| Mr. Ibrahem/Herpes labialis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Cold sores,[1] fever blisters,[1] herpes simplex labialis,[2] recurrent herpes labialis,[3] orolabial herpes[4] |
.jpg) | |
| Herpes labialis of the lower lip. Note the blisters in a group marked by an arrow. | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | Burning pain followed by small blisters or sores[1] |
| Complications | Herpes encephalitis, herpetic whitlow[5] |
| Usual onset | < 20 years old[1] |
| Duration | Heals within 10 days[1] |
| Causes | Typically herpes simplex virus type 1 (direct contact)[4] |
| Diagnostic method | Usually based on symptoms[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Herpangina, aphthous stomatitis, impetigo, mononucleosis[6] |
| Prevention | Avoiding exposure, antiviral medication[3][7] |
| Treatment | Zinc oxide, anesthetic, or antiviral cream,[1] antivirals by mouth[3] |
| Prognosis | Good[1] |
| Frequency | 2.5 per 1,000 affected per year[1] |
Herpes labialis, commonly known as cold sores, is a type of infection by the herpes simplex virus that affects primarily the lip.[4] Symptoms typically include a burning pain followed by small blisters or sores.[1] The first attack may also be accompanied by fever, sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes.[1][8] The rash usually heals within 10 days, but the virus remains dormant in the trigeminal ganglion.[1] The virus may periodically reactivate to create another outbreak of sores in the mouth or lip.[1]
The cause is usually herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and occasionally herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).[1] The infection is typically spread between people by direct non-sexual contact.[9] Attacks can be triggered by sunlight, fever, psychological stress, or a menstrual period.[1][8] Direct contact with the genitals can result in genital herpes.[1] Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms but can be confirmed with specific testing.[1][8]
Prevention includes avoiding kissing or using the personal items of a person who is infected.[7] A zinc oxide, anesthetic, or antiviral cream appears to decrease the duration of symptoms by a small amount.[1] Antiviral medications may also decrease the frequency of outbreaks.[1][3]
About 2.5 per 1000 people are affected with outbreaks in any given year.[1] After one episode about 33% of people develop subsequent episodes.[1] Onset often occurring in those less than 20 years old and 80% develop antibodies for the virus by this age.[1] In those with recurrent outbreaks, these typically happen less than three times a year.[10] The frequency of outbreaks generally decreases over time.[1]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Opstelten W, Neven AK, Eekhof J (December 2008). "Treatment and prevention of herpes labialis". Can Fam Physician. 54 (12): 1683–1687. PMC 2602638. PMID 19074705. Archived from the original on 2010-10-28.
- ^ "Oral Herpes – National Library of Medicine". PubMed Health. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
- ^ a b c d Rahimi H, Mara T, Costella J, Speechley M, Bohay R (May 2012). "Effectiveness of antiviral agents for the prevention of recurrent herpes labialis: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 113 (5): 618–627. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2011.10.010. PMID 22668620.
- ^ a b c James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2020). "19. Viral diseases". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 363–364. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6. Archived from the original on 2022-06-04. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
- ^ Kennedy, PG; Rovnak, J; Badani, H; Cohrs, RJ (July 2015). "A comparison of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus latency and reactivation". The Journal of General Virology. 96 (Pt 7): 1581–1602. doi:10.1099/vir.0.000128. PMC 4635449. PMID 25794504.
- ^ Buttaro, Terry Mahan (2013). Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 257. ISBN 978-0323075015. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
- ^ a b "Cold Sores / Herpes". www.bccdc.ca. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
- ^ a b c Stoopler, ET; Sollecito, TP (November 2014). "Oral mucosal diseases: evaluation and management". The Medical Clinics of North America. 98 (6): 1323–1352. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2014.08.006. PMID 25443679.
- ^ "STD Facts – Genital Herpes". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
- ^ Craft, Noah; Fox, Lindy P.; Goldsmith, Lowell A.; Papier, Art; Birnbaum, Ron; Mercurio, Mary Gail (2011). VisualDx: Essential Adult Dermatology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 349. ISBN 9781451148282. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.