1848–49 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1848–49 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between August 1848 and November 1849. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 31st United States Congress convened on December 3, 1849. The new state of Wisconsin elected its first representatives, and California also held its first congressional elections before officially achieving statehood in 1850, increasing the size of the House to 233 seats.
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All 233[b] seats in the United States House of Representatives 117 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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These elections spanned the 1848 United States presidential election and took place amid the U.S. victory over Mexico in the (1846–48) Mexican–American War. The Whigs lost their House majority as Democrats, whose support had driven the war, gained a House plurality. Among minor parties, the Free Soil Party won nine Northern seats, while the American or "Know Nothing" Party retained one.
Following the discovery of gold in January 1848, California boomed, creating immediate pressure for statehood. The Compromise of 1850, though largely crafted in the Senate, was also passed by the House, brokering its admission to the Union. Anticipating statehood, California elected two members at-large on November 13, 1849, to be seated September 11, 1850.
As neither major party held a majority when Congress convened on December 3, 1849 — the Democrats finished three seats short, while the Whigs had lost 12 seats and the majority — the election of a Speaker proved contentious.
The Whigs were sectionally split, with Northern Whigs nominating incumbent speaker Robert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts and Southern Whigs supporting Meredith P. Gentry of Tennessee. Democrats primarily supported Howell Cobb of Georgia; 13 other Democratic hopefuls also garnered support. The small Free Soil Party, opposing expansion of slavery into the Western territories, supported David Wilmot of Pennsylvania, author of the Wilmot Proviso, calling attention to slave power's hold over both major parties.
After nearly three weeks of heated debate, the House suspended its majority rule for the Speaker election: Cobb was elected on the 63rd ballot by plurality.[1]
Election summaries edit
Wisconsin was apportioned an additional seat in 1848,[2] and two more seats were added for the new state of California.[3]
| 113 | 11 | 108 |
| Democratic | [f] | Whig |
| State | Type | Date | Total seats | Democratic | Free Soil | Whig | Other | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | ||||
| Arkansas | At-large | August 7, 1848 | 1 | 1 |  | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | |
| Illinois | District | August 7, 1848 | 7 | 6 | | 0 | | 1 | | 0 | |
| Iowa | District | August 7, 1848 | 2 | 2 | | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | |
| Missouri | District | August 7, 1848 | 5 | 5 | | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | |
| Vermont | District | September 5, 1848 | 4 | 1 | | 0 | | 3 | | 0 | |
| Maine | District | September 11, 1848 | 7 | 5 |  1 | 0 | | 2 |  1 | 0 | |
| Florida | At-large | October 2, 1848 | 1 | 0 | | 0 | | 1 | | 0 | |
| Georgia | District | October 2, 1848 | 8 | 4 | | 0 | | 4 | | 0 | |
| South Carolina | District | October 9–10, 1848 | 7 | 7 | | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | |
| Ohio | District | October 10, 1848 | 21 | 11 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 3 | 0 | |
| Pennsylvania | District | October 10, 1848 | 24 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 3 | 1[g] | |
| Delaware | At-large | November 6, 1848 | 1 | 0 | | 0 | | 1 | | 0 | |
| Michigan | District | November 7, 1848 (Election Day)[h] | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| New Jersey | District | 5 | 1 | | 0 | | 4 | | 0 | | |
| New York | District | 34 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 32 | 9 | 0 | | |
| Wisconsin | District | 3[i] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | | |
| Massachusetts | District | November 13, 1848 | 10[j] | 0 | | 1 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 0 | |
| Late elections, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term | |||||||||||
| New Hampshire | District | March 13, 1849 | 4 | 2 | | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 0 | 1[k] |
| Connecticut | District | April 2, 1849 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | |
| Rhode Island | District | April 4, 1849 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | | 2 | 1 | 0 | |
| Virginia | District | April 26, 1849 | 15 | 13 | 4 | 0 | | 2 | 4 | 0 | |
| Tennessee | District | August 2, 1849 | 11 | 7 | 1 | 0 | | 4 | 1 | 0 | |
| Alabama | District | August 6, 1849 | 7 | 5 | | 0 | | 2 | | 0 | |
| Indiana | District | August 6, 1849 | 10 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | |
| Kentucky | District | August 6, 1849 | 10 | 4 | | 0 | | 6 | | 0 | |
| Texas | District | August 6, 1849 | 2 | 2 | | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | |
| North Carolina | District | August 7, 1849 | 9 | 3 | | 0 | | 6 | | 0 | |
| Maryland | District | October 3, 1849 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 0 | | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
| Louisiana | District | November 5, 1849 | 4 | 3 | | 0 | | 1 | | 0 | |
| Mississippi | District | November 5–6, 1849 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| California | At-large | November 11, 1849[l] | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | | 0 | | 1[m] | 1 |
| Total[b] | 233 | 113 48.7% | 1 | 9 3.9% | 9 | 108 46.6% | 8 | 2 0.9% | | ||
Special elections edit
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30th Congress edit
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member / Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Pennsylvania 6 | John W. Hornbeck | Whig | 1846 | Incumbent died January 16, 1848. New member elected March 6, 1848. Democratic gain. Successor was not a candidate for the next term; see below. |
|
| Massachusetts 8 | John Quincy Adams | Whig | 1830 | Incumbent died February 23, 1848. New member elected April 3, 1848. Whig hold. Successor later re-elected for the next term; see below. |
|
| South Carolina 1 | James A. Black | Democratic | 1843 | Incumbent died April 3, 1848. New member elected October 10, 1848. Democratic hold. Successor later re-elected for the next term; see below. |
|
| New York 27 | John M. Holley | Whig | 1846 | Incumbent died March 8, 1848. New member elected November 7, 1848. Whig hold. Successor later re-elected for the next term; see below. |
|
| South Carolina 4 | Alexander D. Sims | Democratic | 1844 | Incumbent died November 22, 1848. New member elected January 9, 1849. Democratic hold. Successor later elected for the next term; see below. |
|
| Wisconsin Territory at-large | New delegate elected October 30, 1848. | ||||
31st Congress edit
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| South Carolina 4 | Alexander D. Sims | Democratic | 1844 | Incumbent had been re-elected, see below, but died November 22, 1848. New member elected January 16, 1849. Democratic. Successor having already been elected to finish the current term; see above. |
|
| Ohio 6 | Rodolphus Dickinson | Democratic | Incumbent died March 20, 1849. New member elected in 1849. | ||
| Vermont 3 | |||||
| Virginia 15 | |||||
Alabama edit
Elections were held August 6, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Alabama 1 | |||||
| Alabama 2 | |||||
| Alabama 3 | |||||
| Alabama 4 | |||||
| Alabama 5 | |||||
| Alabama 6 | |||||
| Alabama 7 | |||||
Arkansas edit
The election was held August 7, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Arkansas at-large | Thomas W. Newton | Whig | 1847 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
California edit
In California two at-large members were elected November 13, 1849 in anticipation of statehood and seated September 11, 1850.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| California at-large 2 seats | None | New seat. Independent gain. | (Elected on a general ticket)
| ||
| None | New seat. Democratic gain. | ||||
Connecticut edit
Elections were held April 2, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Connecticut 1 | |||||
| Connecticut 2 | |||||
| Connecticut 3 | |||||
| Connecticut 4 | |||||
Delaware edit
The election was held November 6, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Delaware at-large | |||||
Florida edit
Florida's single at-large member was elected October 2, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Florida at-large | Edward C. Cabell | Whig | 1846 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Georgia edit
Elections were held October 2, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Georgia 1 | |||||
| Georgia 2 | |||||
| Georgia 3 | |||||
| Georgia 4 | |||||
| Georgia 5 | |||||
| Georgia 6 | |||||
| Georgia 7 | |||||
| Georgia 8 | |||||
Illinois edit
Elections were held August 7, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Illinois 1 | |||||
| Illinois 2 | |||||
| Illinois 3 | |||||
| Illinois 4 | |||||
| Illinois 5 | |||||
| Illinois 6 | |||||
| Illinois 7 | |||||
Indiana edit
Elections were held August 10, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Indiana 1 | |||||
| Indiana 2 | |||||
| Indiana 3 | |||||
| Indiana 4 | |||||
| Indiana 5 | |||||
| Indiana 6 | |||||
| Indiana 7 | |||||
| Indiana 8 | |||||
| Indiana 9 | |||||
| Indiana 10 | |||||
Iowa edit
Elections were held August 7, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Iowa 1 | |||||
| Iowa 2 | |||||
Kentucky edit
Elections were held August 6, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Kentucky 1 | |||||
| Kentucky 2 | |||||
| Kentucky 3 | |||||
| Kentucky 4 | |||||
| Kentucky 5 | |||||
| Kentucky 6 | |||||
| Kentucky 7 | |||||
| Kentucky 8 | |||||
| Kentucky 9 | |||||
| Kentucky 10 | |||||
Louisiana edit
Elections were held November 5, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Louisiana 1 | |||||
| Louisiana 2 | |||||
| Louisiana 3 | |||||
| Louisiana 4 | |||||
Maine edit
Elections were held September 11, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Maine 1 | |||||
| Maine 2 | |||||
| Maine 3 | |||||
| Maine 4 | |||||
| Maine 5 | |||||
| Maine 6 | |||||
| Maine 7 | |||||
Maryland edit
Elections were held October 3, 1849 elections were after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the new term, but still before the Congress convened in December 1849.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Maryland 1 | |||||
| Maryland 2 | |||||
| Maryland 3 | |||||
| Maryland 4 | |||||
| Maryland 5 | |||||
| Maryland 6 | |||||
Massachusetts edit
Elections were held November 13, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Massachusetts 1 | |||||
| Massachusetts 2 | |||||
| Massachusetts 3 | |||||
| Massachusetts 4 | John G. Palfrey | Whig | 1846 | Incumbent lost re-election as Free Soil candidate. No member elected due to failure to achieve majority vote. Whig loss. |
|
| Massachusetts 5 | |||||
| Massachusetts 6 | |||||
| Massachusetts 7 | Julius Rockwell | Whig | 1844 (late) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 8 | |||||
| Massachusetts 9 | |||||
| Massachusetts 10 | |||||
Michigan edit
Elections were held November 7, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Michigan 1 | Robert McClelland | Democratic | 1843 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
| Michigan 2 | Charles E. Stuart | Democratic | 1847 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig gain. |
|
| Michigan 3 | Kinsley S. Bingham | Democratic | 1846 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Minnesota Territory edit
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Mississippi edit
Elections were held November 5–6, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Mississippi 1 | Jacob Thompson | Democratic | 1839 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Mississippi 2 | Winfield S. Featherston | Democratic | 1847 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Mississippi 3 | Patrick W. Tompkins | Whig | 1847 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
| Mississippi 4 | Albert G. Brown | Democratic | 1847 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Missouri edit
Elections were held August 7, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Missouri 1 | |||||
| Missouri 2 | |||||
| Missouri 3 | |||||
| Missouri 4 | |||||
| Missouri 5 | |||||
New Hampshire edit
Elections were held March 13, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New Hampshire 1 | |||||
| New Hampshire 2 | |||||
| New Hampshire 3 | |||||
| New Hampshire 4 | |||||
New Jersey edit
Elections were held November 7, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New Jersey 1 | |||||
| New Jersey 2 | |||||
| New Jersey 3 | |||||
| New Jersey 4 | |||||
| New Jersey 5 | |||||
New York edit
Elections were held November 7, 1848.
North Carolina edit
Elections were held August 7, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| North Carolina 1 | |||||
| North Carolina 2 | |||||
| North Carolina 3 | |||||
| North Carolina 4 | |||||
| North Carolina 5 | |||||
| North Carolina 6 | |||||
| North Carolina 7 | |||||
| North Carolina 8 | |||||
| North Carolina 9 | |||||
Ohio edit
Elections were held October 10, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Ohio 1 | |||||
| Ohio 2 | |||||
| Ohio 3 | |||||
| Ohio 4 | |||||
| Ohio 5 | |||||
| Ohio 6 | |||||
| Ohio 7 | |||||
| Ohio 8 | |||||
| Ohio 9 | |||||
| Ohio 10 | |||||
| Ohio 11 | |||||
| Ohio 12 | |||||
| Ohio 13 | |||||
| Ohio 14 | |||||
| Ohio 15 | |||||
| Ohio 16 | |||||
| Ohio 17 | |||||
| Ohio 18 | |||||
| Ohio 19 | |||||
| Ohio 20 | |||||
| Ohio 21 | |||||
Oregon Territory edit
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Pennsylvania edit
Elections were held October 10, 1848.
Rhode Island edit
Elections were held April 4, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Rhode Island 1 | |||||
| Rhode Island 2 | |||||
South Carolina edit
Elections were held October 9–10, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| South Carolina 1 | |||||
| South Carolina 2 | |||||
| South Carolina 3 | |||||
| South Carolina 4 | Alexander D. Sims | Democratic | 1844 | Incumbent re-elected. Incumbent then died November 22, 1848, leading to two special elections. |
|
| South Carolina 5 | |||||
| South Carolina 6 | |||||
| South Carolina 7 | |||||
Tennessee edit
Elections were held August 2, 1849.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Tennessee 1 | Andrew Johnson | Democratic | 1842 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 2 | William M. Cocke | Whig | 1845 | Incumbent lost re-election as a Democrat. New member elected. Whig hold. |
|
| Tennessee 3 | John H. Crozier | Whig | 1845 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig hold. |
|
| Tennessee 4 | Hugh L.W. Hill | Democratic | 1847 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
| Tennessee 5 | George W. Jones | Democratic | 1842 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 6 | James H. Thomas | Democratic | 1847 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 7 | Meredith P. Gentry | Whig | 1845 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 8 | Washington Barrow | Whig | 1847 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
| Tennessee 9 | Lucien B. Chase | Democratic | 1845 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
| Tennessee 10 | Frederick P. Stanton | Democratic | 1845 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 11 | William T. Haskell | Whig | 1847 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig hold. |
|
Texas edit
Elections were held August 6, 1849.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Texas 1 | |||||
| Texas 2 | |||||
Vermont edit
Elections were held September 5, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Vermont 1 | |||||
| Vermont 2 | |||||
| Vermont 3 | |||||
| Vermont 4 | |||||
Virginia edit
Elections were held April 26, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Virginia 1 | |||||
| Virginia 2 | |||||
| Virginia 3 | |||||
| Virginia 4 | |||||
| Virginia 5 | |||||
| Virginia 6 | |||||
| Virginia 7 | |||||
| Virginia 8 | |||||
| Virginia 9 | |||||
| Virginia 10 | |||||
| Virginia 11 | |||||
| Virginia 12 | |||||
| Virginia 13 | |||||
| Virginia 14 | |||||
| Virginia 15 | |||||
Wisconsin edit
Wisconsin members were first elected in advance of its June 1848 statehood. It elected two members to finish the current term in the 30th Congress, and then it gained an elected an additional member for elections to the 31st Congress.
30th Congress edit
Wisconsin's two members were elected May 8, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Wisconsin 1 | New seat | New seat. Democratic gain. |
| ||
| Wisconsin 2 | New seat | New seat. Democratic gain. |
| ||
31st Congress edit
Wisconsin's three members were elected November 7, 1848.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[33] | |
| Wisconsin 1 | William Pitt Lynde | Democratic | 1848 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Free Soil gain. |
|
| Wisconsin 2 | Mason C. Darling | Democratic | 1848 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig gain. |
|
| Wisconsin 3 | New seat | New seat. Democratic gain. |
| ||
Non-voting delegates edit
Going into these elections, there were no incumbent delegates, because the only territory — Wisconsin Territory — became a state in 1848. Two new territories — Minnesota Territory and Oregon Territory — were granted delegates in 1849.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Minnesota Territory | New district | New seat. New delegate elected July 7, 1849. Democratic gain. |
| ||
| Oregon Territory | New district | New seat. New delegate elected in 1849. Democratic gain. |
| ||
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Excludes states admitted during the 31st Congress
- ^ a b c Includes late elections
- ^ In comparison to its precursor, the Liberty Party, in the last election cycle.
- ^ Includes two Independent Democrats.
- ^ Includes one Independent, one Independent Whig, and one Anti-Rent Whig.
- ^ There were 9 Free Soilers, 1 Know Nothing, and 1 Independent.
- ^ 1 Know Nothing
- ^ In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform date for choosing presidential electors (see: Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721). Congressional elections were unaffected by this law, but the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections as well.
- ^ Increase of 1 seat.
- ^ One vacancy, in Massachusetts's 4th district, for the duration of the 31st Congress (as no candidate received a majority of the vote after multiple elections).
- ^ Previous election had 1 Independent.
- ^ Seated September 11, 1850 after admission to the Union.
- ^ 1 Independent elected.
References edit
- ^ Brooks, Corey M. (2016). Liberty Power: Antislavery Third Parties and the Transformation of American Politics. University of Chicago Press. pp. 155–160. ISBN 978-0-226-30728-2. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
- ^ 9 Stat. 235
- ^ 9 Stat. 452
- ^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 8 - Special Election Race - Apr 03, 1848". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - SC - District 01 Race - Oct 09, 1848". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NY District 27 - Special Election Race - Nov 07, 1848". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - SC - District 04 Special Election Race - Jan 08, 1849". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - SC - District 04 Special Election Race - Jan 15, 1849". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections. Vol. II (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2010. p. 1010. ISBN 9781604265361. LCCN 2009033938. OCLC 430736650.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 4th Trial Race - May 26, 1851". OurCampaigns.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 7 Race - Nov 13, 1848". OurCampaigns.com.
- ^ "MI - District 01 Race - Nov 07, 1848". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
- ^ "MI - District 02 Race - Nov 07, 1848". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
- ^ "MI - District 03 Race - Nov 07, 1848". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
- ^ "MS - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "MS - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - SC - District 04 Race - Oct 09, 1848". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 10". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 11". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - WI District 01 Race - Mar 13, 1848". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - WI District 2 Race - Mar 13, 1848". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ^ "Election 1848". Potosi Republican. December 7, 1848. p. 2. Retrieved May 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - WI District 2 Race - Nov 07, 1848". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - WI District 3 Race - Nov 07, 1848". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
Bibliography edit
- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
- Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
External links edit
- Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)