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Uniform 4-polytope

(Redirected from Uniform polychoron)
Schlegel diagram for the truncated 120-cell with tetrahedral cells visible
Orthographic projection of the truncated 120-cell, in the H3 Coxeter plane (D10 symmetry). Only vertices and edges are drawn.

In geometry, a uniform 4-polytope (or uniform polychoron)[1] is a 4-dimensional polytope which is vertex-transitive and whose cells are uniform polyhedra, and faces are regular polygons.

There are 47 non-prismatic convex uniform 4-polytopes. There are two infinite sets of convex prismatic forms, along with 17 cases arising as prisms of the convex uniform polyhedra. There are also an unknown number of non-convex star forms.

History of discovery

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  • Convex Regular polytopes:
    • 1852: Ludwig Schläfli proved in his manuscript Theorie der vielfachen Kontinuität that there are exactly 6 regular polytopes in 4 dimensions and only 3 in 5 or more dimensions.
  • Regular star 4-polytopes (star polyhedron cells and/or vertex figures)
  • Convex semiregular polytopes: (Various definitions before Coxeter's uniform category)
    • 1900: Thorold Gosset enumerated the list of nonprismatic semiregular convex polytopes with regular cells (Platonic solids) in his publication On the Regular and Semi-Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions. In four dimensions, this gives the rectified 5-cell, the rectified 600-cell, and the snub 24-cell.[2]
    • 1910: Alicia Boole Stott, in her publication Geometrical deduction of semiregular from regular polytopes and space fillings, expanded the definition by also allowing Archimedean solid and prism cells. This construction enumerated 45 semiregular 4-polytopes, corresponding to the nonprismatic forms listed below. The snub 24-cell and grand antiprism were missing from her list.[3]
    • 1911: Pieter Hendrik Schoute published Analytic treatment of the polytopes regularly derived from the regular polytopes, followed Boole-Stott's notations, enumerating the convex uniform polytopes by symmetry based on 5-cell, 8-cell/16-cell, and 24-cell.
    • 1912: E. L. Elte independently expanded on Gosset's list with the publication The Semiregular Polytopes of the Hyperspaces, polytopes with one or two types of semiregular facets.[4]
  • Convex uniform polytopes:
    • 1940: The search was expanded systematically by H.S.M. Coxeter in his publication Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes.
    • Convex uniform 4-polytopes:
      • 1965: The complete list of convex forms was finally enumerated by John Horton Conway and Michael Guy, in their publication Four-Dimensional Archimedean Polytopes, established by computer analysis, adding only one non-Wythoffian convex 4-polytope, the grand antiprism.
      • 1966 Norman Johnson completes his Ph.D. dissertation The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs under advisor Coxeter, completes the basic theory of uniform polytopes for dimensions 4 and higher.
      • 1986 Coxeter published a paper Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II which included analysis of the unique snub 24-cell structure, and the symmetry of the anomalous grand antiprism.
      • 1998[5]-2000: The 4-polytopes were systematically named by Norman Johnson, and given by George Olshevsky's online indexed enumeration (used as a basis for this listing). Johnson named the 4-polytopes as polychora, like polyhedra for 3-polytopes, from the Greek roots poly ("many") and choros ("room" or "space").[6] The names of the uniform polychora started with the 6 regular polychora with prefixes based on rings in the Coxeter diagrams; truncation t0,1, cantellation, t0,2, runcination t0,3, with single ringed forms called rectified, and bi, tri-prefixes added when the first ring was on the second or third nodes.[7][8]
      • 2004: A proof that the Conway-Guy set is complete was published by Marco Möller in his dissertation, Vierdimensionale Archimedische Polytope. Möller reproduced Johnson's naming system in his listing.[9]
      • 2008: The Symmetries of Things[10] was published by John H. Conway and contains the first print-published listing of the convex uniform 4-polytopes and higher dimensional polytopes by Coxeter group family, with general vertex figure diagrams for each ringed Coxeter diagram permutation—snub, grand antiprism, and duoprisms—which he called proprisms for product prisms. He used his own ijk-ambo naming scheme for the indexed ring permutations beyond truncation and bitruncation, and all of Johnson's names were included in the book index.
  • Nonregular uniform star 4-polytopes: (similar to the nonconvex uniform polyhedra)
    • 1966: Johnson describes three nonconvex uniform antiprisms in 4-space in his dissertation.[11]
    • 1990-2006: In a collaborative search, up to 2005 a total of 1845 uniform 4-polytopes (convex and nonconvex) had been identified by Jonathan Bowers and George Olshevsky,[12] with an additional four discovered in 2006 for a total of 1849. The count includes the 74 prisms of the 75 non-prismatic uniform polyhedra (since that is a finite set – the cubic prism is excluded as it duplicates the tesseract), but not the infinite categories of duoprisms or prisms of antiprisms.[13]
    • 2020-2023: 342 new polychora were found, bringing up the total number of known uniform 4-polytopes to 2191. The list has not been proven complete.[13][14]

Regular 4-polytopes

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Regular 4-polytopes are a subset of the uniform 4-polytopes, which satisfy additional requirements. Regular 4-polytopes can be expressed with Schläfli symbol {p,q,r} have cells of type {p,q}, faces of type {p}, edge figures {r}, and vertex figures {q,r}.

The existence of a regular 4-polytope {p,q,r} is constrained by the existence of the regular polyhedra {p,q} which becomes cells, and {q,r} which becomes the vertex figure.

Existence as a finite 4-polytope is dependent upon an inequality:[15]

The 16 regular 4-polytopes, with the property that all cells, faces, edges, and vertices are congruent:

Convex uniform 4-polytopes

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Symmetry of uniform 4-polytopes in four dimensions

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Main article: Point groups in four dimensions
Orthogonal subgroups
The 24 mirrors of F4 can be decomposed into 2 orthogonal D4 groups:
  1. = (12 mirrors)
  2. = (12 mirrors)
The 10 mirrors of B3×A1 can be decomposed into orthogonal groups, 4A1 and D3:
  1. = (3+1 mirrors)
  2. = (6 mirrors)

There are 5 fundamental mirror symmetry point group families in 4-dimensions: A4 = , B4 = , D4 = , F4 = , H4 = .[7] There are also 3 prismatic groups A3A1 = , B3A1 = , H3A1 = , and duoprismatic groups: I2(p)×I2(q) = . Each group defined by a Goursat tetrahedron fundamental domain bounded by mirror planes.

Each reflective uniform 4-polytope can be constructed in one or more reflective point group in 4 dimensions by a Wythoff construction, represented by rings around permutations of nodes in a Coxeter diagram. Mirror hyperplanes can be grouped, as seen by colored nodes, separated by even-branches. Symmetry groups of the form [a,b,a], have an extended symmetry, [[a,b,a]], doubling the symmetry order. This includes [3,3,3], [3,4,3], and [p,2,p]. Uniform polytopes in these group with symmetric rings contain this extended symmetry.

If all mirrors of a given color are unringed (inactive) in a given uniform polytope, it will have a lower symmetry construction by removing all of the inactive mirrors. If all the nodes of a given color are ringed (active), an alternation operation can generate a new 4-polytope with chiral symmetry, shown as "empty" circled nodes", but the geometry is not generally adjustable to create uniform solutions.

Weyl
group		Conway
Quaternion		Abstract
structure		OrderCoxeter
diagram		Coxeter
notation		Commutator
subgroup		Coxeter
number
(h)		Mirrors
m=2h
Irreducible
A4+1/60[I×I].21S5120[3,3,3][3,3,3]+510
D4±1/3[T×T].21/2.2S4192[31,1,1][31,1,1]+612
B4±1/6[O×O].22S4 = S2≀S4384[4,3,3]8412
F4±1/2[O×O].233.2S41152[3,4,3][3+,4,3+]121212
H4±[I×I].22.(A5×A5).214400[5,3,3][5,3,3]+3060
Prismatic groups
A3A1+1/24[O×O].23S4×D148[3,3,2] = [3,3]×[ ][3,3]+-61
B3A1±1/24[O×O].2S4×D196[4,3,2] = [4,3]×[ ]-361
H3A1±1/60[I×I].2A5×D1240[5,3,2] = [5,3]×[ ][5,3]+-151
Duoprismatic groups (Use 2p,2q for even integers)
I2(p)I2(q)±1/2[D2p×D2q]Dp×Dq4pq[p,2,q] = [p]×[q][p+,2,q+]-p q
I2(2p)I2(q)±1/2[D4p×D2q]D2p×Dq8pq[2p,2,q] = [2p]×[q]-p p q
I2(2p)I2(2q)±1/2[D4p×D4q]D2p×D2q16pq[2p,2,2q] = [2p]×[2q]-p p q q

Enumeration

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There are 64 convex uniform 4-polytopes, including the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes, and excluding the infinite sets of the duoprisms and the antiprismatic prisms.

  • 5 are polyhedral prisms based on the Platonic solids (1 overlap with regular since a cubic hyperprism is a tesseract)
  • 13 are polyhedral prisms based on the Archimedean solids
  • 9 are in the self-dual regular A4 [3,3,3] group (5-cell) family.
  • 9 are in the self-dual regular F4 [3,4,3] group (24-cell) family. (Excluding snub 24-cell)
  • 15 are in the regular B4 [3,3,4] group (tesseract/16-cell) family (3 overlap with 24-cell family)
  • 15 are in the regular H4 [3,3,5] group (120-cell/600-cell) family.
  • 1 special snub form in the [3,4,3] group (24-cell) family.
  • 1 special non-Wythoffian 4-polytope, the grand antiprism.
  • TOTAL: 68 − 4 = 64

These 64 uniform 4-polytopes are indexed below by George Olshevsky. Repeated symmetry forms are indexed in brackets.

In addition to the 64 above, there are 2 infinite prismatic sets that generate all of the remaining convex forms:

The A4 family

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Further information: A4 polytope

The 5-cell has diploid pentachoric [3,3,3] symmetry,[7] of order 120, isomorphic to the permutations of five elements, because all pairs of vertices are related in the same way.

Facets (cells) are given, grouped in their Coxeter diagram locations by removing specified nodes.

[3,3,3] uniform polytopes
#Name
Bowers name (and acronym)		Vertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
and Schläfli
symbols		Cell counts by locationElement counts
Pos. 3

(5)		Pos. 2

(10)		Pos. 1

(10)		Pos. 0

(5)		CellsFacesEdgesVertices
15-cell
Pentachoron[7] (pen)
{3,3,3}		(4)

(3.3.3)		510105
2rectified 5-cell
Rectified pentachoron (rap)
r{3,3,3}		(3)

(3.3.3.3)		(2)

(3.3.3)		10303010
3truncated 5-cell
Truncated pentachoron (tip)
t{3,3,3}		(3)

(3.6.6)		(1)

(3.3.3)		10304020
4cantellated 5-cell
Small rhombated pentachoron (srip)
rr{3,3,3}		(2)

(3.4.3.4)		(2)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.3.3.3)		20809030
7cantitruncated 5-cell
Great rhombated pentachoron (grip)
tr{3,3,3}		(2)

(4.6.6)		(1)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.6.6)		208012060
8runcitruncated 5-cell
Prismatorhombated pentachoron (prip)
t0,1,3{3,3,3}		(1)

(3.6.6)		(2)

(4.4.6)		(1)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.4.3.4)		3012015060
[[3,3,3]] uniform polytopes
#Name
Bowers name (and acronym)		Vertex
figure		Coxeter diagram

and Schläfli
symbols		Cell counts by locationElement counts
Pos. 3-0

(10)		Pos. 1-2

(20)		AltCellsFacesEdgesVertices
5*runcinated 5-cell
Small prismatodecachoron (spid)
t0,3{3,3,3}		(2)

(3.3.3)		(6)

(3.4.4)		30706020
6*bitruncated 5-cell
Decachoron (deca)
2t{3,3,3}		(4)

(3.6.6)		10406030
9*omnitruncated 5-cell
Great prismatodecachoron (gippid)
t0,1,2,3{3,3,3}		(2)

(4.6.6)		(2)

(4.4.6)		30150240120
Nonuniformomnisnub 5-cell
Snub decachoron (snad)
Snub pentachoron (snip)[16]
ht0,1,2,3{3,3,3}		 (2)
(3.3.3.3.3)		 (2)
(3.3.3.3)		 (4)
(3.3.3)		9030027060

The three uniform 4-polytopes forms marked with an asterisk, *, have the higher extended pentachoric symmetry, of order 240, [[3,3,3]] because the element corresponding to any element of the underlying 5-cell can be exchanged with one of those corresponding to an element of its dual. There is one small index subgroup [3,3,3]+, order 60, or its doubling [[3,3,3]]+, order 120, defining an omnisnub 5-cell which is listed for completeness, but is not uniform.

The B4 family

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Further information: B4 polytope

This family has diploid hexadecachoric symmetry,[7] [4,3,3], of order 24×16=384: 4!=24 permutations of the four axes, 24=16 for reflection in each axis. There are 3 small index subgroups, with the first two generate uniform 4-polytopes which are also repeated in other families, [1+,4,3,3], [4,(3,3)+], and [4,3,3]+, all order 192.

Tesseract truncations

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#Name
(Bowers name and acronym)		Vertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
and Schläfli
symbols		Cell counts by locationElement counts
Pos. 3

(8)		Pos. 2

(24)		Pos. 1

(32)		Pos. 0

(16)		CellsFacesEdgesVertices
10tesseract or 8-cell
Tesseract (tes)
{4,3,3}		(4)

(4.4.4)		8243216
11Rectified tesseract (rit)
r{4,3,3}		(3)

(3.4.3.4)		(2)

(3.3.3)		24889632
13Truncated tesseract (tat)
t{4,3,3}		(3)

(3.8.8)		(1)

(3.3.3)		248812864
14Cantellated tesseract
Small rhombated tesseract (srit)
rr{4,3,3}		(2)

(3.4.4.4)		(2)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.3.3.3)		5624828896
15Runcinated tesseract
(also runcinated 16-cell)
Small disprismatotesseractihexadecachoron (sidpith)
t0,3{4,3,3}		(1)

(4.4.4)		(3)

(4.4.4)		(3)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.3.3)		8020819264
16Bitruncated tesseract
(also bitruncated 16-cell)
Tesseractihexadecachoron (tah)
2t{4,3,3}		(2)

(4.6.6)		(2)

(3.6.6)		2412019296
18Cantitruncated tesseract
Great rhombated tesseract (grit)
tr{4,3,3}		(2)

(4.6.8)		(1)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.6.6)		56248384192
19Runcitruncated tesseract
Prismatorhombated hexadecachoron (proh)
t0,1,3{4,3,3}		(1)

(3.8.8)		(2)

(4.4.8)		(1)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.4.3.4)		80368480192
21Omnitruncated tesseract
(also omnitruncated 16-cell)
Great disprismatotesseractihexadecachoron (gidpith)
t0,1,2,3{3,3,4}		(1)

(4.6.8)		(1)

(4.4.8)		(1)

(4.4.6)		(1)

(4.6.6)		80464768384
Related half tesseract, [1+,4,3,3] uniform 4-polytopes
#Name
(Bowers style acronym)		Vertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
and Schläfli
symbols		Cell counts by locationElement counts
Pos. 3

(8)		Pos. 2

(24)		Pos. 1

(32)		Pos. 0

(16)		AltCellsFacesEdgesVertices
12Half tesseract
Demitesseract
= 16-cell (hex)		 =
h{4,3,3}={3,3,4}		(4)

(3.3.3)		(4)

(3.3.3)		1632248
[17]Cantic tesseract
= Truncated 16-cell (thex)		 =
h2{4,3,3}=t{4,3,3}		(4)

(6.6.3)		(1)

(3.3.3.3)		249612048
[11]Runcic tesseract
= Rectified tesseract (rit)		 =
h3{4,3,3}=r{4,3,3}		(3)

(3.4.3.4)		(2)

(3.3.3)		24889632
[16]Runcicantic tesseract
= Bitruncated tesseract (tah)		 =
h2,3{4,3,3}=2t{4,3,3}		(2)

(3.4.3.4)		(2)

(3.6.6)		2412019296
[11]= Rectified tesseract (rat) =
h1{4,3,3}=r{4,3,3}		24889632
[16]= Bitruncated tesseract (tah) =
h1,2{4,3,3}=2t{4,3,3}		2412019296
[23]= Rectified 24-cell (rico) =
h1,3{4,3,3}=rr{3,3,4}		4824028896
[24]= Truncated 24-cell (tico) =
h1,2,3{4,3,3}=tr{3,3,4}		48240384192
#Name
(Bowers style acronym)		Vertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
and Schläfli
symbols		Cell counts by locationElement counts
Pos. 3

(8)		Pos. 2

(24)		Pos. 1

(32)		Pos. 0

(16)		AltCellsFacesEdgesVertices
Nonuniformomnisnub tesseract
Snub tesseract (snet)[17]
(Or omnisnub 16-cell)
ht0,1,2,3{4,3,3}		(1)

(3.3.3.3.4)		(1)

(3.3.3.4)		(1)

(3.3.3.3)		(1)

(3.3.3.3.3)		(4)

(3.3.3)		272944864192

16-cell truncations

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#Name (Bowers name and acronym)Vertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
and Schläfli
symbols		Cell counts by locationElement counts
Pos. 3

(8)		Pos. 2

(24)		Pos. 1

(32)		Pos. 0

(16)		AltCellsFacesEdgesVertices
[12]16-cell
Hexadecachoron[7] (hex)
{3,3,4}		(8)

(3.3.3)		1632248
[22]*Rectified 16-cell
(Same as 24-cell) (ico)		 =
r{3,3,4}		(2)

(3.3.3.3)		(4)

(3.3.3.3)		24969624
17Truncated 16-cell
Truncated hexadecachoron (thex)
t{3,3,4}		(1)

(3.3.3.3)		(4)

(3.6.6)		249612048
[23]*Cantellated 16-cell
(Same as rectified 24-cell) (rico)		 =
rr{3,3,4}		(1)

(3.4.3.4)		(2)

(4.4.4)		(2)

(3.4.3.4)		4824028896
[15]Runcinated 16-cell
(also runcinated tesseract) (sidpith)
t0,3{3,3,4}		(1)

(4.4.4)		(3)

(4.4.4)		(3)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.3.3)		8020819264
[16]Bitruncated 16-cell
(also bitruncated tesseract) (tah)
2t{3,3,4}		(2)

(4.6.6)		(2)

(3.6.6)		2412019296
[24]*Cantitruncated 16-cell
(Same as truncated 24-cell) (tico)		 =
tr{3,3,4}		(1)

(4.6.6)		(1)

(4.4.4)		(2)

(4.6.6)		48240384192
20Runcitruncated 16-cell
Prismatorhombated tesseract (prit)
t0,1,3{3,3,4}		(1)

(3.4.4.4)		(1)

(4.4.4)		(2)

(4.4.6)		(1)

(3.6.6)		80368480192
[21]Omnitruncated 16-cell
(also omnitruncated tesseract) (gidpith)
t0,1,2,3{3,3,4}		(1)

(4.6.8)		(1)

(4.4.8)		(1)

(4.4.6)		(1)

(4.6.6)		80464768384
[31]alternated cantitruncated 16-cell
(Same as the snub 24-cell) (sadi)
sr{3,3,4}		(1)

(3.3.3.3.3)		(1)

(3.3.3)		(2)

(3.3.3.3.3)		(4)

(3.3.3)		14448043296
NonuniformRuncic snub rectified 16-cell
Pyritosnub tesseract (pysnet)
sr3{3,3,4}		(1)

(3.4.4.4)		(2)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(4.4.4)		(1)

(3.3.3.3.3)		(2)

(3.4.4)		176656672192
(*) Just as rectifying the tetrahedron produces the octahedron, rectifying the 16-cell produces the 24-cell, the regular member of the following family.

The snub 24-cell is repeat to this family for completeness. It is an alternation of the cantitruncated 16-cell or truncated 24-cell, with the half symmetry group [(3,3)+,4]. The truncated octahedral cells become icosahedra. The cubes becomes tetrahedra, and 96 new tetrahedra are created in the gaps from the removed vertices.

The F4 family

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Further information: F4 polytope

This family has diploid icositetrachoric symmetry,[7] [3,4,3], of order 24×48=1152: the 48 symmetries of the octahedron for each of the 24 cells. There are 3 small index subgroups, with the first two isomorphic pairs generating uniform 4-polytopes which are also repeated in other families, [3+,4,3], [3,4,3+], and [3,4,3]+, all order 576.

[3,4,3] uniform 4-polytopes
#NameVertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
and Schläfli
symbols		Cell counts by locationElement counts
Pos. 3

(24)		Pos. 2

(96)		Pos. 1

(96)		Pos. 0

(24)		CellsFacesEdgesVertices
2224-cell
(Same as rectified 16-cell)
Icositetrachoron[7] (ico)
{3,4,3}		(6)

(3.3.3.3)		24969624
23rectified 24-cell
(Same as cantellated 16-cell)
Rectified icositetrachoron (rico)
r{3,4,3}		(3)

(3.4.3.4)		(2)

(4.4.4)		4824028896
24truncated 24-cell
(Same as cantitruncated 16-cell)
Truncated icositetrachoron (tico)
t{3,4,3}		(3)

(4.6.6)		(1)

(4.4.4)		48240384192
25cantellated 24-cell
Small rhombated icositetrachoron (srico)
rr{3,4,3}		(2)

(3.4.4.4)		(2)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.4.3.4)		144720864288
28cantitruncated 24-cell
Great rhombated icositetrachoron (grico)
tr{3,4,3}		(2)

(4.6.8)		(1)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.8.8)		1447201152576
29runcitruncated 24-cell
Prismatorhombated icositetrachoron (prico)
t0,1,3{3,4,3}		(1)

(4.6.6)		(2)

(4.4.6)		(1)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.4.4.4)		24011041440576
[3+,4,3] uniform 4-polytopes
#NameVertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
and Schläfli
symbols		Cell counts by locationElement counts
Pos. 3

(24)		Pos. 2

(96)		Pos. 1

(96)		Pos. 0

(24)		AltCellsFacesEdgesVertices
31†snub 24-cell
Snub disicositetrachoron (sadi)
s{3,4,3}		(3)

(3.3.3.3.3)		(1)

(3.3.3)		(4)

(3.3.3)		14448043296
Nonuniformruncic snub 24-cell
Prismatorhombisnub icositetrachoron (prissi)
s3{3,4,3}		(1)

(3.3.3.3.3)		(2)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.6.6)		(3)

Tricup		2409601008288
[25]cantic snub 24-cell
(Same as cantellated 24-cell) (srico)
s2{3,4,3}		(2)

(3.4.4.4)		(1)

(3.4.3.4)		(2)

(3.4.4)		144720864288
[29]runcicantic snub 24-cell
(Same as runcitruncated 24-cell) (prico)
s2,3{3,4,3}		(1)

(4.6.6)		(1)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.4.4.4)		(2)

(4.4.6)		24011041440576
(†) The snub 24-cell here, despite its common name, is not analogous to the snub cube; rather, it is derived by an alternation of the truncated 24-cell. Its symmetry number is only 576, (the ionic diminished icositetrachoric group, [3+,4,3]).

Like the 5-cell, the 24-cell is self-dual, and so the following three forms have twice as many symmetries, bringing their total to 2304 (extended icositetrachoric symmetry [[3,4,3]]).

[[3,4,3]] uniform 4-polytopes
#NameVertex
figure		Coxeter diagram

and Schläfli
symbols		Cell counts by locationElement counts
Pos. 3-0


(48)		Pos. 2-1


(192)		CellsFacesEdgesVertices
26runcinated 24-cell
Small prismatotetracontoctachoron (spic)
t0,3{3,4,3}		(2)

(3.3.3.3)		(6)

(3.4.4)		240672576144
27bitruncated 24-cell
Tetracontoctachoron (cont)
2t{3,4,3}		(4)

(3.8.8)		48336576288
30omnitruncated 24-cell
Great prismatotetracontoctachoron (gippic)
t0,1,2,3{3,4,3}		(2)

(4.6.8)		(2)

(4.4.6)		240139223041152
[[3,4,3]]+ isogonal 4-polytope
#NameVertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
and Schläfli
symbols		Cell counts by locationElement counts
Pos. 3-0


(48)		Pos. 2-1


(192)		AltCellsFacesEdgesVertices
Nonuniformomnisnub 24-cell
Snub tetracontoctachoron (snoc)
Snub icositetrachoron (sni)[18]
ht0,1,2,3{3,4,3}		(2)

(3.3.3.3.4)		(2)

(3.3.3.3)		(4)

(3.3.3)		81628322592576

The H4 family

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Further information: H4 polytope

This family has diploid hexacosichoric symmetry,[7] [5,3,3], of order 120×120=24×600=14400: 120 for each of the 120 dodecahedra, or 24 for each of the 600 tetrahedra. There is one small index subgroups [5,3,3]+, all order 7200.

120-cell truncations

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#Name
(Bowers name and acronym)		Vertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
and Schläfli
symbols		Cell counts by locationElement counts
Pos. 3

(120)		Pos. 2

(720)		Pos. 1

(1200)		Pos. 0

(600)		AltCellsFacesEdgesVertices
32120-cell
(hecatonicosachoron or dodecacontachoron)[7]
Hecatonicosachoron (hi)
{5,3,3}		(4)

(5.5.5)		1207201200600
33rectified 120-cell
Rectified hecatonicosachoron (rahi)
r{5,3,3}		(3)

(3.5.3.5)		(2)

(3.3.3)		720312036001200
36truncated 120-cell
Truncated hecatonicosachoron (thi)
t{5,3,3}		(3)

(3.10.10)		(1)

(3.3.3)		720312048002400
37cantellated 120-cell
Small rhombated hecatonicosachoron (srahi)
rr{5,3,3}		(2)

(3.4.5.4)		(2)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.3.3.3)		19209120108003600
38runcinated 120-cell
(also runcinated 600-cell)
Small disprismatohexacosihecatonicosachoron (sidpixhi)
t0,3{5,3,3}		(1)

(5.5.5)		(3)

(4.4.5)		(3)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.3.3)		2640744072002400
39bitruncated 120-cell
(also bitruncated 600-cell)
Hexacosihecatonicosachoron (xhi)
2t{5,3,3}		(2)

(5.6.6)		(2)

(3.6.6)		720432072003600
42cantitruncated 120-cell
Great rhombated hecatonicosachoron (grahi)
tr{5,3,3}		(2)

(4.6.10)		(1)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.6.6)		19209120144007200
43runcitruncated 120-cell
Prismatorhombated hexacosichoron (prix)
t0,1,3{5,3,3}		(1)

(3.10.10)		(2)

(4.4.10)		(1)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.4.3.4)		264013440180007200
46omnitruncated 120-cell
(also omnitruncated 600-cell)
Great disprismatohexacosihecatonicosachoron (gidpixhi)
t0,1,2,3{5,3,3}		(1)

(4.6.10)		(1)

(4.4.10)		(1)

(4.4.6)		(1)

(4.6.6)		2640170402880014400
Nonuniformomnisnub 120-cell
Snub hecatonicosachoron (snahi)[19]
(Same as the omnisnub 600-cell)
ht0,1,2,3{5,3,3}		 (1)
(3.3.3.3.5)		 (1)
(3.3.3.5)		 (1)
(3.3.3.3)		 (1)
(3.3.3.3.3)		 (4)
(3.3.3)		984035040324007200

600-cell truncations

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#Name
(Bowers style acronym)		Vertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
and Schläfli
symbols		SymmetryCell counts by locationElement counts
Pos. 3

(120)		Pos. 2

(720)		Pos. 1

(1200)		Pos. 0

(600)		CellsFacesEdgesVertices
35600-cell
Hexacosichoron[7] (ex)
{3,3,5}		[5,3,3]
order 14400		(20)

(3.3.3)		6001200720120
[47]20-diminished 600-cell
= Grand antiprism (gap)		Nonwythoffian
construction		[[10,2+,10]]
order 400
Index 36		(2)

(3.3.3.5)		(12)

(3.3.3)		320720500100
[31]24-diminished 600-cell
= Snub 24-cell (sadi)		Nonwythoffian
construction		[3+,4,3]
order 576
index 25		(3)

(3.3.3.3.3)		(5)

(3.3.3)		14448043296
Nonuniformbi-24-diminished 600-cell
Bi-icositetradiminished hexacosichoron (bidex)		Nonwythoffian
construction		order 144
index 100		(6)

tdi		4819221672
34rectified 600-cell
Rectified hexacosichoron (rox)
r{3,3,5}		[5,3,3](2)

(3.3.3.3.3)		(5)

(3.3.3.3)		72036003600720
Nonuniform120-diminished rectified 600-cell
Swirlprismatodiminished rectified hexacosichoron (spidrox)		Nonwythoffian
construction		order 1200
index 12		(2)

3.3.3.5		(2)

4.4.5		(5)

P4		84026402400600
41truncated 600-cell
Truncated hexacosichoron (tex)
t{3,3,5}		[5,3,3](1)

(3.3.3.3.3)		(5)

(3.6.6)		720360043201440
40cantellated 600-cell
Small rhombated hexacosichoron (srix)
rr{3,3,5}		[5,3,3](1)

(3.5.3.5)		(2)

(4.4.5)		(1)

(3.4.3.4)		14408640108003600
[38]runcinated 600-cell
(also runcinated 120-cell) (sidpixhi)
t0,3{3,3,5}		[5,3,3](1)

(5.5.5)		(3)

(4.4.5)		(3)

(3.4.4)		(1)

(3.3.3)		2640744072002400
[39]bitruncated 600-cell
(also bitruncated 120-cell) (xhi)
2t{3,3,5}		[5,3,3](2)

(5.6.6)		(2)

(3.6.6)		720432072003600
45cantitruncated 600-cell
Great rhombated hexacosichoron (grix)
tr{3,3,5}		[5,3,3](1)

(5.6.6)		(1)

(4.4.5)		(2)

(4.6.6)		14408640144007200
44runcitruncated 600-cell
Prismatorhombated hecatonicosachoron (prahi)
t0,1,3{3,3,5}		[5,3,3](1)

(3.4.5.4)		(1)

(4.4.5)		(2)

(4.4.6)		(1)

(3.6.6)		264013440180007200
[46]omnitruncated 600-cell
(also omnitruncated 120-cell) (gidpixhi)
t0,1,2,3{3,3,5}		[5,3,3](1)

(4.6.10)		(1)

(4.4.10)		(1)

(4.4.6)		(1)

(4.6.6)		2640170402880014400

The D4 family

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Further information: D4 polytope

This demitesseract family, [31,1,1], introduces no new uniform 4-polytopes, but it is worthy to repeat these alternative constructions. This family has order 12×16=192: 4!/2=12 permutations of the four axes, half as alternated, 24=16 for reflection in each axis. There is one small index subgroups that generating uniform 4-polytopes, [31,1,1]+, order 96.

[31,1,1] uniform 4-polytopes
#Name (Bowers style acronym)Vertex
figure		Coxeter diagram

=
= 		Cell counts by locationElement counts
Pos. 0

(8)		Pos. 2

(24)		Pos. 1

(8)		Pos. 3

(8)		Pos. Alt
(96)		3210
[12]demitesseract
half tesseract
(Same as 16-cell) (hex)		 =
h{4,3,3}		(4)

(3.3.3)		(4)

(3.3.3)		1632248
[17]cantic tesseract
(Same as truncated 16-cell) (thex)		 =
h2{4,3,3}		(1)

(3.3.3.3)		(2)

(3.6.6)		(2)

(3.6.6)		249612048
[11]runcic tesseract
(Same as rectified tesseract) (rit)		 =
h3{4,3,3}		(1)

(3.3.3)		(1)

(3.3.3)		(3)

(3.4.3.4)		24889632
[16]runcicantic tesseract
(Same as bitruncated tesseract) (tah)		 =
h2,3{4,3,3}		(1)

(3.6.6)		(1)

(3.6.6)		(2)

(4.6.6)		24969624

When the 3 bifurcated branch nodes are identically ringed, the symmetry can be increased by 6, as [3[31,1,1]] = [3,4,3], and thus these polytopes are repeated from the 24-cell family.

[3[31,1,1]] uniform 4-polytopes
#Name (Bowers style acronym)Vertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
=
= 		Cell counts by locationElement counts
Pos. 0,1,3

(24)		Pos. 2

(24)		Pos. Alt
(96)		3210
[22]rectified 16-cell
(Same as 24-cell) (ico)		 = = =
{31,1,1} = r{3,3,4} = {3,4,3}		(6)

(3.3.3.3)		4824028896
[23]cantellated 16-cell
(Same as rectified 24-cell) (rico)		 = = =
r{31,1,1} = rr{3,3,4} = r{3,4,3}		(3)

(3.4.3.4)		(2)

(4.4.4)		2412019296
[24]cantitruncated 16-cell
(Same as truncated 24-cell) (tico)		 = = =
t{31,1,1} = tr{3,3,4} = t{3,4,3}		(3)

(4.6.6)		(1)

(4.4.4)		48240384192
[31]snub 24-cell (sadi) = = =
s{31,1,1} = sr{3,3,4} = s{3,4,3}		(3)

(3.3.3.3.3)		(1)

(3.3.3)		(4)

(3.3.3)		14448043296

Here again the snub 24-cell, with the symmetry group [31,1,1]+ this time, represents an alternated truncation of the truncated 24-cell creating 96 new tetrahedra at the position of the deleted vertices. In contrast to its appearance within former groups as partly snubbed 4-polytope, only within this symmetry group it has the full analogy to the Kepler snubs, i.e. the snub cube and the snub dodecahedron.

The grand antiprism

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There is one non-Wythoffian uniform convex 4-polytope, known as the grand antiprism, consisting of 20 pentagonal antiprisms forming two perpendicular rings joined by 300 tetrahedra. It is loosely analogous to the three-dimensional antiprisms, which consist of two parallel polygons joined by a band of triangles. Unlike them, however, the grand antiprism is not a member of an infinite family of uniform polytopes.

Its symmetry is the ionic diminished Coxeter group, [[10,2+,10]], order 400.

#Name (Bowers style acronym)PictureVertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
and Schläfli
symbols		Cells by typeElement countsNet
CellsFacesEdgesVertices
47grand antiprism (gap)No symbol300
(3.3.3)		20
(3.3.3.5)		32020 {5}
700 {3}		500100

Prismatic uniform 4-polytopes

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A prismatic polytope is a Cartesian product of two polytopes of lower dimension; familiar examples are the 3-dimensional prisms, which are products of a polygon and a line segment. The prismatic uniform 4-polytopes consist of two infinite families:

  • Polyhedral prisms: products of a line segment and a uniform polyhedron. This family is infinite because it includes prisms built on 3-dimensional prisms and antiprisms.
  • Duoprisms: products of two polygons.

Convex polyhedral prisms

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The most obvious family of prismatic 4-polytopes is the polyhedral prisms, i.e. products of a polyhedron with a line segment. The cells of such a 4-polytopes are two identical uniform polyhedra lying in parallel hyperplanes (the base cells) and a layer of prisms joining them (the lateral cells). This family includes prisms for the 75 nonprismatic uniform polyhedra (of which 18 are convex; one of these, the cube-prism, is listed above as the tesseract).[citation needed]

There are 18 convex polyhedral prisms created from 5 Platonic solids and 13 Archimedean solids as well as for the infinite families of three-dimensional prisms and antiprisms.[citation needed] The symmetry number of a polyhedral prism is twice that of the base polyhedron.

Tetrahedral prisms: A3 × A1

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This prismatic tetrahedral symmetry is [3,3,2], order 48. There are two index 2 subgroups, [(3,3)+,2] and [3,3,2]+, but the second doesn't generate a uniform 4-polytope.

[3,3,2] uniform 4-polytopes
#Name (Bowers style acronym)PictureVertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
and Schläfli
symbols		Cells by typeElement countsNet
CellsFacesEdgesVertices
48Tetrahedral prism (tepe)
{3,3}×{ }
t0,3{3,3,2}		2
3.3.3		4
3.4.4		68 {3}
6 {4}		168
49Truncated tetrahedral prism (tuttip)
t{3,3}×{ }
t0,1,3{3,3,2}		2
3.6.6		4
3.4.4		4
4.4.6		108 {3}
18 {4}
8 {6}		4824
[[3,3],2] uniform 4-polytopes
#Name (Bowers style acronym)PictureVertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
and Schläfli
symbols		Cells by typeElement countsNet
CellsFacesEdgesVertices
[51]Rectified tetrahedral prism
(Same as octahedral prism) (ope)
r{3,3}×{ }
t1,3{3,3,2}		2
3.3.3.3		4
3.4.4		616 {3}
12 {4}		3012
[50]Cantellated tetrahedral prism
(Same as cuboctahedral prism) (cope)
rr{3,3}×{ }
t0,2,3{3,3,2}		2
3.4.3.4		8
3.4.4		6
4.4.4		1616 {3}
36 {4}		6024
[54]Cantitruncated tetrahedral prism
(Same as truncated octahedral prism) (tope)
tr{3,3}×{ }
t0,1,2,3{3,3,2}		2
4.6.6		8
6.4.4		6
4.4.4		1648 {4}
16 {6}		9648
[59]Snub tetrahedral prism
(Same as icosahedral prism) (ipe)
sr{3,3}×{ }		2
3.3.3.3.3		20
3.4.4		2240 {3}
30 {4}		7224
Nonuniformomnisnub tetrahedral antiprism
Pyritohedral icosahedral antiprism (pikap)
2
3.3.3.3.3		8
3.3.3.3		6+24
3.3.3		4016+96 {3}9624

Octahedral prisms: B3 × A1

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This prismatic octahedral family symmetry is [4,3,2], order 96. There are 6 subgroups of index 2, order 48 that are expressed in alternated 4-polytopes below. Symmetries are [(4,3)+,2], [1+,4,3,2], [4,3,2+], [4,3+,2], [4,(3,2)+], and [4,3,2]+.

#Name (Bowers style acronym)PictureVertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
and Schläfli
symbols		Cells by typeElement countsNet
CellsFacesEdgesVertices
[10]Cubic prism
(Same as tesseract)
(Same as 4-4 duoprism) (tes)
{4,3}×{ }
t0,3{4,3,2}		2
4.4.4		6
4.4.4		824 {4}3216
50Cuboctahedral prism
(Same as cantellated tetrahedral prism) (cope)
r{4,3}×{ }
t1,3{4,3,2}		2
3.4.3.4		8
3.4.4		6
4.4.4		1616 {3}
36 {4}		6024
51Octahedral prism
(Same as rectified tetrahedral prism)
(Same as triangular antiprismatic prism) (ope)
{3,4}×{ }
t2,3{4,3,2}		2
3.3.3.3		8
3.4.4		1016 {3}
12 {4}		3012
52Rhombicuboctahedral prism (sircope)
rr{4,3}×{ }
t0,2,3{4,3,2}		2
3.4.4.4		8
3.4.4		18
4.4.4		2816 {3}
84 {4}		12048
53Truncated cubic prism (ticcup)
t{4,3}×{ }
t0,1,3{4,3,2}		2
3.8.8		8
3.4.4		6
4.4.8		1616 {3}
36 {4}
12 {8}		9648
54Truncated octahedral prism
(Same as cantitruncated tetrahedral prism) (tope)
t{3,4}×{ }
t1,2,3{4,3,2}		2
4.6.6		6
4.4.4		8
4.4.6		1648 {4}
16 {6}		9648
55Truncated cuboctahedral prism (gircope)
tr{4,3}×{ }
t0,1,2,3{4,3,2}		2
4.6.8		12
4.4.4		8
4.4.6		6
4.4.8		2896 {4}
16 {6}
12 {8}		19296
56Snub cubic prism (sniccup)
sr{4,3}×{ }		2
3.3.3.3.4		32
3.4.4		6
4.4.4		4064 {3}
72 {4}		14448
[48]Tetrahedral prism (tepe)
h{4,3}×{ }		2
3.3.3		4
3.4.4		68 {3}
6 {4}		168
[49]Truncated tetrahedral prism (tuttip)
h2{4,3}×{ }		2
3.3.6		4
3.4.4		4
4.4.6		68 {3}
6 {4}		168
[50]Cuboctahedral prism (cope)
rr{3,3}×{ }		2
3.4.3.4		8
3.4.4		6
4.4.4		1616 {3}
36 {4}		6024
[52]Rhombicuboctahedral prism (sircope)
s2{3,4}×{ }		2
3.4.4.4		8
3.4.4		18
4.4.4		2816 {3}
84 {4}		12048
[54]Truncated octahedral prism (tope)
tr{3,3}×{ }		2
4.6.6		6
4.4.4		8
4.4.6		1648 {4}
16 {6}		9648
[59]Icosahedral prism (ipe)
s{3,4}×{ }		2
3.3.3.3.3		20
3.4.4		2240 {3}
30 {4}		7224
[12]16-cell (hex)
s{2,4,3}		2+6+8
3.3.3.3		1632 {3}248
NonuniformOmnisnub tetrahedral antiprism
= Pyritohedral icosahedral antiprism (pikap)
sr{2,3,4}		2
3.3.3.3.3		8
3.3.3.3		6+24
3.3.3		4016+96 {3}9624
NonuniformEdge-snub octahedral hosochoron
Pyritosnub alterprism (pysna)
sr3{2,3,4}		2
3.4.4.4		6
4.4.4		8
3.3.3.3		24
3.4.4		4016+48 {3}
12+12+24+24 {4}		14448
NonuniformOmnisnub cubic antiprism
Snub cubic antiprism (sniccap)
2
3.3.3.3.4		12+48
3.3.3		8
3.3.3.3		6
3.3.3.4		7616+192 {3}
12 {4}		19248
NonuniformRuncic snub cubic hosochoron
Truncated tetrahedral alterprism (tuta)
s3{2,4,3}		2
3.6.6		6
3.3.3		8
triangular cupola		16526024

Icosahedral prisms: H3 × A1

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This prismatic icosahedral symmetry is [5,3,2], order 240. There are two index 2 subgroups, [(5,3)+,2] and [5,3,2]+, but the second doesn't generate a uniform polychoron.

#Name (Bowers name and acronym)PictureVertex
figure		Coxeter diagram
and Schläfli
symbols		Cells by typeElement countsNet
CellsFacesEdgesVertices
57Dodecahedral prism (dope)
{5,3}×{ }
t0,3{5,3,2}		2
5.5.5		12
4.4.5		1430 {4}
24 {5}		8040
58Icosidodecahedral prism (iddip)
r{5,3}×{ }
t1,3{5,3,2}		2
3.5.3.5		20
3.4.4		12
4.4.5		3440 {3}
60 {4}
24 {5}		15060
59Icosahedral prism
(same as snub tetrahedral prism) (ipe)
{3,5}×{ }
t2,3{5,3,2}		2
3.3.3.3.3		20
3.4.4		2240 {3}
30 {4}		7224
60Truncated dodecahedral prism (tiddip)
t{5,3}×{ }
t0,1,3{5,3,2}		2
3.10.10		20
3.4.4		12
4.4.10		3440 {3}
90 {4}
24 {10}		240120
61Rhombicosidodecahedral prism (sriddip)
rr{5,3}×{ }
t0,2,3{5,3,2}		2
3.4.5.4		20
3.4.4		30
4.4.4		12
4.4.5		6440 {3}
180 {4}
24 {5}		300120
62Truncated icosahedral prism (tipe)
t{3,5}×{ }
t1,2,3{5,3,2}		2
5.6.6		12
4.4.5		20
4.4.6		3490 {4}
24 {5}
40 {6}		240120
63Truncated icosidodecahedral prism (griddip)
tr{5,3}×{ }
t0,1,2,3{5,3,2}		2
4.6.10		30
4.4.4		20
4.4.6		12
4.4.10		64240 {4}
40 {6}
24 {10}		480240
64Snub dodecahedral prism (sniddip)
sr{5,3}×{ }		2
3.3.3.3.5		80
3.4.4		12
4.4.5		94160 {3}
150 {4}
24 {5}		360120
NonuniformOmnisnub dodecahedral antiprism
Snub dodecahedral antiprism (sniddap)
2
3.3.3.3.5		30+120
3.3.3		20
3.3.3.3		12
3.3.3.5		18420+240 {3}
24 {5}		220120

Duoprisms: [p] × [q]

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The simplest of the duoprisms, the 3,3-duoprism, in Schlegel diagram, one of 6 triangular prism cells shown.

The second is the infinite family of uniform duoprisms, products of two regular polygons. A duoprism's Coxeter-Dynkin diagram is . Its vertex figure is a disphenoid tetrahedron, .

This family overlaps with the first: when one of the two "factor" polygons is a square, the product is equivalent to a hyperprism whose base is a three-dimensional prism. The symmetry number of a duoprism whose factors are a p-gon and a q-gon (a "p,q-duoprism") is 4pq if p≠q; if the factors are both p-gons, the symmetry number is 8p2. The tesseract can also be considered a 4,4-duoprism.

The extended f-vector of {p}×{q} is (p,p,1)*(q,q,1) = (pq,2pq,pq+p+q,p+q).

  • Cells: p q-gonal prisms, q p-gonal prisms
  • Faces: pq squares, p q-gons, q p-gons
  • Edges: 2pq
  • Vertices: pq

There is no uniform analogue in four dimensions to the infinite family of three-dimensional antiprisms.

Infinite set of p-q duoprism - - p q-gonal prisms, q p-gonal prisms:

NameCoxeter graphCellsImagesNet
3-3 duoprism (triddip)3+3 triangular prisms
3-4 duoprism (tisdip)3 cubes
4 triangular prisms
4-4 duoprism (tes)
(same as tesseract)		4+4 cubes
3-5 duoprism (trapedip)3 pentagonal prisms
5 triangular prisms
4-5 duoprism (squipdip)4 pentagonal prisms
5 cubes
5-5 duoprism (pedip)5+5 pentagonal prisms
3-6 duoprism (thiddip)3 hexagonal prisms
6 triangular prisms
4-6 duoprism (shiddip)4 hexagonal prisms
6 cubes
5-6 duoprism (phiddip)5 hexagonal prisms
6 pentagonal prisms
6-6 duoprism (hiddip)6+6 hexagonal prisms

3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8

4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8

5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8

6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-7
6-8

7-3
7-4
7-5
7-6
7-7
7-8

8-3
8-4
8-5
8-6
8-7
8-8

Alternations are possible. = gives the family of duoantiprisms, but they generally cannot be made uniform. p=q=2 is the only convex case that can be made uniform, giving the regular 16-cell. p=5, q=5/3 is the only nonconvex case that can be made uniform, giving the so-called great duoantiprism. gives the p-2q-gonal prismantiprismoid (an edge-alternation of the 2p-4q duoprism), but this cannot be made uniform in any cases.[20]

Polygonal prismatic prisms: [p] × [ ] × [ ]

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The infinite set of uniform prismatic prisms overlaps with the 4-p duoprisms: (p≥3) - - p cubes and 4 p-gonal prisms - (All are the same as 4-p duoprism) The second polytope in the series is a lower symmetry of the regular tesseract, {4}×{4}.


Convex p-gonal prismatic prisms
Name{3}×{4}{4}×{4}{5}×{4}{6}×{4}{7}×{4}{8}×{4}{p}×{4}
Coxeter
diagrams


Image




Cells3 {4}×{}
4 {3}×{} 		4 {4}×{}
4 {4}×{} 		5 {4}×{}
4 {5}×{} 		6 {4}×{}
4 {6}×{} 		7 {4}×{}
4 {7}×{} 		8 {4}×{}
4 {8}×{} 		p {4}×{}
4 {p}×{}
Net


Polygonal antiprismatic prisms: [p] × [ ] × [ ]

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The infinite sets of uniform antiprismatic prisms are constructed from two parallel uniform antiprisms): (p≥2) - - 2 p-gonal antiprisms, connected by 2 p-gonal prisms and 2p triangular prisms.

Convex p-gonal antiprismatic prisms
Names{2,2}×{}s{2,3}×{}s{2,4}×{}s{2,5}×{}s{2,6}×{}s{2,7}×{}s{2,8}×{}s{2,p}×{}
Coxeter
diagram







Image
Vertex
figure
Cells2 s{2,2}
(2) {2}×{}={4}
4 {3}×{}		2 s{2,3}
2 {3}×{}
6 {3}×{}		2 s{2,4}
2 {4}×{}
8 {3}×{}		2 s{2,5}
2 {5}×{}
10 {3}×{}		2 s{2,6}
2 {6}×{}
12 {3}×{}		2 s{2,7}
2 {7}×{}
14 {3}×{}		2 s{2,8}
2 {8}×{}
16 {3}×{}		2 s{2,p}
2 {p}×{}
2p {3}×{}
Net

A p-gonal antiprismatic prism has 4p triangle, 4p square and 4 p-gon faces. It has 10p edges, and 4p vertices.

Nonuniform alternations

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Like the 3-dimensional snub cube, , an alternation removes half the vertices, in two chiral sets of vertices from the ringed form , however the uniform solution requires the vertex positions be adjusted for equal lengths. In four dimensions, this adjustment is only possible for 2 alternated figures, while the rest only exist as nonequilateral alternated figures.

Coxeter showed only two uniform solutions for rank 4 Coxeter groups with all rings alternated (shown with empty circle nodes). The first is , s{21,1,1} which represented an index 24 subgroup (symmetry [2,2,2]+, order 8) form of the demitesseract, , h{4,3,3} (symmetry [1+,4,3,3] = [31,1,1], order 192). The second is , s{31,1,1}, which is an index 6 subgroup (symmetry [31,1,1]+, order 96) form of the snub 24-cell, , s{3,4,3}, (symmetry [3+,4,3], order 576).

Other alternations, such as , as an alternation from the omnitruncated tesseract , can not be made uniform as solving for equal edge lengths are in general overdetermined (there are six equations but only four variables). Such nonuniform alternated figures can be constructed as vertex-transitive 4-polytopes by the removal of one of two half sets of the vertices of the full ringed figure, but will have unequal edge lengths. Just like uniform alternations, they will have half of the symmetry of uniform figure, like [4,3,3]+, order 192, is the symmetry of the alternated omnitruncated tesseract.[21]

Wythoff constructions with alternations produce vertex-transitive figures that can be made equilateral, but not uniform because the alternated gaps (around the removed vertices) create cells that are not regular or semiregular. A proposed name for such figures is scaliform polytopes.[22] This category allows a subset of Johnson solids as cells, for example triangular cupola.

Each vertex configuration within a Johnson solid must exist within the vertex figure. For example, a square pyramid has two vertex configurations: 3.3.4 around the base, and 3.3.3.3 at the apex.

The nets and vertex figures of the four convex equilateral cases are given below, along with a list of cells around each vertex.

Four convex vertex-transitive equilateral 4-polytopes with nonuniform cells
Coxeter
diagram		s3{2,4,3}, s3{3,4,3}, Others
Relation24 of 48 vertices of
rhombicuboctahedral prism		288 of 576 vertices of
runcitruncated 24-cell		72 of 120 vertices
of 600-cell		600 of 720 vertices
of rectified 600-cell
Projection
Two rings of pyramids
Net
runcic snub cubic hosochoron[23][24]
runcic snub 24-cell[25][26]		[27][28][29][30][31]
Cells
Vertex
figure
(1) 3.4.3.4: triangular cupola
(2) 3.4.6: triangular cupola
(1) 3.3.3: tetrahedron
(1) 3.6.6: truncated tetrahedron
(1) 3.4.3.4: triangular cupola
(2) 3.4.6: triangular cupola
(2) 3.4.4: triangular prism
(1) 3.6.6: truncated tetrahedron
(1) 3.3.3.3.3: icosahedron
(2) 3.3.3.5: tridiminished icosahedron
(4) 3.5.5: tridiminished icosahedron
(1) 3.3.3.3: square pyramid
(4) 3.3.4: square pyramid
(2) 4.4.5: pentagonal prism
(2) 3.3.3.5 pentagonal antiprism

Geometric derivations for 46 nonprismatic Wythoffian uniform polychora

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The 46 Wythoffian 4-polytopes include the six convex regular 4-polytopes. The other forty can be derived from the regular polychora by geometric operations which preserve most or all of their symmetries, and therefore may be classified by the symmetry groups that they have in common.


Summary chart of truncation operations
Example locations of kaleidoscopic generator point on fundamental domain.

The geometric operations that derive the 40 uniform 4-polytopes from the regular 4-polytopes are truncating operations. A 4-polytope may be truncated at the vertices, edges or faces, leading to addition of cells corresponding to those elements, as shown in the columns of the tables below.

The Coxeter-Dynkin diagram shows the four mirrors of the Wythoffian kaleidoscope as nodes, and the edges between the nodes are labeled by an integer showing the angle between the mirrors (π/n radians or 180/n degrees). Circled nodes show which mirrors are active for each form; a mirror is active with respect to a vertex that does not lie on it.

OperationSchläfli symbolSymmetryCoxeter diagramDescription
Parentt0{p,q,r}[p,q,r]Original regular form {p,q,r}
Rectificationt1{p,q,r}Truncation operation applied until the original edges are degenerated into points.
Birectification
(Rectified dual)		t2{p,q,r}Face are fully truncated to points. Same as rectified dual.
Trirectification
(dual)		t3{p,q,r}Cells are truncated to points. Regular dual {r,q,p}
Truncationt0,1{p,q,r}Each vertex is cut off so that the middle of each original edge remains. Where the vertex was, there appears a new cell, the parent's vertex figure. Each original cell is likewise truncated.
Bitruncationt1,2{p,q,r}A truncation between a rectified form and the dual rectified form.
Tritruncationt2,3{p,q,r}Truncated dual {r,q,p}.
Cantellationt0,2{p,q,r}A truncation applied to edges and vertices and defines a progression between the regular and dual rectified form.
Bicantellationt1,3{p,q,r}Cantellated dual {r,q,p}.
Runcination
(or expansion)		t0,3{p,q,r}A truncation applied to the cells, faces and edges; defines a progression between a regular form and the dual.
Cantitruncationt0,1,2{p,q,r}Both the cantellation and truncation operations applied together.
Bicantitruncationt1,2,3{p,q,r}Cantitruncated dual {r,q,p}.
Runcitruncationt0,1,3{p,q,r}Both the runcination and truncation operations applied together.
Runcicantellationt0,2,3{p,q,r}Runcitruncated dual {r,q,p}.
Omnitruncation
(runcicantitruncation)		t0,1,2,3{p,q,r}Application of all three operators.
Halfh{2p,3,q}[1+,2p,3,q]
=[(3,p,3),q]		Alternation of , same as
Cantich2{2p,3,q}Same as
Runcich3{2p,3,q}Same as
Runcicantich2,3{2p,3,q}Same as
Quarterq{2p,3,2q}[1+,2p,3,2q,1+]Same as
Snubs{p,2q,r}[p+,2q,r]Alternated truncation
Cantic snubs2{p,2q,r}Cantellated alternated truncation
Runcic snubs3{p,2q,r}Runcinated alternated truncation
Runcicantic snubs2,3{p,2q,r}Runcicantellated alternated truncation
Snub rectifiedsr{p,q,2r}[(p,q)+,2r]Alternated truncated rectification
ht0,3{2p,q,2r}[(2p,q,2r,2+)]Alternated runcination
Bisnub2s{2p,q,2r}[2p,q+,2r]Alternated bitruncation
Omnisnubht0,1,2,3{p,q,r}[p,q,r]+Alternated omnitruncation

See also convex uniform honeycombs, some of which illustrate these operations as applied to the regular cubic honeycomb.

If two polytopes are duals of each other (such as the tesseract and 16-cell, or the 120-cell and 600-cell), then bitruncating, runcinating or omnitruncating either produces the same figure as the same operation to the other. Thus where only the participle appears in the table it should be understood to apply to either parent.

Summary of constructions by extended symmetry

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The 46 uniform polychora constructed from the A4, B4, F4, H4 symmetry are given in this table by their full extended symmetry and Coxeter diagrams. The D4 symmetry is also included, though it only creates duplicates. Alternations are grouped by their chiral symmetry. All alternations are given, although the snub 24-cell, with its 3 constructions from different families is the only one that is uniform. Counts in parentheses are either repeats or nonuniform. The Coxeter diagrams are given with subscript indices 1 through 46. The 3-3 and 4-4 duoprismatic family is included, the second for its relation to the B4 family.

Coxeter groupExtended
symmetry		PolychoraChiral
extended
symmetry		Alternation honeycombs
[3,3,3]
[3,3,3]

(order 120)		6(1) | (2) | (3)
(4) | (7) | (8)
[2+[3,3,3]]

(order 240)		3(5)| (6) | (9)[2+[3,3,3]]+
(order 120)		(1)(−)
[3,31,1]
[3,31,1]

(order 192)		0(none)
[1[3,31,1]]=[4,3,3]
=
(order 384)		(4)(12) | (17) | (11) | (16)
[3[31,1,1]]=[3,4,3]
=
(order 1152)		(3)(22) | (23) | (24)[3[3,31,1]]+
=[3,4,3]+
(order 576)		(1)(31) (= )
(−)
[4,3,3]
[3[1+,4,3,3]]=[3,4,3]
=
(order 1152)		(3)(22) | (23) | (24)
[4,3,3]

(order 384)		12(10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14)
(15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19)
(20) | (21)		[1+,4,3,3]+
(order 96)		(2)(12) (= )
(31)
(−)
[4,3,3]+
(order 192)		(1)(−)
[3,4,3]
[3,4,3]

(order 1152)		6(22) | (23) | (24)
(25) | (28) | (29)		[2+[3+,4,3+]]
(order 576)		1(31)
[2+[3,4,3]]

(order 2304)		3(26) | (27) | (30)[2+[3,4,3]]+
(order 1152)		(1)(−)
[5,3,3]
[5,3,3]

(order 14400)		15(32) | (33) | (34) | (35) | (36)
(37) | (38) | (39) | (40) | (41)
(42) | (43) | (44) | (45) | (46)		[5,3,3]+
(order 7200)		(1)(−)
[3,2,3]
[3,2,3]

(order 36)		0(none)[3,2,3]+
(order 18)		0(none)
[2+[3,2,3]]

(order 72)		0[2+[3,2,3]]+
(order 36)		0(none)
[[3],2,3]=[6,2,3]
=
(order 72)		1[1[3,2,3]]=[[3],2,3]+=[6,2,3]+
(order 36)		(1)
[(2+,4)[3,2,3]]=[2+[6,2,6]]
=
(order 288)		1[(2+,4)[3,2,3]]+=[2+[6,2,6]]+
(order 144)		(1)
[4,2,4]
[4,2,4]

(order 64)		0(none)[4,2,4]+
(order 32)		0(none)
[2+[4,2,4]]

(order 128)		0(none)[2+[(4,2+,4,2+)]]
(order 64)		0(none)
[(3,3)[4,2*,4]]=[4,3,3]
=
(order 384)		(1)(10)[(3,3)[4,2*,4]]+=[4,3,3]+
(order 192)		(1)(12)
[[4],2,4]=[8,2,4]
=
(order 128)		(1)[1[4,2,4]]=[[4],2,4]+=[8,2,4]+
(order 64)		(1)
[(2+,4)[4,2,4]]=[2+[8,2,8]]
=
(order 512)		(1)[(2+,4)[4,2,4]]+=[2+[8,2,8]]+
(order 256)		(1)

Uniform star polychora

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Other than the aforementioned infinite duoprism and antiprism prism families, which have infinitely many nonconvex members, many uniform star polychora have been discovered. In 1852, Ludwig Schläfli discovered four regular star polychora: {5,3,5/2}, {5/2,3,5}, {3,3,5/2}, and {5/2,3,3}. In 1883, Edmund Hess found the other six: {3,5,5/2}, {5/2,5,3}, {5,5/2,5}, {5/2,5,5/2}, {5,5/2,3}, and {3,5/2,5}. Norman Johnson described three uniform antiprism-like star polychora in his doctoral dissertation of 1966: they are based on the three ditrigonal polyhedra sharing the edges and vertices of the regular dodecahedron. Many more have been found since then by other researchers, including Jonathan Bowers and George Olshevsky, creating a total count of 2127 known uniform star polychora at present (not counting the infinite set of duoprisms based on star polygons). There is currently no proof of the set's completeness.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ N.W. Johnson: Geometries and Transformations, (2018) ISBN 978-1-107-10340-5 Chapter 11: Finite Symmetry Groups, 11.1 Polytopes and Honeycombs, p.224
  2. ^ T. Gosset: On the Regular and Semi-Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions, Messenger of Mathematics, Macmillan, 1900
  3. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29. Retrieved 2010-08-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^ Elte (1912)
  5. ^ Uniform Polytopes in Four Dimensions December 6, 1998 oldest archive
  6. ^ The Universal Book of Mathematics: From Abracadabra to Zeno's Paradoxes By David Darling, (2004) ASIN: B00SB4TU58
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Johnson (2015), Chapter 11, section 11.5 Spherical Coxeter groups, 11.5.5 full polychoric groups
  8. ^ Uniform Polytopes in Four Dimensions, George Olshevsky.
  9. ^ Möller, Marco (2004). Vierdimensionale Archimedische Polytope (PDF) (Doctoral thesis) (in German). University of Hamburg.
  10. ^ Conway (2008)
  11. ^ Multidimensional Glossary, George Olshevsky
  12. ^ https://www.mit.edu/~hlb/Associahedron/program.pdf Convex and Abstract Polytopes workshop (2005), N.Johnson — "Uniform Polychora" abstract
  13. ^ a b "Uniform Polychora". www.polytope.net. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  14. ^ "Uniform polytope". Polytope Wiki. 6 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  15. ^ Coxeter, Regular polytopes, 7.7 Schlaefli's criterion eq 7.78, p.135
  16. ^ "S3s3s3s".
  17. ^ "S3s3s4s".
  18. ^ "S3s4s3s".
  19. ^ "S3s3s5s".
  20. ^ sns2s2mx, Richard Klitzing
  21. ^ H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) p. 582-588 2.7 The four-dimensional analogues of the snub cube
  22. ^ "Polytope-tree".
  23. ^ "tuta".
  24. ^ Category S1: Simple Scaliforms tutcup
  25. ^ "Prissi".
  26. ^ Category S3: Special Scaliforms prissi
  27. ^ "bidex". bendwavy.org. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  28. ^ Category S3: Special Scaliforms bidex
  29. ^ The Bi-icositetradiminished 600-cell
  30. ^ "spidrox". bendwavy.org. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  31. ^ Category S4: Scaliform Swirlprisms spidrox
  • A. Boole Stott: Geometrical deduction of semiregular from regular polytopes and space fillings, Verhandelingen of the Koninklijke academy van Wetenschappen width unit Amsterdam, Eerste Sectie 11,1, Amsterdam, 1910
  • B. Grünbaum Convex Polytopes, New York; London : Springer, c2003. ISBN 0-387-00424-6.
    Second edition prepared by Volker Kaibel, Victor Klee, and Günter M. Ziegler.
  • Elte, E. L. (1912), The Semiregular Polytopes of the Hyperspaces, Groningen: University of Groningen, ISBN 1-4181-7968-X The semiregular polytopes of the hyperspaces. The semiregular polytopes of the hyperspaces.
  • H.S.M. Coxeter:
    • H.S.M. Coxeter, M.S. Longuet-Higgins und J.C.P. Miller: Uniform Polyhedra, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Londen, 1954
    • H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd Edition, Dover New York, 1973
  • Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, editied by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6
    • (Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380-407, MR 2,10]
    • (Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559-591]
    • (Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45]
  • H.S.M. Coxeter and W. O. J. Moser. Generators and Relations for Discrete Groups 4th ed, Springer-Verlag. New York. 1980 p. 92, p. 122.
  • John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, The Symmetries of Things 2008, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 26)
  • John H. Conway and M.J.T. Guy: Four-Dimensional Archimedean Polytopes, Proceedings of the Colloquium on Convexity at Copenhagen, page 38 und 39, 1965
  • N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966
  • N.W. Johnson: Geometries and Transformations, (2015) Chapter 11: Finite symmetry groups
  • Richard Klitzing, Snubs, alternated facetings, and Stott-Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams, Symmetry: Culture and Science, Vol. 21, No.4, 329-344, (2010) [1]
  • Schoute, Pieter Hendrik (1911), "Analytic treatment of the polytopes regularly derived from the regular polytopes", Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, 11 (3): 87 pp Googlebook, 370-381
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Fundamental convex regular and uniform polytopes in dimensions 2–10
FamilyAnBnI2(p) / DnE6 / E7 / E8 / F4 / G2Hn
Regular polygonTriangleSquarep-gonHexagonPentagon
Uniform polyhedronTetrahedronOctahedron • CubeDemicubeDodecahedron • Icosahedron
Uniform polychoronPentachoron16-cell • TesseractDemitesseract24-cell120-cell • 600-cell
Uniform 5-polytope5-simplex5-orthoplex • 5-cube5-demicube
Uniform 6-polytope6-simplex6-orthoplex • 6-cube6-demicube122 • 221
Uniform 7-polytope7-simplex7-orthoplex • 7-cube7-demicube132 • 231 • 321
Uniform 8-polytope8-simplex8-orthoplex • 8-cube8-demicube142 • 241 • 421
Uniform 9-polytope9-simplex9-orthoplex • 9-cube9-demicube
Uniform 10-polytope10-simplex10-orthoplex • 10-cube10-demicube
Uniform n-polytopen-simplexn-orthoplex • n-cuben-demicube1k2 • 2k1 • k21n-pentagonal polytope
Topics: Polytope families • Regular polytope • List of regular polytopes and compounds
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