The voiced palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʎ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter ⟨y⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L.
| Voiced palatal lateral approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʎ | |||
| IPA Number | 157 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʎ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+028E | ||
| X-SAMPA | L | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| l̠ʲ | |
| ʎ̟ |
Many languages that were previously thought to have a palatal lateral approximant actually have a lateral approximant that is, broadly, alveolo-palatal; that is to say, it is articulated at a place in-between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate (excluded), and it may be variously described as alveolo-palatal, lamino-postalveolar,[1] or postalveolo-prepalatal.[2] None of the 13 languages investigated by Recasens (2013), many of them Romance, has a 'true' palatal.[3] That is likely the case for several other languages listed here. Some languages, like Portuguese and Catalan, have a lateral approximant that varies between alveolar and alveolo-palatal.[4]
There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolo-palatal lateral approximant. If precision is desired, it may be transcribed ⟨l̠ʲ⟩ or ⟨ʎ̟⟩; they are essentially equivalent because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is also a non-IPA letter U+0234 ȴ LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CURL; ⟨ȴ⟩ ("l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩) is used especially in Sinological circles.
The voiced palatal lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its voiceless counterpart /ʎ̥/ in the Xumi language spoken in China.[5][6]
Features edit
Cased forms of the IPA letter in the Pilagá alphabet. The capital is not supported by Unicode.
Features of the voiced palatal lateral approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence edit
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian[7] | Malsia e Madhe | lule | [ˈʎuʎɛ] | 'flower' | |
| Arbëresh | |||||
| Arvanitika | |||||
| Aragonese | agulla | [a̠ˈɣuʎa̠] | 'needle' | ||
| Aromanian | ljepuri | [ˈʎe̞puri] | 'rabbit' | ||
| Astur-Leonese | Asturian | llingua | [ˈʎĩŋɡwa̝] | 'language' | Where /ʎ/ is absent and replaced by different sounds (depending on dialect), a phenomenon known as che vaqueira, its corresponding sounds are spelled ⟨ḷḷ⟩. |
| Leonese | |||||
| Mirandese | lhéngua | [ˈʎɛ̃ɡwɐ] | |||
| Aymara | llaki | [ʎaki] | 'sad' | ||
| Basque | bonbilla | [bo̞mbiʎa̠] | 'bulb' | ||
| Breton | familh | [fa̠miʎ] | 'family' | ||
| Bulgarian | любов | [ʎuˈbof] | 'love' | Alveolo-palatal. See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | Standard | llac | [ˈʎ̟a̠k] | 'lake' | Alveolo-palatal.[2] See Catalan phonology |
| Eastern Aragon | clau | [ˈkʎ̟a̠ʊ̯] | 'key' | Allophone of /l/ in consonant clusters. | |
| Chipaya | lloqa | [ʎoqa] | 'bank' | See Chipaya languages | |
| English | Australian | million | [ˈmɪʎən] | 'million' | A frequent allophone of the sequence /lj/ |
| Canadian (Atlantic and Newfoundland) | |||||
| County Donegal[8] | Allophone of the sequence /lj/.[8] | ||||
| General American[9] | A frequent allophone of the sequence /lj/; sometimes realized as [jj].[9] See English phonology | ||||
| Hiberno-English | A frequent allophone of the sequence /lj/ | ||||
| New England | |||||
| New York City | |||||
| New Zealand | |||||
| Received Pronunciation | |||||
| South African | |||||
| Southern American | |||||
| Philippine | gorilla | [goˈɾɪʎɐ] | 'gorilla' | Common realization of ⟨ll⟩ between vowels due to Spanish influence.[citation needed] | |
| Enindhilyagwa | angalya | [aŋal̠ʲa] | 'place' | Laminal post-alveolar | |
| Faroese[10] | telgja | [ˈtʰɛʎt͡ʃa] | 'to carve' | Allophone of /l/ before palatal consonants.[10] Sometimes voiceless [ʎ̥].[10] See Faroese phonology | |
| Franco-Provençal | balyi | [baʎi] | 'give' | ||
| French | Some dialects[11] | papillon | [papiʎɒ̃] | 'butterfly' | Corresponds to /j/ in modern standard French. See French phonology |
| Galician | Standard | illado | [iˈʎa̠ðo̝] | 'insulated' | Most Galician speakers, especially the urban and younger populations, are nowadays yeístas[12] because of influence from Spanish |
| Greek | ήλιος | 'sun' | Postalveolar.[13] See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Hungarian | Northern dialects[14] | lyuk | [ʎuk] | 'hole' | Alveolo-palatal.[15] Modern Standard Hungarian has undergone a phenomenon akin to Spanish yeísmo, merging /ʎ/ into /j/. See Hungarian ly and Hungarian phonology |
| Irish | duille | [ˈd̪ˠɪl̠ʲə] | 'leaf' | Alveolo-palatal. Some dialects contrast it with palatalized alveolar /lʲ/. See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[2] | figlio | 'son' | Alveolo-palatal.[2] Realized as fricative [ʎ̝] in a large number of accents.[16] See Italian phonology | ||
| Ivilyuat | Ivil̃uɂat | [ʔivɪʎʊʔat] | 'the speaking [Ivilyuat]' ('Ivilyuat language') | ||
| Jaqaru | allaka | [a'ʎaka] | 'pumpkin' | See Jaqaru Language | |
| Jebero | llinllin[17] | [ʎinʎin] | 'name' | See Jebero Language | |
| Korean | Seoul dialect | 천리마 / cheollima | [t͡ɕʰʌ̹ʎʎima̠] | 'qianlima' | /l/ is palatalized to [ʎ] before /i, j/ and before palatal consonant allophones[18] |
| Latvian | ļaudis | [ʎàwdis] | 'people' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Mapudungun | aylla | [ˈɐjʎɜ] | 'nine' | See Mapuche language | |
| Norwegian | Northern and central dialects[19] | alle | [ɑʎːe] | 'all' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Standard | miralhar | [miɾa̠ˈʎa̠] | 'to reflect' | See Occitan phonology |
| Paiwan | Standard | veljevelj | [vəʎəvəʎ] | 'banana' | See Paiwan language |
| Paez | silli | [siʎi] | 'reed' | See Paezan languages | |
| Portuguese | Standard | alho | [ˈaʎu] | 'garlic' | Alveolo-palatal in European Portuguese.[20] May instead be [lʲ], [l] (Northeast) or [j] (Caipira), especially before unrounded vowels.[21][22] See Portuguese phonology |
| Many dialects[23] | sandália | [sɐ̃ˈda̠l̠ʲɐ] | 'sandal' | Possible realization of post-stressed /li/ plus vowel. | |
| Quechua[24] | qallu | [qaʎʊ] | 'tongue' | ||
| Romanian | Transylvanian dialects[25] | lingură | [ˈʎinɡurə] | 'spoon' | Corresponds to [l][in which environments?] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Scottish Gaelic[26] | till | [tʲʰiːʎ] | 'return' | Alveolo-palatal.[citation needed] See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[27] | љуљaшка / ljuljaška | [ʎ̟ǔʎ̟äːʂkä] | 'swing (seat)' | Palato-alveolar.[27] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Sissano | piyl | [piʎ] | 'fish' | ||
| Slovak | ľúbiť | 'to love' | Merges with /l/ in western dialects. See Slovak phonology | ||
| Spanish[28] | Andean (from Argentina to Colombia) | caballo | [ka̠ˈβ̞a̠.ʎo̞] | 'horse' | Found in traditional speakers in Peninsular Spanish. Also found in Andean countries and Paraguay. For most speakers, this sound has merged with /ʝ/, a phenomenon called yeísmo. See Spanish phonology. "Caballo" with yeísmo is pronounced [ka̠ˈβ̞a̠.ʝo̞] |
| Castilian, Aragonese and Catalonian outside of large cities[29] | |||||
| Central areas in Extremadura | |||||
| Eastern and southwestern Manchego[citation needed] | |||||
| Murcian | |||||
| Paraguayan[30] | |||||
| Philippine | |||||
| Very few areas in Andalusia | |||||
| Xumi | Lower[5] | [ʎ̟o˩˥] | 'musk deer' | Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiceless /ʎ̥/.[5][6] | |
| Upper[6] | [ʎ̟ɛ˦] | 'correct, right' | |||
See also edit
- Yeísmo, a feature of Spanish dialects that have merged this sound with [ʝ]
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes edit
- ^ Recasens (2013:2), citing Ladefoged (1997:602)
- ^ a b c d Recasens et al. (1993), p. 222.
- ^ Recasens (2013), p. 11.
- ^ Recasens (2013), pp. 10–13.
- ^ a b c Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
- ^ a b c Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
- ^ Dedvukaj, Lindon; Ndoci, Rexhina (2023). "Linguistic variation within the Northwestern Gheg Albanian dialect". Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America. 8 (1). Linguistic Society of America: 7. doi:10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5501.
- ^ a b Stenson (1991), cited in Hickey (2004:71)
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 490.
- ^ a b c Árnason (2011), p. 115.
- ^ Grevisse & Goosse (2011, §33, b), Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006:47)
- ^ Regueira, Xosé L. (December 1996). "Galician". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 26 (2): 119–122. doi:10.1017/S0025100300006162.
- ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
- ^ Benkő (1972), p. ?.
- ^ Recasens (2013), p. 10.
- ^ Ashby (2011:64): "(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of [ʎ], creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)."
- ^ "Diccionario Shiwilu o Jebero (Pano-Tacanas) | PDF | Lengua española | Vocal". Scribd. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ Crosby, Drew; Dalola, Amanda (March 2021). "Phonetic variation in the Korean liquid phoneme". Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America. 6 (1): 706–707, 711. doi:10.3765/plsa.v6i1.5002. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ^ Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
- ^ Teixeira et al. (2012), p. 321.
- ^ Stein (2011), p. 223.
- ^ Aragão (2009), p. 168.
- ^ "Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-06.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 149.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ^ Oftedal (1956), p. ?.
- ^ a b Jazić (1977:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:188)
- ^ [1] Archived 2015-11-20 at the Wayback Machine ALPI
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ^ Peña Arce, Jaime (2015). "Yeísmo en el español de América. Algunos apuntes sobre su extensión" [Yeísmo in the Spanish spoken in America. Some notes on its extension]. Revista de Filología de la Universidad de la Laguna (in Spanish). 33: 175–199. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
References edit
- Aragão, Maria do Socorro Silva de (2009), Os estudos fonético-fonológicos nos estados da Paraíba e do Ceará [The phonetic-phonological studies in Paraíba and Ceará states] (PDF) (in Portuguese), archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11, retrieved 2017-08-10
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
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- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
- Benkő, Loránd (1972), "The Hungarian Language", in Imre, Samu (ed.), Janua Linguarum, Series Practica, vol. 134, The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter
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- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169[permanent dead link]
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- Fagyal, Zsuzsanna; Kibbee, Douglas; Jenkins, Fred (2006). French: a linguistic introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511791185. ISBN 978-0521528962.
- Grevisse, Maurice; Goosse, André (2011), Le Bon usage (in French), Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boeck Duculot, ISBN 978-2-8011-1642-5
- Hickey, Raymon (2004), "Irish English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 68–97, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
- Jazić, Đorđe (1977), Osnovi fonetike ruskog jezika: ruski glasovni sistem u poređenju sa srpskohrvatskim, Beograd: Naučna knjiga
- Oftedal, M. (1956), The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Ladefoged, Peter (1997), "Linguistic phonetic descriptions", in Harcastle, William J.; Laver, John (eds.), The handbook of the phonetic sciences, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 589–618
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Oxford: Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
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