Cronologia dels microprocessadors

La cronologia dels microprocessadors arrenca amb l'Intel 4004, una Unitat Central de Procés (CPU) de 4 bits llençada per Intel Corporation el 1971.^[1] Fou la primera CPU completa en un sol xip, la primera comercialment disponible com un processador, gràcies a l'ús de la nova tecnologia de portes lògiques basada en silici, que permetia la integració d'un elevat nombre de transistors i una velocitat més ràpida del que mai abans havia estat possible.

Data	Nom	Fabricant	Rellotge	Geometria	Transistors
1971	4004	Intel	740 kHz	10 µm	2.250
1972	8008	Intel	500 kHz	10 μm	3.500
1974	6800	Motorola	2 MHz	-	4.100
1974	8080	Intel	2 MHz	6 μm	6.000
1974	1802	RCA	3,2 MHz	5 μm	5.000
1974	TMS1000	Texas Instruments	400 kHz	8 μm	8.000
1975	6502	MOS Technologies	1 MHz	-	4.000
1976	Z-80	Zilog	2 MHz	4 μm	8.500
1976	8085	Intel	5 MHz	3 μm	6.500
1976	TMS9900	Texas Instruments	3,3 MHz	-	8.000
1977	6100	Intersil	4 MHz	-	20.000
1978	8086	Intel	5 MHz	3 μm	29.000
1978	6801	Motorola	-	5 μm	35.000
1979	Z8000	Zilog	-	-	17.500
1979	8088	Intel	5 MHz	3 μm	29.000
1979	6809	Motorola	1 MHz	5 μm	40.000
1979	68000	Motorola	8 MHz	4 μm	68.000
1980	16032	National	-	-	60.000
1981	6120	Harris Corporation	10 MHz	-	20.000
1981	ROMP	IBM	10 MHz	2 µm	45.000
1981	T-11	DEC	2,5 MHz	5 µm	17.000
1982	RISC-I^[2]	UC Berkeley	1 MHz	5 µm	44.420
1982	FOCUS	Hewlett Packard	18 MHz	1,5 µm	450.000
1982	80186	Intel	6 MHz	-	55.000
1982	80286	Intel	6 MHz	1,5 µm	134.000
1983	RISC-II	UC Berkeley	3 MHz	3 µm	40,760
1983	MIPS^[3]	Stanford University	2 MHz	3 µm	25,000
1984	68020	Motorola	16 MHz	2 µm	190,000
1984	32032	National	-	-	70,000
1984	V20	NEC	5 MHz	-	63.000
1985	80386	Intel	16 MHz	1,5 µm	275.000
1985	MicroVax II 78032	DEC	5 MHz	3,0 µm	125.000
1985	R2000	MIPS	8 MHz	2 µm	115.000
1988	R3000	MIPS	12 MHz	2 µm	120.000
1986	Z80000	Zilog	-	-	91,000
1986	SPARC	Sun	40 MHz	0.8 µm	800,000
1986	V60^[4]	NEC	16 MHz	1.5 µm	375,000
1987	CVAX 78034	DEC	12.5 MHz	2.0 µm	134,000
1987	ARM2	ARM Limited	18 MHz	2 µm	25,000
1987	Gmicro/200^[5]	Hitachi	-	1.0 µm	730,000
1987	68030	Motorola	16 MHz	1,3 µm	273.000
1987	V70^[4]	NEC	20 MHz	1,5 µm	385.000
1988	i960	Intel	10 MHz	1,5 µm	250.000
1989	VAX DC520 "Rigel"	DEC	35 MHz	1,5 µm	320.000
1989	80486	Intel	25 MHz	1 µm	1.180.000
1989	i860	Intel	25 MHz	1 µm	1.000.000
1990	68040	Motorola	40 MHz	-	1,2
1990	POWER1	IBM	20-30 MHz	1,0 µm	6,9
1991	R4000	MIPS Computer Systems	100 MHz	0,8 µm	1,35
1991	NVAX	DEC	62.5-90.91 MHz	0.75 µm	1.3
1991	RSC	IBM	33 MHz	0.8 µm	1.0^[6]
1992	Alpha 21064	DEC	100-200 MHz	0.75 µm	1.68
1992	microSPARC I	Sun	40-50 MHz	0.8 µm	0.8
1992	PA-7100	Hewlett Packard	100 MHz	0.80 µm	0.85^[7]
1993	PowerPC 601	IBM, Motorola	50-80 MHz	0.6 µm	2.8
1993	Pentium	Intel	60-66 MHz	0.8 µm	3.1
1993	POWER2	IBM	55-71.5 MHz	0.72 µm	23
1994	68060	Motorola	50 MHz	0.6 µm	2.5
1994	Alpha 21064A	DEC	200-300 MHz	0.5 µm	2.85
1994	R4600	QED	100 - 125 MHz	0.65 µm	2.2
1994	PA-7200	Hewlett Packard	125 MHz	0.55 µm	1.26
1994	PowerPC 603	IBM, Motorola	60-120 MHz	0.5 µm	1.6
1994	PowerPC 604	IBM, Motorola	100-180 MHz	0.5 µm	3.6
1994	PA-7100LC	Hewlett Packard	100 MHz	0.75 µm	0.90
1995	Alpha 21164	DEC	266-333 MHz	0.5 µm	9.3
1995	UltraSPARC	Sun	143–167 MHz	0.47 µm	5.2
1995	SPARC64	HAL Computer Systems	101–118 MHz	0.40 µm	-
1995	Pentium Pro	Intel	150-200 MHz	0.35 µm	5.5
1996	Alpha 21164A	DEC	400-500 MHz	0.35 µm	9.7
1996	K5	AMD	75-100 MHz	0.5 µm	4.3
1996	R10000	MTI	150-250 MHz	0.35 µm	6.7
1996	R5000	QED	180 - 250 MHz	0.35 µm	3.7
1996	SPARC64 II	HAL Computer Systems	141–161 MHz	0.35 µm	-
1996	PA-8000	Hewlett-Packard	160-180 MHz	0.50 µm	3.8
1996	P2SC	IBM	150 MHz	0.29 µm	15
1997	Pentium II	Intel	233-300 MHz	0.35 µm	7.5
1997	PowerPC 620	IBM, Motorola	120-150 MHz	0.35 µm	6.9
1997	UltraSPARC IIs	Sun	250-400 MHz	0.35 µm	5.4
1997	S/390 G4	IBM	370 MHz	0.5 µm	7.8
1997	PowerPC 750	IBM, Motorola	233-366 MHz	0.26 µm	6.35
1997	K6	AMD	166-233 MHz	0.35 µm	8.8
1998	Alpha 21264	DEC	450-600 MHz	0.35 µm	15.2
1998	MIPS R12000	SGI	270-400 MHz	0.25 µm, 0.18 µm	6.9
1998	RM7000	QED	250 - 300 MHz	0.25 µm	18
1998	SPARC64 III	HAL Computer Systems	250-330 MHz	0.24 µm	17.6
1998	S/390 G5	IBM	500 MHz	0.25 µm	25
1998	PA-8500	Hewlett Packard	300-440 MHz	0.25 µm	140
1998	POWER3	IBM	200 MHz	0.25 µm	15
1999	Pentium III	Intel	450-600 MHz	0.25 µm	9.5
1999	PowerPC 7400	Motorola	350-500 MHz	0.20 µm	10.5
1999	Athlon	AMD	500-1000 MHz	0.25 µm	22
2000	Athlon XP	AMD	1.33-1.73 GHz	180 nm	37.5
2000	Pentium 4	Intel	1.3-2 GHz	180 nm	42
2000	SPARC64 IV	Fujitsu	450–810 MHz	130 nm	-
2000	z900	IBM	918 MHz	180 nm	47
2001	R14000	MIPS	500-600 MHz	130 nm	7.2
2001	POWER4	IBM	1.1-1.4 GHz	90 nm	174
2001	UltraSPARC III	Sun	750-1200 MHz	130 nm	29
2001	Itanium	Intel	733-800 MHz	180 nm	25
2001	PowerPC 7450	Motorola	733-800 MHz	180 nm	33
2002	Itanium 2	Intel	0.9-1 GHz	180 nm	410
2003	PowerPC 970	IBM	1.6-2.0 MHz	130 nm	52
2003	Pentium M	Intel	0.9-1.7 GHz	130 nm	77
2003	SPARC64 V	Fujitsu	1.1-1.35 GHz	130 nm	190
2003	Opteron	AMD	1.4-2.4 GHz	130 nm	106
2004	POWER5	IBM	1.65-1.9 GHz	130 nm	276
2005	Athlon 64 X2	AMD	2-2.4 GHz	90 nm	243
2005	UltraSPARC IV	Sun	1.05-1.35 GHz	130 nm	66
2005	UltraSPARC T1	Sun	1-1.4 GHz	90 nm	300
2006	Core Duo	Intel	1.1-2.33 GHz	65 nm	151
2006	Core 2	Intel	1.06-2.67 GHz	65 nm	291
2006	Cell/B.E.	IBM, Sony, Toshiba	3.2-4.6 GHz	90 nm	241
2007	POWER6	IBM	3.5-4.7 GHz	65 nm	790
2007	UltraSPARC T2	Sun	1-1.4 GHz	65 nm	503
2008	Phenom	AMD	1,8-2,6 GHz	65 nm	450
2008	z10	IBM	4,4 GHz	65 nm	991
2008	Atom	Intel	0,8-1,6 GHz	45 nm	47
2008	Core i7	Intel	2,66-3,2 GHz	45 nm	730
2009	Phenom II	AMD	2,5-3,2 GHz	45 nm	758
2010	POWER7	IBM	3–4.14 GHz	45 nm	1200
2010	Itanium "Tukwila"	Intel	2 GHz	65 nm	2000
2010	Opteron "Magny-cours"	AMD	1.7–2.4 GHz	45 nm	1810
2010	Xeon "Nehalem-EX"	Intel	1.73–2.66 GHz	45 nm	2300
2010	z196	IBM	3.8–5.2 GHz	45 nm	1400
2010	SPARC T3	Sun	1.6 GHz	45 nm	2000
2010	SPARC64 VII+	Fujitsu	2.66–3.0 GHz	45 nm	?
2010	Intel "Westmere"	Intel	1.86–3.33 GHz	32 nm	1170
2011	Intel "Sandy Bridge"	Intel	1.6–3.4 GHz	32 nm	995^[8]
2011	AMD Llano	AMD	1.0–1.6 GHz	40 nm	380^[9]
2011	Xeon E7	Intel	1.73–2.67 GHz	32 nm	2600
2011	Power ISA BGQ	IBM	1.6 GHz	45 nm	1470
2011	SPARC64 VIIIfx	Fujitsu	2.0 GHz	45 nm	760
2011	FX "Bulldozer" Interlagos	AMD	3.1–3.6 GHz	32 nm	1200^[10]
2011	SPARC T4	Oracle	2.8–3 GHz	40 nm	855
2012	SPARC64 IXfx	Fujitsu	1.848 GHz	40 nm	1870
2012	zEC12	IBM	5.5 GHz	32 nm	2750
2012	POWER7+	IBM	3.1–5.3 GHz	32 nm	2100
2012	Itanium "Poulson"	Intel	1.73–2.53 GHz	32 nm	3100
2013	Intel "Haswell"	Intel	1.9–4.4 GHz	22 nm	1400
2013	SPARC64 X	Fujitsu	2.8–3 GHz	28 nm	2950
2013	SPARC T5	Oracle	3.6 GHz	28 nm	1500
2014	POWER8	IBM	2.5–5 GHz	22 nm	4200
2014	Intel "Broadwell"	Intel	1.8-4 GHz	14 nm	1900
2015	z13	IBM	5 GHz	22 nm	3990
2015	A8-7670K	AMD	3.6 GHz	28 nm	2410
2017	Zen	AMD	3.2–4.1 GHz	14 nm	4800
2017	z14	IBM	5.2 GHz	14 nm	6100
2017	POWER9	IBM	4 GHz	14 nm	8000
2017	SPARC M8^[11]	Oracle	5 GHz	20 nm	~10,000^[12]
2018	Intel "Cannon Lake"	Intel	2.2-3.2 GHz	10 nm	?
2018	Zen+	AMD	2.8-3.7 GHz	12 nm	4800
2019	Zen 2	AMD	2-4.7 GHz	7 nm	3900
2019	z15	IBM	5.2 GHz	14 nm	9200

Referències modifica

↑ Cuesta, Albert «Quaranta anys d'un xip màgic». Diari Ara [Barcelona], núm.352, 17-11-2011, p.52. ISSN: 2014-010X.
↑ «Berkeley Hardware Prototypes». [Consulta: 15 juny 2008].
↑ Patterson, David A. «Reduced instruction set computers». Communications of the ACM, 28, 1985, pàg. 8. DOI: 10.1145/2465.214917.
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 Kimura S, Komoto Y, Yano Y «Implementation of the V60/V70 and its FRM function». Micro, IEEE, 8, 2, 1988, pàg. 22–36. DOI: 10.1109/40.527.
↑ Inayoshi H, Kawasaki I, Nishimukai T, Sakamura K «Realization of Gmicro/200». Micro, IEEE, 8, 2, 1988, pàg. 12–21. DOI: 10.1109/40.526.
↑ Moore CR, Balser DM, Muhich JS, East RE (1992). "IBM Single Chip RISC Processor (RSC)". Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design on VLSI in Computer & Processors: 200–4, IEEE Computer Society [Consulta: 28 octubre 2009] Arxivat 2013-10-04 a Wayback Machine. «Còpia arxivada». Arxivat de l'original el 2013-10-04. [Consulta: 28 octubre 2009].
↑ «PA-RISC Processors». [Consulta: 11 maig 2008].
↑ Anand Lal Shimpi. «A Closer Look at the Sandy Bridge Die». AnandTech, 10-01-2011.
↑ renethx. «Cedar (HD 5450) and Zacate (E350) are manufactured in TSMC 40 nm process». A: AMD Zacate — the next great HTPC chip?, 10 novembre 2011.
↑ «AMD Revises Bulldozer Transistor Count: 1.2B, not 2B». AnandTech, 02-12-2011.
↑ «Sparc M8 processor». Oracle Corp.
↑ ^{[enllaç sense format]} https://www.nextplatform.com/2017/09/18/m8-last-hurrah-oracle-sparc/

[1] Cuesta, Albert «Quaranta anys d'un xip màgic». Diari Ara [Barcelona], núm.352, 17-11-2011, p.52. ISSN: 2014-010X.

[2] «Berkeley Hardware Prototypes». [Consulta: 15 juny 2008].

[3] Patterson, David A. «Reduced instruction set computers». Communications of the ACM, 28, 1985, pàg. 8. DOI: 10.1145/2465.214917.

[NEC-4] 4,0 ^4,1 Kimura S, Komoto Y, Yano Y «Implementation of the V60/V70 and its FRM function». Micro, IEEE, 8, 2, 1988, pàg. 22–36. DOI: 10.1109/40.527.

[5] Inayoshi H, Kawasaki I, Nishimukai T, Sakamura K «Realization of Gmicro/200». Micro, IEEE, 8, 2, 1988, pàg. 12–21. DOI: 10.1109/40.526.

[6] Moore CR, Balser DM, Muhich JS, East RE (1992). "IBM Single Chip RISC Processor (RSC)". Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design on VLSI in Computer & Processors: 200–4, IEEE Computer Society [Consulta: 28 octubre 2009] Arxivat 2013-10-04 a Wayback Machine. «Còpia arxivada». Arxivat de l'original el 2013-10-04. [Consulta: 28 octubre 2009].

[7] «PA-RISC Processors». [Consulta: 11 maig 2008].

[8] Anand Lal Shimpi. «A Closer Look at the Sandy Bridge Die». AnandTech, 10-01-2011.

[9] renethx. «Cedar (HD 5450) and Zacate (E350) are manufactured in TSMC 40 nm process». A: AMD Zacate — the next great HTPC chip?, 10 novembre 2011.

[10] «AMD Revises Bulldozer Transistor Count: 1.2B, not 2B». AnandTech, 02-12-2011.

[SPARC_M8-11] «Sparc M8 processor». Oracle Corp.

[12] {[enllaç sense format]} https://www.nextplatform.com/2017/09/18/m8-last-hurrah-oracle-sparc/

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