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Orders of magnitude (power)

This page lists examples of the power in watts produced by various sources of energy. They are grouped by orders of magnitude from small to large.

Below 1 W edit

See also: dBm § Table_of_Examples
Factor (watts)SI prefixValue (watts)Value (decibel-milliwatts)Item
10−505.4 × 10−50−463 dBmastro: Hawking radiation power of the ultramassive black hole TON 618.[1][2]
10−27ronto- (rW)1.64×10−27−238 dBmphys: approximate power of gravitational radiation emitted by a 1000 kg satellite in geosynchronous orbit around the Earth.
10−24yocto- (yW)1×10−24−210 dBm
10−21zepto- (zW)1×10−21−180 dBmbiomed: approximate lowest recorded power consumption of a deep-subsurface marine microbe[3]
10−201×10−20−170 dBmtech: approximate power of Galileo space probe's radio signal (when at Jupiter) as received on earth by a 70-meter DSN antenna.
10−18atto- (aW)1×10−18−150 dBmphys: approximate power scale at which operation of nanoelectromechanical systems are overwhelmed by thermal fluctuations.[4]
10−161×10−16−130 dBmtech: the GPS signal strength measured at the surface of the Earth.[clarification needed][5]
10−162×10−16−127 dBmbiomed: approximate theoretical minimum luminosity detectable by the human eye under perfect conditions
10−15femto- (fW)2.5×10−15−116 dBmtech: minimum discernible signal at the antenna terminal of a good FM radio receiver
10−141×10−14−110 dBmtech: approximate lower limit of power reception on digital spread-spectrum cell phones
10−12pico- (pW)1×10−12−90 dBmbiomed: average power consumption of a human cell
10−111.84×10−11−77 dBmphys: power lost in the form of synchrotron radiation by a proton revolving in the Large Hadron Collider at 7000 GeV[6]
10−101×10−10−68 dBmastro: estimated total Hawking radiation power of all black holes in the observable universe.[7][8][9]
1.5×10−10−68 dBmbiomed: power entering a human eye from a 100-watt lamp 1 km away
10−9nano- (nW)2–15×10−9−57 dBm to −48 dBmtech: power consumption of 8-bit PIC microcontroller chips when in "sleep" mode
10−6micro- (μW)1×10−6−30 dBmtech: approximate consumption of a quartz or mechanical wristwatch
3×10−6−25 dBmastro: cosmic microwave background radiation per square meter
10−55×10−5−13 dBmbiomed: sound power incident on a human eardrum at the threshold intensity for pain (500 mW/m2).
10−3milli- (mW)5×10−37 dBmtech: laser in a CD-ROM drive
5–10×10−37 dBm to 10 dBmtech: laser in a DVD player
10−2centi- (cW)7×10−218 dBmtech: antenna power in a typical consumer wireless router
10−1deci- (dW)1.2×10−121 dBmastro: total proton decay power of Earth, assuming the half life of protons to take on the value 1035 years.[10][11]
5×10−127 dBmtech: maximum allowed carrier output power of an FRS radio

1 to 102 W edit

Factor (watts)SI prefixValue (watts)Item
100W1tech: cellphone camera light[12]
1.508astro: power per square metre received from the Sun at Neptune's aphelion[13]
2tech: maximum allowed carrier power output of a MURS radio
4tech: the power consumption of an incandescent night light
4tech: maximum allowed carrier power output of a 10-meter CB radio
7tech: the power consumption of a typical Light-emitting diode (LED) light bulb
8tech: human-powered equipment using a hand crank.[14]
101deca- (daW)1.4 × 101tech: the power consumption of a typical household compact fluorescent light bulb
2–4 × 101biomed: approximate power consumption of the human brain[15]
3–4 × 101tech: the power consumption of a typical household fluorescent tube light
6 × 101tech: the power consumption of a typical household incandescent light bulb
102hecto- (hW)1 × 102biomed: approximate basal metabolic rate of an adult human body[16]
1.2 × 102tech: electric power output of 1 m2 solar panel in full sunlight (approx. 12% efficiency), at sea level
1.3 × 102tech: peak power consumption of a Pentium 4 CPU
2 × 102tech: stationary bicycle average power output[17][18]
2.76 × 102astro: fusion power output of 1 cubic meter of volume of the Sun's core.[19]
2.9 × 102units: approximately 1000 BTU/hour
3 × 102tech: PC GPU Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 peak power consumption[20]
4 × 102tech: legal limit of power output of an amateur radio station in the United Kingdom
5 × 102biomed: power output (useful work plus heat) of a person working hard physically
7.457 × 102units: 1 horsepower[21]
7.5 × 102astro: approximately the amount of sunlight falling on a square metre of the Earth's surface at noon on a clear day in March for northern temperate latitudes
9.09 × 102biomed: peak output power of a healthy human (non-athlete) during a 30-second cycle sprint at 30.1 degree Celsius.[22]

103 to 108 W edit

103kilo- (kW)1–3 × 103 Wtech: heat output of a domestic electric kettle
1.1 × 103 Wtech: power of a microwave oven
1.366 × 103 Wastro: power per square metre received from the Sun at the Earth's orbit
1.5 × 103 Wtech: legal limit of power output of an amateur radio station in the United States
up to 2 × 103 Wbiomed: approximate short-time power output of sprinting professional cyclists and weightlifters doing snatch lifts
2.4 × 103 Wgeo: average power consumption per person worldwide in 2008 (21,283 kWh/year)
3.3–6.6 × 103 Weco: average photosynthetic power output per square kilometer of ocean[23]
3.6 × 103 Wtech: synchrotron radiation power lost per ring in the Large Hadron Collider at 7000 GeV[6]
1041–5 × 104 Wtech: nominal power of clear channel AM[24]
1.00 × 104 Weco: average power consumption per person in the United States in 2008 (87,216 kWh/year)
1.4 × 104 Wtech: average power consumption of an electric car on EPA's Highway test schedule[25][26]
1.45 × 104 Wastro: power per square metre received from the Sun at Mercury's orbit at perihelion
1.6–3.2 × 104 Weco: average photosynthetic power output per square kilometer of land[23]
3 × 104 Wtech: power generated by the four motors of GEN H-4 one-man helicopter
4–20 × 104 Wtech: approximate range of peak power output of typical automobiles (50-250 hp)
5–10 × 104 Wtech: highest allowed ERP for an FM band radio station in the United States[27]
1051.67 × 105 Wtech: power consumption of UNIVAC 1 computer
2.5–8 × 105 Wtech: approximate range of power output of 'supercars' (300 to 1000 hp)
4.5 × 105 Wtech: approximate maximum power output of a large 18-wheeler truck engine (600 hp)
106mega- (MW)1.3 × 106 Wtech: power output of P-51 Mustang fighter aircraft
2.0 × 106 Wtech: peak power output of GE's standard wind turbine
2.4 × 106 Wtech: peak power output of a Princess Coronation class steam locomotive (approx 3.3K EDHP on test) (1937)
2.5 × 106 Wbiomed: peak power output of a blue whale
3 × 106 Wtech: mechanical power output of a diesel locomotive
4.4 × 106 Wtech: total mechanical power output of Titanic's coal-fueled steam engines[28]
7 × 106 Wtech: mechanical power output of a Top Fuel dragster
8 × 106 Wtech: peak power output of the MHI Vestas V164, the world's largest offshore wind turbine
1071 × 107 Wtech: highest ERP allowed for an UHF television station
1.03 × 107 Wgeo: electrical power output of Togo
1.22 × 107 Wtech: approx power available to a Eurostar 20-carriage train
1.6 × 107 Wtech: rate at which a typical gasoline pump transfers chemical energy to a vehicle
2.6 × 107 Wtech: peak power output of the reactor of a Los Angeles-class nuclear submarine
7.5 × 107 Wtech: maximum power output of one GE90 jet engine as installed on the Boeing 777
1081.4 × 108 Wtech: average power consumption of a Boeing 747 passenger aircraft
1.9 × 108 Wtech: peak power output of a Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
5 × 108 Wtech: typical power output of a Fossil fuel power station
9 × 108 Wtech: electric power output of a CANDU nuclear reactor
9.59 × 108 Wgeo: average electrical power consumption of Zimbabwe in 1998
9.86 × 108 Wastro: approximate solar power received by the dwarf planet Sedna at its aphelion (937 AU)

The productive capacity of electrical generators operated by utility companies is often measured in MW. Few things can sustain the transfer or consumption of energy on this scale; some of these events or entities include: lightning strikes, naval craft (such as aircraft carriers and submarines), engineering hardware, and some scientific research equipment (such as supercolliders and large lasers).

For reference, about 10,000 100-watt lightbulbs or 5,000 computer systems would be needed to draw 1 MW. Also, 1 MW is approximately 1360 horsepower. Modern high-power diesel-electric locomotives typically have a peak power of 3–5 MW, while a typical modern nuclear power plant produces on the order of 500–2000 MW peak output.

109 to 1014 W edit

109giga- (GW)

1.3 × 109

tech: electric power output of Manitoba Hydro Limestone hydroelectric generating station
2.074 × 109tech: peak power generation of Hoover Dam
2.1 × 109tech: peak power generation of Aswan Dam
3.4 × 109tech: estimated power consumption of the Bitcoin network in 2017[29]
4.116 × 109tech: installed capacity of Kendal Power Station, the world's largest coal-fired power plant.
10101.17 × 1010tech: power produced by the Space Shuttle in liftoff configuration (9.875 GW from the SRBs; 1.9875 GW from the SSMEs.)[30]
1.26 × 1010tech: electrical power generation of the Itaipu Dam
1.27 × 1010geo: average electrical power consumption of Norway in 1998
2.25 × 1010tech: peak electrical power generation of the Three Gorges Dam, the power plant with the world's largest generating capacity of any type.[31]
2.24 × 1010tech: peak power of all German solar panels (at noon on a cloudless day), researched by the Fraunhofer ISE research institute in 2014[32]
5.027 × 1010tech: peak electrical power consumption of California Independent System Operator users between 1998 and 2018, recorded at 14:44 Pacific Time, July 24, 2006.[33]
5.22 × 1010tech: China total nuclear power capacity as of 2022.[34]
5.5 × 1010tech: peak daily electrical power consumption of Great Britain in November 2008.[35]
7.31 × 1010tech: total installed power capacity of Turkey on December 31, 2015.[36]
9.55 × 1010tech: United States total nuclear power capacity as of 2022.[34]
10111.016 × 1011tech: peak electrical power consumption of France (February 8, 2012 at 7:00 pm)
1.12 × 1011tech: United States total installed solar capacity as of 2022.[37]
1.41 × 1011tech: United States total wind turbine capacity in 2022.[37]
1.66 × 1011tech: average power consumption of the first stage of the Saturn V rocket.[38][39]
3.66 × 1011tech: China total wind turbine capacity in 2022.[37]
3.92 × 1011tech: China total installed solar capacity as of 2022.[37]
7 × 1011biomed: humankind basal metabolic rate as of 2013 (7 billion people).
8.99 × 1011tech: worldwide wind turbine capacity at end of 2022.[37]
1012tera- (TW)1.062 × 1012tech: worldwide installed solar capacity at end of 2022.[37]
2 × 1012astro: approximate power generated between the surfaces of Jupiter and its moon Io due to Jupiter's tremendous magnetic field.[40]
3.34 × 1012geo: average total (gas, electricity, etc.) power consumption of the US in 2005[41]
10132.04 × 1013tech: average rate of power consumption of humanity over 2022.[42]
4.7 × 1013geo: average total heat flow at Earth's surface which originates from its interior.[43] Main sources are roughly equal amounts of radioactive decay and residual heat from Earth's formation.[44]
5–20 × 1013weather: rate of heat energy release by a hurricane[citation needed]
10141.4 × 1014eco: global net primary production (= biomass production) via photosynthesis[45]
2.9 × 1014tech: the power the Z machine reaches in 1 billionth of a second when it is fired[citation needed]
3 × 1014weather: Hurricane Katrina's rate of release of latent heat energy into the air.[46]
3 × 1014tech: power reached by the extremely high-power Hercules laser from the University of Michigan.[citation needed]
4.6 × 1014geo: estimated rate of net global heating, evaluated as Earth's energy imbalance, from 2005 to 2019.[47][48] The rate of ocean heat uptake approximately doubled over this period.[49]

1015 to 1026 W edit

1015peta-~2 × 1.00 × 1015 Wtech: Omega EP laser power at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics. There are two separate beams that are combined.
1.4 × 1015 Wgeo: estimated heat flux transported by the Gulf Stream.
5 × 1015 Wgeo: estimated net heat flux transported from Earth's equator and towards each pole. Value is a latitudinal maximum arising near 40° in each hemisphere.[50][51]
7 × 1015 Wtech: worlds most powerful laser in operation (claimed on February 7, 2019, by Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) at Magurele, Romania)[52]
10161.03 × 1016 Wtech: world's most powerful laser pulses (claimed on October 24, 2017, by SULF of Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics).[53]
1–10 × 1016 Wtech: estimated total power output of a Type-I civilization on the Kardashev scale.[54]
10171.73 × 1017 Wastro: total power received by Earth from the Sun[55]
2 × 1017 Wtech: planned peak power of Extreme Light Infrastructure laser[56]
4.6 × 1017 Wastro: total internal heat flux of Jupiter[57]
1018exa- (EW)In a keynote presentation, NIF & Photon Science Chief Technology Officer Chris Barty described the "Nexawatt" Laser, an exawatt (1,000-petawatt) laser concept based on NIF technologies, on April 13 at the SPIE Optics + Optoelectronics 2015 Conference in Prague. Barty also gave an invited talk on "Laser-Based Nuclear Photonics" at the SPIE meeting.[58]
1021zetta- (ZW)
10225.31 × 1022 Wastro: approximate luminosity of 2MASS J0523−1403, the least luminous star known.[59]
10234.08 × 1023 Wastro: approximate luminosity of Wolf 359
1024yotta- (YW)5.3 × 1024 Wtech: estimated power of the Tsar Bomba hydrogen bomb detonation[60]
9.8 × 1024 Wastro: approximate luminosity of Sirius b, Sirius's white dwarf companion.[61][62]
10261 × 1026 Wtech: power generating capacity of a Type-II civilization on the Kardashev scale.[54]
3.828 × 1026 Wastro: luminosity of the Sun[63]
7.67 × 1026 Wastro: approximate luminosity of Alpha Centauri, the closest (triple) star system.[64]
10279.77 × 1027 Wastro: approximate luminosity of Sirius, the visibly brightest star as viewed from Earth.[65]
10286.51 × 1028 Wastro: approximate luminosity of Arcturus, a solar-mass red giant[66]

Over 1027 W edit

1030quetta- (QW)1.99 × 1030 Wastro: peak luminosity of the Sun in its thermally-pulsing, late AGB phase (≈5200x present)[67]
4.1 × 1030 Wastro: approximate luminosity of Canopus[68]
10312.53 × 1031 Wastro: approximate luminosity of the Beta Centauri triple star system[69]
10321.23 × 1032 Wastro: approximate luminosity of Deneb
1033Quetkilo- (QkW)1.79 × 1033 Wastro: approximate luminosity of R136a1[70]
2.1 × 1033 Wastro: approximate luminosity of the Eta Carinae system[71]
10344 × 1034 Wtech: approximate power used by a type III civilization in the Kardashev scale.[54]
1036Quetmega- (QMW)5.7 × 1036 Wastro: approximate luminosity of the Milky Way galaxy[72][73]
10374 × 1037 Wastro: approximate internal luminosity of the Sun for a few seconds as it undergoes a helium flash.[74][75]
10382.2 × 1038 Wastro: approximate luminosity of the extremely luminous supernova ASASSN-15lh[76][77]
1039Quetgiga- (QGW)1 × 1039 Wastro: average luminosity of a quasar
1.57 × 1039 Wastro: approximate luminosity of 3C273, the brightest quasar seen from Earth[78]
10405 × 1040 Wastro: approximate peak luminosity of the energetic fast blue optical transient CSS161010[79]
10411 × 1041 Wastro: approximate luminosity of the most luminous quasars in our universe, e.g., APM 08279+5255 and HS 1946+7658.[80]
1042Quettera- (QTW)1.7 × 1042 Wastro: approximate luminosity of the Laniakea Supercluster[81][82]
3 × 1042 Wastro: approximate luminosity of an average gamma-ray burst[83]
10432.2 × 1043 Wastro: average stellar luminosity in one cubic gigalight-year of space
1045Quetpeta- (QPW)
10461 × 1046 Wastro: record for maximum beaming-corrected intrinsic luminosity ever achieved by a gamma-ray burst[84]
10477.519 × 1047 Wphys: Hawking radiation luminosity of a Planck mass black hole[85]
1048Quetexa- (QEW)9.5 × 1048 Wastro: luminosity of the entire Observable universe[86] ≈ 24.6 billion trillion solar luminosity.
10493.6 × 1049 Wastro: peak gravitational wave radiative power of GW150914, the merger event of two distant stellar-mass black holes. It is attributed to the first observation of gravitational waves.[87]
10523.63 × 1052 Wphys: the unit of power as expressed under the Planck units,[note 1] at which the definition of power under modern conceptualizations of physics breaks down. Equivalent to one Planck mass-energy per Planck time.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^

References edit

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