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States and union territories of India

Further information: Administrative divisions of India
"State of India" redirects here. For other uses, see State of India (disambiguation).
"Indian state" redirects here. For the historical territory in the United States of America, see Indian Territory.

India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories,[1] for a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and smaller administrative divisions.

States and union territories of India
CategoryFederated states
LocationRepublic of India
Number28 States
8 Union territories
PopulationsStates: Sikkim – 610,577 (lowest)
Uttar Pradesh – 199,812,341 (highest)
Union Territories: Lakshadweep – 64,473 (lowest)
Delhi – 16,787,941 (highest)
AreasStates: Goa – 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi) (smallest)
Rajasthan – 342,269 km2 (132,151 sq mi) (largest)
Union territories: Lakshadweep – 32 km2 (12 sq mi) (smallest)
Ladakh – 59,146 km2 (22,836 sq mi) (largest)
Government
Subdivisions

The states of India are self-governing administrative divisions, each having a state government. The governing powers of the states are shared between the state government and the union government. On the other hand, the union territories are directly governed by the union government. Though some of the union territories have their own territorial government, they do not have police forces.

History edit

1876–1919 edit

Administrative divisions of the Indian Empire in 1909

The Indian Empire was a very complex political entity consisting of various imperial divisions and states and territories of varying autonomy. At the time of its establishment in 1876, it was made up of 584 constituent states and the directly ruled territories of the Crown. The entire empire was divided into provinces and agencies.

A province consisted of territory under the direct rule of the Emperor of India (who was also the King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions) and a few minor states, ruled by Indian princes under the suzerainty of the Emperor. A Governor or Lieutenant-Governor acted as the representative of the Emperor to that province and head of government of the directly ruled territories in the province. The governor or lieutenant-governor also served as the Emperor's representative to the constituent states of the province. The first three of the lieutenant-governorships were territories annexed to India from other powers and temporarily governed by the erstwhile Bengal Presidency before being made into their own separate provinces. Agra and Bengal were still considered de jure parts of the defunct Bengal Presidency for judicial and legal purposes. Agra was finally separated in 1878 and merged with Oudh. The Bengal Presidency was re-established in 1912 as a governorship. All these provinces had their own legislatures established by the Indian Councils Acts and high courts established by Indian High Courts Acts. Laws passed by these legislatures needed the dual ascent of the governor or lieutenant-governor of the province and the governor-general of India who functioned as the representative of the Emperor.

In addition to these, there were certain territories ruled directly by the Government of India through nominated chief commissioners. These were former independent states annexed to India and since ruled directly by the Supreme Government.

  • There were the three chief commissioner's provinces. These did not have a legislature or a high court. These were:

A vast majority of the Indian states in the late nineteenth century were, in terms of imperial divisions, organised within the provinces. However a good amount of states were organised into imperial structures called agencies (or residencies). An Agent to the Governor-General (AGG) functioned as the Emperor's representative to all the states in the agency.

1919–1935 edit

In 1919, the fourth Government of India was enacted by the Crown. This saw many major changes. The legislatures of the provinces were made elected ones rather than nominated ones. Some provinces were given bicameral legislatures. All provinces were elevated to governorships and all lieutenant governors were made governors. Burma was given a special status and made an autonomous province.

The Chamber of Princes was established by Emperor George V in 1920. One the major consequences of this was the creation of many more agencies from the states of the provinces, thus granting them direct relations with the Emperor instead of with the Governors.

This saw the separation of all the states from the provinces and addition to before-mentioned agencies. This left all the provinces with only territories under direct Crown rule.

1935–1947 edit

The latter years of the Indian Empire saw the enactment of the last Government of India Act by the Crown. This act granted full autonomy to Indian provinces. Provincial laws no longer needed the ascent of the governor-general. This act also created the office of a Premier in each province who functioned as the new head of government and was responsible to the provincial legislature. Bengal, Madras and Bombay which had been till now styled Presidencies, were now officially styled as provinces. The provinces of Orissa and Sind were created from Bihar and Bombay respectively. The Province of Burma which had previously functioned as an autonomous province of India was now separated from the Indian Empire and established as the Crown Colony of Burma.

In 1947, the last Act of the Crown was passed. The act dissolved the Indian Empire, the Imperial Legislative Council and the Chamber of Princes and the Union of India was consequently established from 9 former Indian provinces (East Punjab, United Provinces, Central Provinces, Madras, Bombay, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal and Assam) and 562 former Indian states.

1947–1950 edit

Administrative divisions of the Union of India in 1949
Main articles: Political integration of India, Instrument of Accession, Annexation of Junagadh, and Annexation of Hyderabad

Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces and states, such as Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Malwa Union, Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States Union, and Patiala and East Punjab States Union, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate states. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".[2] The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:[citation needed]

States reorganisation (1951–1956) edit

Main articles: Goa liberation movement, Andhra movement, Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and States Reorganisation Commission

Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State.[3]

The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal in 1954. In the same year Pondicherry, comprising the former French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé, was transferred to India; this became a union territory in 1962.[4]

Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli, declaring the short-lived de facto state of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[5][6][7][8]

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.[9]

As a result of this act:

Post-1956 edit

Main articles: Mahagujarat movement, Punjabi Suba movement, Annexation of Goa, 1967 Goa status referendum, 1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum, Uttarakhand movement, and Telangana movement

Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.[10] The former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963.[11] The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh.[12] The act also designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.[13][14]

Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. The north-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972.[15] Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished.[16] In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became a separate union territory as Daman and Diu.[17]

In November 2000, three new states were created, namely:

Pondicherry was renamed Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa was renamed Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh.[22][23]

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, effective from 31 October 2019.[24] Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, effective from 26 January 2020.[25][26][27]

Current proposals edit

Main article: Proposed states and union territories of India

States and Union territories edit

See also: List of state and union territory capitals in India

States edit

StateISOVehicle
code		ZoneCapitalLargest cityStatehoodPopulation
(2011)[28][29]		Area
(km2)		Official
languages[30]		Additional official
languages[30]
Andhra PradeshIN-APAPSouthernAmaravatiVisakhapatnam1 November 195649,506,799162,975TeluguUrdu[31]
Arunachal PradeshIN-ARARNorth-EasternItanagar20 February 19871,383,72783,743English—
AssamIN-ASASNorth-EasternDispurGuwahati26 January 195031,205,57678,438Assamese, BoroBengali
BiharIN-BRBREasternPatna26 January 1950104,099,45294,163HindiUrdu
ChhattisgarhIN-CGCGCentralRaipur[a]1 November 200025,545,198135,194HindiChhattisgarhi
GoaIN-GAGAWesternPanajiVasco da Gama30 May 19871,458,5453,702KonkaniMarathi
GujaratIN-GJGJWesternGandhinagarAhmedabad1 May 196060,439,692196,024Gujarati, Hindi—
HaryanaIN-HRHRNorthernChandigarhFaridabad1 November 196625,351,46244,212HindiPunjabi[32]
Himachal PradeshIN-HPHPNorthernShimla (Summer)
Dharamshala (Winter)[33]		Shimla25 January 19716,864,60255,673HindiSanskrit[34]
JharkhandIN-JHJHEasternRanchiJamshedpur15 November 200032,988,13479,714HindiAngika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Bhumij, Ho, Kharia, Khortha, Kurmali, Kurukh, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali, Urdu[35][36]
KarnatakaIN-KAKASouthernBangalore1 November 195661,095,297191,791Kannada—
KeralaIN-KLKLSouthernThiruvananthapuram1 November 195633,406,06138,863MalayalamEnglish[37]
Madhya PradeshIN-MPMPCentralBhopalIndore1 November 195672,626,809308,252Hindi—
MaharashtraIN-MHMHWesternMumbai (Summer)
Nagpur (Winter)[38][39]		Mumbai1 May 1960112,374,333307,713Marathi—
ManipurIN-MNMNNorth-EasternImphal21 January 19722,855,79422,327MeiteiEnglish
MeghalayaIN-MLMLNorth-EasternShillong21 January 19722,966,88922,429English—
MizoramIN-MZMZNorth-EasternAizawl20 February 19871,097,20621,081Mizo, English—
NagalandIN-NLNLNorth-EasternKohimaDimapur1 December 19631,978,50216,579English—
OdishaIN-ODODEasternBhubaneswar26 January 195041,974,218155,707Odia—
PunjabIN-PBPBNorthernChandigarhLudhiana1 November 196627,743,33850,362Punjabi—
RajasthanIN-RJRJNorthernJaipur26 January 195068,548,437342,239HindiEnglish
SikkimIN-SKSKNorth-EasternGangtok16 May 1975610,5777,096Nepali, Sikkimese, Lepcha, English[40]Gurung, Limbu, Magar, Mukhia, Newari, Rai, Sherpa, Tamang
Tamil NaduIN-TNTNSouthernChennai1 November 195672,147,030130,058TamilEnglish
TelanganaIN-TSTSSouthernHyderabad[b]2 June 201435,193,978[46]112,077[46]TeluguUrdu[47]
TripuraIN-TRTRNorth-EasternAgartala21 January 19723,673,91710,491Bengali, English, Kokborok—
Uttar PradeshIN-UPUPCentralLucknow26 January 1950199,812,341240,928HindiUrdu
UttarakhandIN-UKUKCentralBhararisain (Summer)
Dehradun (Winter)[48]		Dehradun9 November 200010,086,29253,483HindiSanskrit[49]
West BengalIN-WBWBEasternKolkata26 January 195091,276,11588,752Bengali, EnglishNepali,[c] Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali, Telugu, Urdu, Kamatapuri, Rajbanshi, Kurmali, Kurukh
  1. ^ Nava Raipur is planned to replace Raipur as the capital city of Chhattisgarh.
  2. ^ Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014.[41][42][43] Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.[44] The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city Amaravati in early 2017.[45]
  3. ^ Bengali and Nepali are the official languages in the Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of the Darjeeling district.

Union territories edit

This section is an excerpt from Union territory § Current union territories.[edit]
State[50]ISO[51]Vehicle
code[52]		Zone[53]Capital[50]Largest city[54]Established[55]Population
(2011)[56]		Area
(km2)[57]		Official
languages[58]		Additional official
languages[58]
Andaman and Nicobar IslandsIN-ANANSouthernPort Blair1 November 1956380,5818,249Hindi, English—
ChandigarhIN-CHCHNorthernChandigarh1 November 19661,055,450114English—
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and DiuIN-DHDDWesternDamanSilvassa26 January 2020587,106603Hindi, EnglishGujarati
DelhiIN-DLDLNorthernNew DelhiDelhi1 November 195616,787,9411,484Hindi, EnglishUrdu, Punjabi[59]
Jammu and KashmirIN-JKJKNorthernSrinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter)[60]		Srinagar31 October 201912,258,43342,241Dogri, English, Hindi, Kashmiri, Urdu—
LadakhIN-LALANorthernLeh (Summer)
Kargil (Winter)[61]		Leh31 October 2019290,49259,146Hindi, English—
LakshadweepIN-LDLDSouthernKavarattiAndrott1 November 195664,47332Hindi, EnglishMalayalam
PuducherryIN-PYPYSouthernPondicherry16 August 19621,247,953479Tamil, French, EnglishTelugu, Malayalam

Former states and union territories edit

Former states edit

MapStateCapitalYearsPresent-day state(s)
Ajmer StateAjmer1950–1956Rajasthan
Andhra StateKurnool1953–1956Andhra Pradesh
Bhopal StateBhopal1949–1956Madhya Pradesh
Bilaspur StateBilaspur1950–1954Himachal Pradesh
Bombay StateBombay1950–1960Maharashtra, Gujarat, and partially Karnataka
Coorg StateMadikeri1950–1956Karnataka
East PunjabShimla (1947–1953)
Chandigarh (1953–1966)		1947–1966Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh UT
Hyderabad StateHyderabad1948–1956Telangana, and partially Maharashtra and Karnataka
Jammu and KashmirSrinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter)		1952–2019Jammu and Kashmir UT and

Ladakh UT

Kutch StateBhuj1947–1956Gujarat
Madhya BharatIndore (Summer)
Gwalior (Winter)		1948–1956Madhya Pradesh
Madras StateMadras1950–1969Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and partially Karnataka and Kerala
Mysore StateBangalore1947–1973Karnataka
Patiala and East Punjab States UnionPatiala1948–1956Punjab and Haryana
SaurashtraRajkot1948–1956Gujarat
Travancore–CochinTrivandrum1949–1956Kerala and partially Tamil Nadu
Vindhya PradeshRewa1948–1956Madhya Pradesh

Former union territories edit

This section is an excerpt from Union territory § Former union territories.[edit]
Former union territories of India[55][62]
NameZoneCapitalAreaBeginEndSuccessor(s)Map
Arunachal PradeshNorth-EasternItanagar83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi)21 January 197220 February 1987As an Indian state
Dadra and Nagar HaveliWesternSilvassa491 km2 (190 sq mi)11 August 196126 January 2020Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT)
Daman and DiuWesternDaman112 km2 (43 sq mi)30 May 198726 January 2020Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT)
Goa, Daman and DiuWesternPanaji3,814 km2 (1,473 sq mi)19 December 196130 May 1987Goa (state), Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT)
HimachalNorthernShimla55,673 km2 (21,495 sq mi)1 November 195625 January 1971As an Indian state
ManipurNorth-EasternImphal22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi)1 November 195621 January 1972As an Indian state
MizoramNorth-EasternAizawl21,081 km2 (8,139 sq mi)21 January 197220 February 1987As an Indian state
NagalandNorth-EasternKohima16,579 km2 (6,401 sq mi)29 November 19571 December 1963As an Indian state
TripuraNorth-EasternAgartala10,491 km2 (4,051 sq mi)1 November 195621 January 1972As an Indian state

Responsibilities and authorities edit

Main articles: Federalism in India, Union List, State List, and Concurrent List

The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.[63]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "States and Union Territories". Know India Programme. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  2. ^ "Article 1". Constitution of India. Ministry of Law & Justice. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012.
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  6. ^ Dasgupta, Reshmi R. (10 August 2019). "Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
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  63. ^ "Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the Ramanaiah case that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is coextensive and coterminous with its respective legislative power." Territoriality of executive powers of states in India Archived 31 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Balwant Singh Malik, Constitutional Law, 1998

External links edit

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