Women". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
- ^ Sojourner, Sue Lorenzi, 1941- (2013). Thunder of freedom : black leadership and the transformation of 1960s Mississippi. Reitan, Cheryl. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-4095-7. OCLC 826855507.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Labor and Farm Party Records, 1982-1987". digicoll.library.wisc.edu. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Williams, John W. (1995). "THE 1986 LAROUCHE ELECTION DEBACLE IN ILLINOIS". Principia College. Archived from the original on December 4, 2004. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ "Faiks Draws Fire". Daily Sitka Sentinel. August 29, 1986. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- ^ Yarrow, Andrew L. (July 27, 1992). "Third Party Celebrates Its Second Year". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Pristin, Terry (September 28, 1995). "NEW JERSEY DAILY BRIEFING; Conservatives May Join Perot". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ "Burnt Out". New York Press. Manhattan Media. December 28, 2004. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
- ^ Gunzburger, Ron (March 16, 2008). "Politics1 - Guide to the 2004 Personal Choice Party Presidential Candidate". Politics1. Archived from the original on March 16, 2008. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Phillips, Michael M. (August 24, 2010). "Political Party for Mild-Mannered Is Off to a Slow Start". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Kornblut, Anne E.; Peters, Jeremy W. (November 7, 2006). "Lieberman Prevails Against Lamont in Connecticut". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Barrett, Wayne (October 1, 2010). "Carl Paladino vs. The Tea Party: No Love Lost". Village Voice. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2010.
- ^ Lisberg, Adam (June 18, 2010). "Charles Barron, upset at all-white Dem ticket, running for gov as head of all-black Freedom Party". New York Daily News. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
- ^ Tyler, Taylor (July 14, 2013). "Newly Formed United Independent Party Makes MA Gubernatorial Run". Independent Voter Network. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
- ^ Pagán, Bolívar. (1959). Historia de los partidos políticos puertorriqueños (1898-1956). Librería Campos. OCLC 29383220.
- ^ The Puerto Rican movement : voices from the diaspora. Torres, Andrés, 1947-, Velázquez, José E. (José Emiliano), 1952-. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-585-36518-0. OCLC 47010150.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Erediano, Emmanuel T. "Lt. Gov. Arnold I. Palacios will 'most likely' run for governor with Saipan Mayor David M. Apatang as his running-mate". Marianas Variety News & Views. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- ^ "Black Riders show resistance is possible". Workers World Party. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ Malhotra, Ravi (2013). "Hillbilly Nationalists, Urban Race Rebels, and Black Power: Community Organizing in Radical Times, Amy Sonnie and James Tracy, New York: Melville House, 2011; The Hidden 1970s: Histories of Radicalism, edited by Dan Berger, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2010; Stayin' Alive: The 1970s and the Last Days of the Working Class, Jefferson Cowie, London: The New Press, 2010". Historical Materialism. 21 (3): 189–204. doi:10.1163/1569206x-12341304. ISSN 1465-4466.
- ^ Austin, Curtis J., 1969- (2006). Up against the wall : violence in the making and unmaking of the Black Panther Party. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 978-1-61075-444-6. OCLC 649942374.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Krassner, Paul. (2012). Confessions of a raving, unconfined nut : misadventures in the counterculture (Updated and expanded ed.). New York: Soft Skull Press. ISBN 978-1-59376-503-3. OCLC 813416037.
- ^ Alexander, Robert J. (Robert Jackson), 1918 November 26- (2001). Maoism in the developed world. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96148-6. OCLC 44877014.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Kwong, Peter. (2005). Chinese America : the untold story of America's oldest new community. Miščevič, Dušanka Dušana. New York: New Press. ISBN 1-56584-962-0. OCLC 60420916.
- ^ Blevins, David. (2006). American political parties in the 21st century. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-2480-X. OCLC 64897141.
- ^ "The ISO's vote to dissolve and what comes next". SocialistWorker.org. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Forging radical alliances across difference : coalition politics for the new millennium. Bystydzienski, Jill M., 1949-, Schacht, Steven P. London. 2001. ISBN 0-7425-1057-3. OCLC 47364128.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Viets, Sarah; Lenz, Ryan (July 11, 2016). "Matt Heimbach's Traditionalist Youth Network is Cutting Deals with Holocaust Deniers". Southern Poverty Law Center.
Further reading
edit- Nash, Howard P. Jr.; Schnapper, M. B. (1959). Third Parties in American Politics.
- Ness, Immanuel; Ciment, James (2000). The Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Reference. ISBN 0-7656-8020-3.
External links
edit- Party Links
- Political Parties Timeline
- Ballot Access News
- Politics1 Directory of Candidates
- Independent Political Candidate Directory at IndeCan
- Educational quiz that matches policy answers to U.S. political parties known as I Side With
State and local political parties without a federal or national parent body | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| State parties |
| .svg) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Local parties | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Territorial parties |
| |||||||||||||||||||||
The Backrooms is an urban legend and creepypasta describing an endless maze of randomly generated office rooms and other environments. It is characterized by the smell of moist carpet, walls with a monochromatic tone of yellow, and buzzing fluorescent lights. Internet users have expanded upon this concept by creating different "levels" of the Backrooms and "entities" which inhabit them.
The original version came from a two-paragraph 4chan comment on a post asking for "unsettling images", where an anonymous user invented a story based on one of the photos. The Backrooms drew comparisons to various other horror trends and media, including the photography of liminal spaces, the SCP Foundation collaborative fiction project, and the six-hour-long album series Everywhere at the End of Time.
Since its original creation, The Backrooms has been expanded into various other forms of media and Internet culture, including video games, collaborative fiction wikis, and YouTube videos.
Origin and description
editThe Backrooms originated from a thread posted on the /x/ board of 4chan on 12 May 2019, where an anonymous user asked for others to "post disquieting images that just feel 'off'." There, the first photo depicting the Backrooms was uploaded, presenting a slightly tilted image of a yellow-colored hallway. Another anonymous user commented on the photo with the first story about the Backrooms, claiming that one enters the Backrooms when they "noclip out of reality in the wrong areas", which is a video game-related term originating from Doom for when a player passes through a physical boundary that would otherwise block their way.[1][2]
After the 4chan post gained fame, several Internet users wrote horror stories relating to The Backrooms. Many memes were created and shared across social media, further popularizing the creepypasta.[2] Some have stated they had seen that image somewhere before; in the opinion of Manning Patston from Happy Mag, these comments were "existential, hollow, and terrified".[2] Patston commented on the use of the term "noclip", interpreting it as "glitches in which the walls of reality are torn down", such as the existence of doppelgängers.[2] Comparing the location to the level design of the Resident Evil franchise, Kaitlyn Kubrick of Somag News called the Backrooms "the terrifying creepypasta of cursed dreams".[3]
The location of the original Backrooms photo is unknown. Although a number of locations have been proposed, it is possible that the image is a procedurally generated digital composition.[4] The creepypasta has also been associated with the concept of kenopsia, first coined in The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows: "the eerie, forlorn atmosphere of a place that's usually bustling with people but is now abandoned and quiet".[4][5]
Levels
edit | This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
The Backrooms' original concept has been expanded by Internet users, who have created different "levels" of the location. There are thousands of levels found within fan made Wikis of the Backrooms, featuring different photos and "safety classes" in a format influenced by the SCP wiki. One canon is that there are three distinct levels.[2] The levels specified in this canon include:
- Level 0: This is the level depicted in the original Backrooms photo, featuring all of the creepypasta's most well-known characteristics – moldy carpet, yellow walls, and buzzing fluorescent lights. One of the entities created by users for this level are "hounds", described as disfigured and manic humanoid beings. Another feature of this level is a "noclip zone", which can bring wanderers back to Earth's dimension, return them to the starting point of Level 0, or to another level with different hostile organisms.[2]
- Level 1: A level reached when one chooses not to enter a noclip zone and instead wanders around Level 0 for days.[2] It is darker than Level 0 and features a more industrial architecture, with mechanical-like sounds being heard through the place. The level appears to be a dark, dingy warehouse with low-lying fog and puddles of water which randomly appear. In contrast to Level 0, the fluorescent lights begin to flicker more frequently, occasionally shutting down completely – "This is when the beings come out".[2]
- Level 2: The third level of the Backrooms, according to the three-level interpretation.[2] It is one of the darkest levels, containing more industrial-like architecture. This level appears as long service tunnels with pipes lining the walls. It is described as being reached when one simply wanders around Level 1 for a long enough period of time, and featuring a much higher temperature than other levels. "Survivors" of the Backrooms claim that the only way to escape the level is to remain calm, stating that "Only when the backrooms have become your home can you depart."[2]
Reception
edit
The Backrooms soon became popular from writers and Internet users, most of which commented on its uncannyness. The creepypasta has also been cited as the origin and most-well known example of the liminal spaces Internet trend, which are photos that evoke "a sense of nostalgia, lostness, and uncertainty";[7] the '#liminalspaces' tag has amassed nearly 100 million views on the social media platform TikTok.[6] When a woman named Claire Scheulin found an abandoned mall below her Airbnb, Internet commentators compared her photos of the place to the original Backrooms image.[8][9]
The horror aspects of The Backrooms drew comparisons to the conspiracy theories of UFOs in Area 51, filmmaker Stanley Kubrick's work The Shining, the Minecraft urban legend of Herobrine, and the 2019 film Us.[2] Its ambiguous rooms have also been noted as featuring similarities to horror stories of the SCP Foundation, especially SCP-3008 (a branch of IKEA that contains an infinite interior space within a pocket dimension), and to the vague buildings of Control (2019).[10] Dazed called the Backrooms an example of "internet folklore".[6]
Impact and popularity
editFilm
editIn January 2022, a short horror film titled The Backrooms (Found Footage) was uploaded to the YouTube channel of then 16-year-old director Kane Parsons (Kane Pixels on YouTube). It is presented as a 1996 recording of a young cameraman who accidentally enters the location, running from entities and entering other levels.[11] The film employs both live-action footage and 3D Blender renderings, as well as other techniques to create effects such as camera shake and a VHS filter.[12] Categorized by some as "analog horror",[13] the short received acclaim: WPST contributor Erica Russell called it "the scariest video on the Internet",[14] while Dread Central's Mary Beth McAndrews compared it to the 2019 video game Control and "watched it 10 times".[15][16]
Some were surprised by what Parsons did with what he had: Jai Alexis of website PopHorror was surprised by the director's age,[17] while The Awesomer noted that Backrooms "shows how to create tension without a budget".[18] Boing Boing's Rob Beschizza hypothesized that the creepypasta will eventually "end up in a slick but dismal 2-hour Hollywood movie", likening this prediction to the Slender Man creepypasta and its 2018 film adaptation.[19] When describing a meme of the Backrooms, GameRant's Tanner Fox called the short "a paralyzing watch which packs quite a bit of terror into its short runtime."[20]
Parsons has since uploaded twelve other videos relating to the Backrooms in non-chronological order as of 23 June 2024: The Third Test, First Contact, Missing Persons, Informational Video, Autopsy Report, Motion Detected, Prototype, Pitfalls, Report, Presentation, Found Footage #2, and I Remember.[10][21] They revolve around the fictional Async Foundation finding and exploring the Backrooms in order to solve "all current and future storage and residential needs",[22] with Informational Video referring to the location as Project KV31.[23] There are also five unlisted Backrooms videos uploaded by Kane, one of which references the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.[24][25] The plot of this series is not influenced by other works such as the Wikis.
The Backrooms was an influence for AppleTV+'s Severance.[26]
Video games
editOn 12 February 2022, a Reddit user showcased a Minecraft map based on the Backrooms' concept. As of 23 June 2024, the mod is still under development, with Screen Rant's Thomas McNulty claiming that "entities" will also be present on the map.[27]
The Backrooms has also been the basis for a horror game of the same name, released in 2019 by indie game studio Pie on a Plate Productions.[28][29] It was praised for its form of horror, with Bloody Disgusting writer Michael L Sandal comparing it to the works of writer Charlotte Perkins Gilman.[30] Author Sigma Klim of Guru Gamer felt the game is something unique amidst what he called the "cliché and overused motifs" of most horror content, comparing it to 2004's Yume Nikki,[31] while PCMag listed it as a "honorable mention" among a ranking of the "best free Steam games" due to its "unnerving" and "maddening" atmosphere "despite being an incredibly short title."[32]
Other released games based on the Backrooms include The Backrooms Simulator and Enter the Backrooms, released in 2019 and 2021 respectively.[33][34]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "unsettling images". 4chan (4plebs). May 12, 2019. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Patston, Manning (August 3, 2021). "The Backrooms: an eerie phenomenon lies behind these familiar hallways". Happy Mag. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
- ^ Kubrick, Kaitlyn (April 17, 2020). "What is The Backrooms? The terrifying creepypasta of cursed dreams". Somag News. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
- ^ a b "The Magnet 0018: The quiet horror of procedural generation". The Magnet. December 13, 2020. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
- ^ "kenopsia". The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
- ^ a b c Yalcinkaya, Günseli (April 14, 2021). "Inside the uncanny world of #liminalspaces TikTok". Dazed. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
- ^ Koch, Karl Emil (November 2, 2020). "Architecture: The Cult Following Of Liminal Space". Musée Magazine. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
- ^ Hollan, Michael (May 17, 2021). "Woman finds out Airbnb is located above abandoned mall". News.com.au. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
- ^ Santora, Sara (May 18, 2021). "Woman Shares 'Abandoned Mall' She Found Under Her Airbnb". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
- ^ a b Phil (February 2, 2022). "Cool Short Film Series: The Backrooms". Live for Films. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
- ^ Parsons, Kane (Kane Pixels) (January 7, 2022). "The Backrooms (Found Footage)". YouTube. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
- ^ Hellerman, Jason (February 1, 2022). "'The Backrooms' Is the Viral Horror Short Shaking the Internet Up". No Film School. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
- ^ Dennison, Kara (February 7, 2022). "See Attack on Titan Through the Eyes of Backrooms Director Kane Pixels". Otaku USA Magazine. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
- ^ Russell, Erica (January 17, 2022). "'The Backrooms' Viral Horror Short Explained". WPST. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
- ^ McAndrews, Mary Beth (January 14, 2022). "'The Backrooms' Is A Found Footage Nightmare Freaking Out The Internet". Dread Central. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
- ^ McAndrews, Mary Beth (February 7, 2022). "Liminal Horror: 10 Movies Lost In Space and Time". Dread Central. Archived from the original on February 27, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
- ^ Alexis, Jai (January 23, 2022). "'The Backrooms' (2022): A scary Found Footage Short That's Going Viral – Movie Review". PopHorror. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
- ^ "The Backrooms". The Awesomer. January 17, 2022. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
- ^ Beschizza, Rob (February 1, 2022). "Explore The Backrooms in this short found-footage horror flick". Boing Boing. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
- ^ Fox, Tanner (February 7, 2022). "Terrifying Pokémon Animation Shows What Haunter Would Look Like in Real Life". GameRant. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
- ^ McAndrews, Mary Beth (March 7, 2022). "Disturbing Found Footage Sequel To 'The Backrooms' Dissects A Victim [Watch]". Dread Central. Archived from the original on March 12, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
- ^ Parsons, Kane (Kane Pixels) (January 14, 2022). "Backrooms - The Third Test". YouTube. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
- ^ Phil (February 13, 2022). "Cool Short: Backrooms – Informational Video". Live for Films. Archived from the original on February 23, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
- ^ Parsons, Kane (Kane Pixels) (January 8, 2022). "Mar11_90_ARCHIVE.tar". YouTube. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
- ^ Parsons, Kane (Kane Pixels). "collateral.mov". YouTube. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
- ^ Francisco, Eric (February 24, 2022). "Severance reveals the 'scary' and 'surreal' underbelly of office work in 2022". Inverse. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
- ^ McNulty, Thomas (February 11, 2022). "Backrooms Minecraft Map Brings Terrifying Internet Meme To Life". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
- ^ "The Backrooms Game for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
- ^ Johnson, Astrid (August 16, 2019). "Reviews Roulette: The one with Tony Hawk on a unicycle (video)". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. 24m57s. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- ^ Sandal, Michael L (April 30, 2020). "'The Backrooms Game' Brings a Modern Creepypasta to Life [What We Play in the Shadows]". Bloody Disgusting. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
- ^ Klim, Sigma (August 12, 2019). "Test Your Nerve With This Eerie Title – The Backrooms Game". Guru Gamer. Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
- ^ Zamora, Gabriel (August 13, 2019). "The 15 Best Free Steam Games". PCMag. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
- ^ "The Backrooms Simulator for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
- ^ "Enter The Backrooms for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on February 4, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
Category:CreepypastaCategory:Internet memes introduced in 2019Category:Internet properties established in 2019Category:Science fiction horrorCategory:Weird fictionCategory:4chan phenomenaCategory:Nostalgia
🔥 Top keywords: Akademia e Shkencave e RPS te ShqiperiseAlexandria Ocasio-CortezBilderberg GroupCristiano RonaldoDong XiaowanMinecraftOperation GladioPrimal cutRiot FestStrictly Come Dancing (series 7)Main PageSpecial:SearchDonald SutherlandWikipedia:Featured picturesUEFA Euro 2024Kiefer Sutherland2024 Copa AméricaCleopatraTimothy MellonDeaths in 2024Copa AméricaDonald Sutherland filmographyUEFA European ChampionshipReggie JacksonJJ RedickChappell RoanRumpelstiltskinShirley DouglasRickwood FieldRossif SutherlandInside Out 2Taylor WilyFrancine RacetteHouse of the DragonSherri Papini kidnapping hoaxYouTubeWillie MaysThe Boys season 4The Boys (TV series)Sarah SutherlandAngus Sutherland (actor)Sabrina CarpenterNico WilliamsAntoine GriezmannThe Bikeriders2024 ICC Men's T20 World CupChristine ChubbuckOpinion polling for the 2024 United Kingdom general electionProject 2025