Wajah hitam

Wajah hitam (bahasa Inggris: blackface) adalah sebuah bentuk tata rias teatrikal yang umum dipakai untuk pementas non-kulit hitam untuk mewakili karikatur orang kulit hitam. Praktik tersebut meraih ketenaran pada abad ke-19 dan berkontribusi pada merebaknya stereotipe rasial

Bacaan tambahan

Abbott, Lynn, & Seroff, Doug (2008). Ragged but Right: Black Traveling Shows, "Coon Songs," and the Dark Pathway to Blues and Jazz. Diarsipkan 2009-05-14 di Wayback Machine. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
Armstron-De Vreeze, Pamela (1997). "Surviving Zwarte Piet — a Black mother in the Netherlands copes with a racist institution in Dutch culture". Essence magazine. ^{[pranala nonaktif]}
Bas, Marcel (2013). Zwarte Piet: discriminerend of fascinerend?. Aspekt Uitgeverij. ISBN 9789461534095.
Chude-Sokei, Louis (2005). The Last Darky: Bert Williams, Black-on-Black Minstrelsy and the African Diaspora. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3643-X.
Cockrell, Dale (1997). Demons of Disorder: Early Blackface Minstrels and their World. Cambridge Studies in American Theatre and Drama. ISBN 0-521-56828-5.
Levinthal, David (1999). Blackface. Arena. ISBN 1-892041-06-5.
Lhamon, Jr., W.T. (1998). Raising Cain: Blackface Performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-74711-9.
Hughes, Langston; Meltzer, Milton (1967). Black Magic: A Pictorial History of Black Entertainers in America. New York: Bonanza Books. ISBN 0-306-80406-9.
Lott, Eric (1993). Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507832-2.
Malik, Sarita. "The Black and White Minstrel Show". Museum of Broadcast Communications. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-05-14. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-08.
Rogin, Michael (1998). Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21380-7.
Sacks, Howard L., and Sacks, Judith (1993). Way up North in Dixie: A Black Family's Claim to the Confederate Anthem. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Sammond, Nicholas (2015). Birth of an Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Strausbaugh, John (2006). Black Like You: Blackface, Whiteface, Insult and Imitation in American Popular Culture. Jeremy P. Tarcher / Penguin. ISBN 1-58542-498-6.
Toll, Robert C. (1974). Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6300-5.
Twain, Mark (1924). "XIX, dictated 1906-11-30". Mark Twain's Autobiography. New York: Albert Bigelow Paine. LCCN 24025122.
Watkins, Mel (1999). On the Real Side: A History of African American Comedy from Slavery to Chris Rock. Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books. ISBN 1-55652-351-3.

Pranala luar

Umum

Zwarte Piet

Zwarte Piet? – Boom Chicago rap video satire of Run DMC's "Christmas in Hollis"
Expatica's Dutch News in English: Annual Zwarte Piet Debate Diarsipkan 2012-10-03 di Wayback Machine.
"Who is Black Peter?" from Ferris State University
Zwarte Piet film by Adwa Foundation, Rotterdam, and the Global Afrikan Congress^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
Zwarte Piet (Belanda)

Balthazar di Spanyol