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Transatlantic relations

This article is about wider trans-atlantic relations. For US–EU bilateral relations, see United States–European Union relations.

Transatlantic relations refer to the historic, cultural, political, economic and social relations between countries on both side of the Atlantic Ocean. Sometimes it specifically means relationships between the Anglophone North American countries (the United States and Canada), and particular European countries or organizations, although other meanings are possible.

Atlantic Ocean

There are a number of issues over which the United States and Europe generally disagree. Some of these are cultural, such as the U.S. use of the death penalty, some are international issues such as the Middle East peace process where the United States is often seen as pro-Israel and where Europe is often seen as pro-Arab (or at least neutral), and many others are trade related. The current U.S. policies are often described as being unilateral in nature, whereas the European Union and Canada are often said to take a more multilateral approach, relying more on the United Nations and other international institutions to help solve issues. There are many other issues upon which they agree.[1]

Definition edit

One potential definition of transatlantic relations. The United States (in red), Canada (in green), the European Union and United Kingdom (in blue). Excluded from this definition are non-EU states in Europe other than the United Kingdom, and all of Latin America and Africa.
It is proposed to create a Transatlantic Free Trade Area between the United States and European Union. Map shows potential other members: NAFTA, EFTA and future EU members.

Transatlantic relations can refer to relations between individual states or to relations between groups of states or international organizations with other groups or with states, or within one group.For example:
Within a group:

  • Intra-NATO relations
e.g. Canada–NATO relations

Between groups:

Between a group and a state:

Between states:

See also: Special Relationship and North Atlantic triangle

By language and culture

The boundaries of which states are part of Transatlantic relations depends on the context. The term may be used as a euphemism to a specific bilateral relationship, for example, Anglo-American relations. The boundary could be drawn so as only to refer member states of the EU plus the US, when discussing Euro-American relations. In other circumstances it may include Canada, or non-EU countries in Europe. The term may also be used in the context of the wider Atlantic world including Africa and Latin America.

History edit

Further information: European colonization of the Americas, Atlantic slave trade, and Battle of the Atlantic
The triangular trade in the North Atlantic

The early relationship between Europe and America was based on colonialism and mercantilism. The majority of modern states in the Americas can be traced back to colonial states that were founded by European nations, states that were very different from the pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures that had existed before.

Even after the United States (and later Canada) became independent, the main relationship between the two continents was one-way migration.

Politically the United States tried to keep a distance from European affairs, and Canada was subordinate to British foreign policy.

During the First World War however both North American states found themselves fighting in Europe and engrossed in European politics. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points helped to redraw the map of Europe.

Although the Roosevelt administration wanted to enter the war against Germany, the vast majority of Americans were too isolationist and disillusioned at their experience in World War I to seek involvement in the World War II, at least until the U.S. was attacked by Japan at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and Adolf Hitler declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941. Once involved, the US became pivotal to the war effort and therefore European politics.

Further information: Atlantic Charter and Allies of WWII

After the second war the United States and Canada both desired a permanent role in the defence of Europe, and European states wanted protection from the Soviet Union. The result was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which became the lynchpin of Transatlantic relations during the Cold War.[1]

Atlanticism is a philosophy which advocates for close cooperation between North America and Europe.

  Non-European countries
  Transcontinental countries
Comparison of the two main Euro-Atlantic defence organisations
   European Union
(in respect of its defence arm, the Common Security and Defence Policy)		  NATO
Mutual defence clauseArticle 42.7 of the consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union:

"If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States. [...]"

Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty:

"The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them [on their territory] shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. [...]"

 Political strategic organisation
Highest officeHigh Representative (HR/VP)Secretary General
Principal decision-making bodyForeign Affairs CouncilNorth Atlantic Council
Liaison bodyEuropean External Action ServiceInternational Staff
SeatKortenberg building (Brussels, Belgium) NATO headquarters (Brussels, Belgium)
 Military strategic organisation
Supreme commander Director of the Military Planning and Conduct Capability Supreme Allied Commander Europe
Headquarters Military Planning and Conduct Capability (Brussels, Belgium) Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (Mons, Belgium)
Chair of chiefs of defence assembly Chairman of the European Union Military Committee Chair of the NATO Military Committee
Chiefs of defence assembly European Union Military Committee NATO Military Committee
Advisory body European Union Military Staff International Military Staff
 MembershipPermanent Structured CooperationMembership
Member states of both the EU and NATO
 BelgiumFounderFounderFounder
 Bulgaria2007Founder2004
 Croatia2013Founder2009
 Czech Republic2004Founder1999
 Denmark19732023Founder
 Estonia2004Founder2004
 Finland1995Founder2023
 FranceFounderFounderFounder
 GermanyFounderFounder1955
 Greece1981Founder1952
 Hungary2004Founder1999
 ItalyFounderFounderFounder
 Latvia2004Founder2004
 Lithuania2004Founder2004
 LuxembourgFounderFounderFounder
 NetherlandsFounderFounderFounder
 Poland2004Founder1999
 Portugal1986FounderFounder
 Romania2007Founder2004
 Slovakia2004Founder2004
 Slovenia2004Founder2004
 Spain1986Founder1982
 Sweden1995Founder2024
Non-NATO EU member states
 Austria1995FounderPartnership for Peace
 Cyprus2004FounderNo
 Ireland1973FounderPartnership for Peace
 Malta2004NoPartnership for Peace
Non-EU NATO member states
 AlbaniaCandidate—2009
 IcelandNo—Founder
 MontenegroCandidate—2017
 North MacedoniaCandidate—2020
 NorwayDefence Agency agreement—Founder
 Turkey Candidate—1952
 United KingdomNo—Founder
European countries outside both the EU and NATO
 Andorra No—No
 Armenia No—Individual Partnership Action Plan
 Azerbaijan No—Individual Partnership Action Plan
 BelarusNo—Partnership for Peace
 Bosnia and HerzegovinaCandidate—Membership Action Plan
 GeorgiaApplicant / Potential candidate—Intensified Dialogue
 Kazakhstan No—Individual Partnership Action Plan
 KosovoApplicant / Potential candidate—No
 Liechtenstein No—No
 MoldovaCandidate—Individual Partnership Action Plan
 Monaco No—No
 Russia No—Partnership for Peace
 San Marino No—No
 SerbiaCandidate—Individual Partnership Action Plan
  SwitzerlandDefence Agency agreement—Partnership for Peace
 UkraineCandidate—Intensified Dialogue
 Vatican City No—No
NATO member states located in North America, which are therefore ineligible for EU membership
 Canada——Founder
 United States——Founder
Members of NATO's Partnership for Peace located outside Europe, which are therefore neither eligible for EU nor NATO membership
 Kyrgyzstan——Partnership for Peace
 Tajikistan——Partnership for Peace
 Turkmenistan——Partnership for Peace
 Uzbekistan——Partnership for Peace

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Portero, Florentino (May 29, 2002). "Las relaciones transatlánticas" (in Spanish). Madrid: Elcano Royal Institute. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  2. ^ EFTA Archived 2008-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "Foreign Affairs Department, Canada". Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2008-03-20.

Bibliography edit

  • Jussi M. Hanhimaki, Benedikt Schoenborn and Barbara Zanchetta, "Transatlantic Relations since 1945. An Introduction", Routledge, London, 2012.

External links edit

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