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Timeline of space exploration

This article is about highlighting milestones in space exploration. For a comprehensive list of all events, see Timeline of Solar System exploration.

This is a timeline of space exploration which includes notable achievements, first accomplishments and milestones in humanity's exploration of outer space.

This timeline generally does not distinguish achievements by a specific country or private company, as it considers humanity as a whole. See otherwise the timeline of private spaceflight or look for achievements by each space agency.

Pre-20th century

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DateEvent leading to space explorationCountryResearcher(s)Ref(s).
1610First telescopic observation of the night sky: discovery of the Galilean moons, lunar craters and the phases of Venus. VeniceGalileo Galilei
1668First reflecting telescope. EnglandIsaac Newton
1781First telescopic discovery of planet (Uranus). Great BritainWilliam Herschel
1801First discovery of asteroid (Ceres). SicilyGiuseppe Piazzi
1813First exposition of the rocket equation based on Newton's third law of motion: Treatise on the Motion of Rockets. UKWilliam Moore
1840First clear telescopic photograph of another world: the Moon. United StatesJohn William Draper
1845First proper observation of other galaxies which are termed "whirlpool nebulae". UKWilliam Parsons
1861A Journey Through Space makes first proposal of using rockets for space flight. UKWilliam Leitch
1895First proposal of space elevator. RussiaKonstantin Tsiolkovsky

1900–1956

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DateMission successCountryMission nameRef(s).
1903Publication of Exploration of the Universe with Rocket-Propelled Vehicles[1] that showed physical space exploration was theoretically possible, including the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation, multi staged rockets and using liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen in liquid propellant RussiaKonstantin Tsiolkovsky[2]
1914Goddard files for and is subsequently awarded U.S. patents on multistage and liquid-fueled rockets. United StatesRobert H. Goddard
1917First observation of an extrasolar planet (exoplanet) round Van Maanen 2 although it is not recognised as such at the time. NetherlandsAdriaan van Maanen
1919Goddard's widely influential paper "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes" discussed solid- and liquid-fueled rocketry. United StatesRobert H. Goddard
15 December 1923Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen ("By Rocket into Planetary Space") self-published after its rejection as a doctoral thesis. GermanyHermann Oberth
1924Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel founded. USSRMembers include Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Friedrich Zander, Yuri Kondratyuk
16 March 1926Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket. United StatesRobert H. Goddard
1927Verein für Raumschiffahrt (Society for Space Travel) formed; it includes many top European rocket scientists. Germany 
1927Завоевание межпланетных пространств (The Conquest of Interplanetary Space) discusses rocket mechanics and orbital effects including the gravitational slingshot. USSRYuri Kondratyuk
1928Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums – der Raketen-Motor (The Problem of Space Travel – The Rocket Motor) discusses space travel and its potential uses for scientific experiments. GermanyHerman Potočnik
January 1933British Interplanetary Society founded. UKPhilip E. Cleator
April 1933First detection of radio waves from an astronomical object. United StatesKarl Jansky
September 1933Establishment of the Soviet rocket research lab Reactive Scientific Research Institute (RNII) by combining the Group for the Study of Reactive Motion (GIRD) with the Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL). USSRKey people Sergei Korolev & Valentin Glushko[3]
20 June 1944First spaceflight in history.

First human-made object in space (later defined as above the Kármán line).

 Germany (Wehrmacht)V-2 rocket (MW 18014)
October 1945Article in Wireless World, "Extra-Terrestrial Relays — Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?" makes first discussion of geostationary satellites as a means of communication. UKArthur C. Clarke
10 May 1946First space research flight (cosmic radiation experiments). United Statescaptured and improved V-2 rocket
24 October 1946First pictures of Earth from 105 km (65 mi). United StatesV-2[4][5]
20 February 1947First animals in space (fruit flies). United StatesV-2[4][6]
24 February 1949First two-stage liquid-fueled rocket, that sets a record altitude of 244 miles (393 km) (WAC Corporal missile mounted onto a V-2 rocket). United StatesBumper-5
14 June 1949First mammal in space (Albert II, a rhesus monkey).

First primate in space.

 United StatesV-2
20 September 1956First rocket to pass the thermopause and enter the exosphere. At 682 miles (1,098 km) altitude and 3,335 miles range, the 3-stage Jupiter-C breaks both records and achieves MACH 18 velocity. United StatesJupiter-C[7][8]

1957–1959

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For the milestones relevant to the Space Race only, see Timeline of the Space Race.
DateMission achievementsCountry/organizationMission nameRef(s).
4 October 1957First artificial satellite.
First human-made signals from space.		 USSRSputnik 1
3 November 1957First mammal in orbit, the dog Laika. USSRSputnik 2
31 January 1958Confirmed existence of the Van Allen radiation belt. USA (ABMA)Explorer 1
17 March 1958First use of solar power in space.
The oldest artificial object still in space.		 USA (NRL)Vanguard 1
4 January 1959First rocket to reach Earth escape velocity.

First spacecraft to attempt to impact the Moon's surface.
First artificial object in heliocentric orbit.
First detection of solar wind.

 USSRLuna 1
17 February 1959First weather satellite. USA (NRL)Vanguard 2
7 August 1959First photograph of Earth from Earth orbit. USA (NASA)Explorer 6
13 September 1959First spacecraft to impact another celestial body (the Moon).
First delivery of national pennants to a celestial body.		 USSRLuna 2
4 October 1959First photos of another world from space: the far side of the Moon.

First gravity assist.

 USSRLuna 3

1960–1969

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For the milestones relevant to the Space Race only, see Timeline of the Space Race.
DateMission successCountry/organizationMission nameRef(s).
March 1960First solar probe. USA (NASA)Pioneer 5
19 August 1960First plants and animals to return alive from Earth orbit. USSRSputnik 5
25 September 1960First rocket engine fired in space. USA (NASA)Pioneer P-30[9]
31 January 1961First hominidae in space (chimpanzee Ham).

First tasks performed in space.

 USA (NASA)M-R 2
12 February 1961First launch from Earth orbit of upper stage into a heliocentric orbit.
First mid-course corrections.
First spin-stabilisation.		 USSRVenera 1
12 April 1961First human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin).
First human-crewed orbital flight.		 USSRVostok 1[10][11]
5 May 1961First human-piloted space flight (Alan Shepard).
First human-crewed suborbital flight.		 USAFreedom 7
19 May 1961First planetary flyby (within 100,000 km of Venus – no data returned). USSRVenera 1
6 August 1961First crewed space flight lasting over twenty four hours by Gherman Titov, who is also the first to suffer from space sickness. USSRVostok 2
7 March 1962First orbital solar observatory. USA (NASA)OSO-1
26 April 1962First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon. USA (NASA)Ranger 4[12]
11 August 1962First dual crewed spaceflight.
First communication between two crewed space vehicles in orbit.
First person to float freely in microgravity.		 USSRVostok 3 and Vostok 4
18 August 1962First auroral research rocket launched into the ionosphere.
Norway		Ferdinand 1
November 1962First Mars flyby (11,000 km) but contact was lost. USSRMars 1
14 December 1962First planetary flyby with data returned (Venus).

First successful planetary science mission.

 USA (NASA)Mariner 2[13]
16 June 1963First woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova). USSRVostok 6
19 July 1963First reusable crewed spacecraft (suborbital). USA (NASA)X-15 Flight 90
12 October 1964First multi-person crew (3) in orbit. USSRVoskhod 1
18 March 1965First space walk/extra-vehicular activity (Alexei Leonov). USSRVoskhod 2
March 1965First crewed spacecraft to change orbit. USA (NASA)Gemini 3
14 July 1965First flyby of Mars (returned pictures). USA (NASA)Mariner 4[14]
14 July 1965First photographs of another planet from deep space (Mars). USA (NASA)Mariner 4[14]
15 December 1965First orbital rendezvous (parallel flight, no docking). USA (NASA)Gemini 6A/Gemini 7
3 February 1966First soft landing on another world (the Moon).
First photos from another world.		 USSRLuna 9[15]
1 March 1966First impact into another planet (Venus). USSRVenera 3
16 March 1966First orbital docking between two spacecraft. USA (NASA)Gemini 8/Agena target vehicle
3 April 1966First artificial satellite around another world (the Moon). USSRLuna 10
23 August 1966First picture of Earth from another astronomical object (the Moon).

First probe to map the Moon.

 USALunar Orbiter 1[16]
8 May 1967First polar orbit around the Moon. USALunar Orbiter 4[17]
July 1967First photos of the Lunar south pole. USALunar Orbiter 4[17]
30 October 1967First automated (crewless) docking. USSRCosmos 186/Cosmos 188
17 November 1967First liftoff from another celestial body (the Moon). USASurveyor 6[18]
September 1968First animals and plants to leave Earth orbit and travel to and around the Moon.

First lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully.

 USSRZond 5[19]
7 December 1968First orbital ultraviolet observatory. USA (NASA)OAO-2
21 December 1968First human excursion beyond low Earth orbit.

First in-person observations of Earth from a distance.
First Trans-Earth injection.

 USA (NASA)Apollo 8[20]
24 December 1968First human flight to another celestial body (the Moon) and to enter its gravitational influence. USA (NASA)Apollo 8[20]
January 1969First docking between two crewed spacecraft in Earth orbit.

First crew exchange in space.

 USSRSoyuz 4 and Soyuz 5
January 1969First spacecraft to parachute in Venus's atmosphere, lost contact before landing. USSRVenera 5
23 May 1969First docking of two crewed spacecraft around another celestial body.

First lunar mission to include a lunar landing module.

 USA (NASA)Apollo 10[21]
20 July 1969First human on another celestial body (the Moon).

First words spoken from another world.

 USA (NASA)Apollo 11[22]
21 July 1969First space launch from another celestial body.

First sample return from another celestial body.

 USA (NASA)Apollo 11[22]
19 November 1969First rendezvous on the surface of a celestial body.

First meet up between human explorers and a robotic spacecraft in space (on the Moon).

 USA (NASA)Apollo 12/Surveyor 3[23]

1970–1979

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DateMission successCountry/organizationMission nameRef(s).
24 September 1970First automatic sample return from the Moon. USSRLuna 16
17 November 1970First rover on another celestial body (the Moon).

First lunar rover.

 USSRLunokhod 1
12 December 1970First X-ray orbital observatory. USA (NASA)Uhuru
15 December 1970First soft landing on another planet (Venus).
First signals from another planet.		 USSRVenera 7
19 April 1971First space station. USSRSalyut 1
June 1971First crewed orbital observatory. USSROrion 1
30 July 1971First motor vehicle on another celestial body (Lunar Roving Vehicle). USA (NASA)Apollo 15[24]
14 November 1971First spacecraft to orbit another planet (Mars). USA (NASA)Mariner 9
27 November 1971First spacecraft to impact another planet (Mars). USSRMars 2
2 December 1971First soft landing on Mars.
First signals from Martian surface.
First photograph from Martian surface.		 USSRMars 3
3 March 1972First spacecraft on a trajectory out of the solar system.

First spacecraft to use all-nuclear electrical power (SNAP-19 RTGs).

 USA (NASA)Pioneer 10[25]
15 July 1972First spacecraft to enter the asteroid belt.

First spacecraft beyond the orbit of Mars.

 USA (NASA)Pioneer 10[25]
15 November 1972First orbital gamma ray observatory. USA (NASA)SAS 2
3 November 1973First mission sent to study Mercury. USA (NASA)Mariner 10[26]
3 December 1973First flyby of Jupiter.

First spacecraft beyond the Inner Solar System.

 USA (NASA)Pioneer 10[25]
January 1974First spacecraft to return data on a long-period comet. USA (NASA)Mariner 10[26]
5 February 1974First mission to explore two planets in a single mission (Mercury and Venus).
First photograph of Venus from space.

First use of solar wind for spacecraft orientation.

 USA (NASA)Mariner 10[26]
29 March 1974First flyby of Mercury. USA (NASA)Mariner 10[26]
21 Sept. 1974First spacecraft to flyby the same planet multiple times (Mercury). USA (NASA)Mariner 10[26]
15 July 1975First multinational crewed mission. USSR USA (NASA)Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
20 October 1975First spacecraft to orbit Venus. USSRVenera 9
22 October 1975First successful photos from the surface of another planet (Venus). USSRVenera 9
20 July 1976First successful photos and soil samples from the surface of Mars. USA (NASA)Viking Lander
26 January 1978First real time remotely operated ultraviolet orbital observatory. USA (NASA)
ESA
UK (SERC)		International Ultraviolet Explorer
20 November 1978First spacecraft to orbit the Sun at Lagrange 1. USA (NASA)ISEE-3/ICE[27]
4 December 1978First extended (multi-year) orbital exploration of Venus (from 1978 to 1992). USA (NASA)Pioneer Venus Orbiter
5 March 1979Jupiter flyby (closest approach 349,000 km)
Encounters with five Jovian moons.
Discovery of volcanism on Io.		 USA (NASA)Voyager 1
1 September 1979First flyby of Saturn.

First photograph of Titan from deep space.

 USA (NASA)Pioneer 11

1980–1989

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DateMission successCountry/organizationMission nameRef(s).
12 November 1980Saturn flyby (closest approach 124,000 km), close encounter of Titan and encounters with a dozen other moons. USA (NASA)Voyager 1
12 April 1981First reusable crewed orbital spacecraft (Space Shuttle). USA (NASA)STS-1
1 March 1982First Venus soil samples

First sound recording of another world (Venus).

 USSRVenera 13
10 June 1982First spacecraft to conduct a deep survey of Earth's magnetic tail. USA (NASA)ISEE-3/ICE[27]
19 August 1982First mixed gender crew aboard space station, and first woman, Svetlana Savitskaya, on space station. USSRSalyut 7
1982First plants grown in space (Arabidopsis). USSRSalyut 7[28][29]
25 January 1983First Infrared orbital observatory. USA (NASA)
UK (SERC)
Netherlands (NIVR)		IRAS
13 June 1983First spacecraft beyond the orbit of Neptune.

First spacecraft beyond all Solar System planets.

 USA (NASA)Pioneer 10[25]
7 February 1984First untethered spacewalk (Bruce McCandless II). USA (NASA)STS-41-B
25 July 1984First spacewalk by a woman (Svetlana Savitskaya). USSRSalyut 7
11 June 1985First balloon deployed on another planet (Venus). USSRVega 1
11 September 1985First spacecraft to flyby a comet (21P/Giacobini-Zinner).[note 1] USA (NASA)ISEE-3/ICE[27]
24 January 1986First spacecraft to flyby Uranus. USA (NASA)Voyager 2[30]
19 February 1986First consistently inhabited long-term research space station. USSRMir
13 March 1986First close up observations of a comet (Halley's Comet, 596 kilometers). ESAGiotto
July 1988First suspected detection of an exoplanet (Gamma Cephei Ab).[note 2] CanadaAstronomers Bruce Campbell, Gordon Walker and Stephenson Yang.[31]
8 August 1989First astrometric satellite. ESAHipparcos
25 August 1989First spacecraft to flyby Neptune.

First spacecraft to study all four of the solar system's giant planets at close range.

 USA (NASA)Voyager 2[30]
18 November 1989First orbital cosmic microwave observatory. USA (NASA)COBE

1990–1999

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DateMission successCountry/organizationMission nameRef(s).
14 February 1990First photograph of the whole Solar System (Family Portrait). USA (NASA)Voyager 1[32]
24 April 1990First telescope designed to be repaired in space. USA (NASA)
ESA		Hubble Space Telescope[33]
2 July 1990First time a spacecraft coming from deep space uses the Earth for a gravity-assist manoeuvre. ESAGiotto[34]
21 October 1991First asteroid flyby (951 Gaspra closest approach 1,600 km). USA (NASA)Galileo
1992First confirmed observation of an exoplanet. Canada
Poland		Aleksander Wolszczan & Dale Frail
8 February 1992First polar orbit around the Sun.

First mission to survey the space environment above and below the poles of the Sun.

 USA (NASA)
ESA		Ulysses[35]
13 September 1992First spacecraft to map Venus in its entirety. USA (NASA)Magellan[36]
22 March 1995Record longest duration spaceflight to date (437.7 day by Valeri Polyakov). Russia (FKA)Mir
7 December 1995First orbit of Jupiter. USA (NASA)Galileo
7 December 1995First spacecraft to enter the atmosphere of a gas giant (Jupiter). USA (NASA)Galileo's atmospheric entry probe[37]
1995First laser communication from space. Japan (JAXA, NICT)ETS-VI[38]
12 February 1997First orbital radio observatory. Japan (ISAS)HALCA
4 July 1997First operational rover on another planet (Mars). USA (NASA)Mars Pathfinder / Sojourner
17 September 1997First spacecraft to use aerobraking to enter orbit (Martian orbit). USA (NASA)Mars Global Surveyor[39]
20 November 1998First multinational space station.
Largest artificial object built in space to date.		 Russia (FKA)
USA (NASA)
Europe (ESA)
Japan (JAXA)
Canada (CSA)		International Space Station

2000–2009

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DateMission successCountry/organizationMission nameRef(s).
14 February 2000First orbit of an asteroid (433 Eros). USA (NASA) ESANEAR Shoemaker
12 February 2001First landing on an asteroid (433 Eros). USA (NASA)NEAR Shoemaker
November 2001First laser communication in space between two objects. ESA France (CNES)Artemis, SPOT 4[40]
1 July 2004First orbit of Saturn. USA (NASA) ESA Italy (ASI)Cassini–Huygens
8 September 2004First sample return beyond lunar orbit (solar wind). USA (NASA)Genesis
14 January 2005First landing in the outer Solar System (Titan).

First landing on a moon other than Earth's Moon.

 ESA USA (NASA) Italy (ASI)Cassini–Huygens
January–February 2005First confirmed cryovolcano (Enceladus). ESA USA (NASA) Italy (ASI)Cassini–Huygens[41]
4 July 2005First spacecraft to impact a comet (Tempel 1). USA (NASA)Deep Impact
19 November 2005First asteroid ascent (25143 Itokawa).
First interplanetary escape without separating and discarding the landing gear.		 Japan (JAXA)Hayabusa
15 January 2006First sample return from a comet (81P/Wild). USA (NASA)Stardust[42]
3 January 2007First confirmed lakes on the surface of another celestial body (lakes of Titan). USA (NASA) ESA Italy (ASI)Cassini–Huygens[43][44]
25 May 2008First spacecraft to photograph another spacecraft landing on another celestial body (Phoenix, on Mars). USA (NASA)Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter[45]
8 November 2008First discovery of lunar water in the form of ice.[note 3] India (ISRO)Chandrayaan-1[46][47]
6 March 2009First space telescope designated to search for Earth-like exoplanets. USA (NASA)Kepler Mission[48]
August 2009First images of the structures in the rings of a planet (rings of Saturn). USA (NASA) ESA Italy (ASI)Cassini–Huygens[49][50]

2010–2019

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DateMission successCountry/organizationMission nameRef(s).
20 May 2010First solar sail. Japan (JAXA)IKAROS[51]
13 June 2010First sample return from an asteroid (25143 Itokawa). Japan (JAXA)Hayabusa
25 August 2010First spacecraft to orbit one of the Moon's Lagrange point (L2). USA (NASA)ARTEMIS-P1[52]
22 October 2010First spacecraft to orbit the Moon's Lagrange 1 point. USA (NASA)ARTEMIS-P2[52]
18 March 2011First orbit of Mercury. USA (NASA)MESSENGER
16 July 2011First orbit of an object in the asteroid belt (4 Vesta). USA (NASA)Dawn
6 August 2012First use of a sky crane to land on another celestial body (Mars). USA (NASA)Mars Science Laboratory[53]
25 August 2012First spacecraft to leave the heliosphere.

First spacecraft in interstellar space.

 USA (NASA)Voyager 1[54]
January 2013First laser communication with a lunar satellite. USA (NASA)Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter[55]
10 September 2014First spacecraft to orbit a comet nucleus (67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko). ESARosetta[56]
12 November 2014First soft landing on a comet (67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko). ESAPhilae[57]
6 March 2015First flyby and orbit of a dwarf planet (Ceres).
First spacecraft to orbit two separate celestial bodies.		 USA (NASA)Dawn[58]
July 2015First flyby of an object beyond Neptune (Pluto and its moons).

First flyby in the Kuiper belt.

First flyby of a trans-neptunian object.
Last original encounter with one of the nine major planets recognized before 2006.

 USA (NASA)New Horizons[59]
10 August 2015First food grown in space eaten (lettuce). USA (NASA) Japan (JAXA)International Space Station[60]
14 September 2015First observation of gravitational waves.LSC – EGOLIGO – Virgo[61][62]
23 November 2015First propulsive landing of a rocket after sending something into space (suborbital). USA (Blue Origin)New Shepard 2[63]
21 December 2015First propulsive landing of an orbital rocket. USA (SpaceX)Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests
16 April 2016First inflatable space habitat.[note 4] USA (Bigelow Aerospace)BEAM[64]
15 September 2017First spacecraft to enter the atmosphere of Saturn. USA (NASA) ESA Italy (ASI)Cassini–Huygens[65]
19 October 2017First known interstellar object detected passing through the Solar System. USA (Haleakalā Observatory)Oumuamua
21 September 2018First operational rover on an asteroid (162173 Ryugu). Japan (JAXA)Hayabusa2[66]
1 December 2018First recorded sounds from Mars. USA (NASA)InSight[67]
1 January 2019First flyby of a classical Kuiper belt object (486958 Arrokoth).

First flyby of a contact binary.

First spacecraft to make two different flybys in the Kuiper belt.

 USA (NASA)New Horizons[68]
3 January 2019First soft landing on the far side of the Moon.

First germination of seeds on another celestial body.

 China (CNSA)Chang'e 4[69]
10 April 2019First direct photograph of a black hole and its vicinity. USA (NASA)Event Horizon Telescope[70]

Since 2020

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DateMission successCountry/organizationMission nameRef(s).
6 April 2021First confirmed quake on another planet (marsquake). USA (NASA)InSight[71]
19 April 2021First aerodynamically powered flight on another celestial body (Mars). USA (NASA)Ingenuity[72]
20 April 2021First in situ resource utilization.

First production of oxygen on another celestial body (Mars).

 USA (NASA)MOXIE[73][74]
14 December 2021First spacecraft to fly through the atmosphere of a star (the Sun's corona). USA (NASA)Parker Solar Probe[75]
25 December 2021Launch of the largest space telescope to date. USA (NASA) ESA Canada (CSA)James Webb Space Telescope[76]
26 September 2022First asteroid measurably deflected by a spacecraft.

First spacecraft to make contact with an asteroid moon (impact on Dimorphos).

 USA (NASA, SpaceX)DART[77]
23 August 2023First landing at the lunar south polar region. India (ISRO)Chandrayaan-3[78]
14 March 2024First successful demonstration of in space propellant transfer USA (SpaceX)SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 3[79]
06 June 2024First successful instance of both stages of a launch vehicle returned for a controlled landing USA (SpaceX)SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 4[80]

Notes

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  1. ^ Soviet spacecraft Vega 1 and Vega 2 and ESA spacecraft Giotto all made a flyby of Halley's Comet the year after, in 1986.
  2. ^ Although the discovery was retracted in 1994, and not confirmed until 2002.
  3. ^ On December 3, 1996 (prior to 2008), the US Department of Defense announced that Clementine data suggested evidence of ice at the lunar south pole. However, the discovery was not confirmed and Clementine data might have been misinterpreted.
  4. ^ The reason why it is BEAM (2016) rather than Genesis I (2006) is that BEAM was specifically designed for human habitation and was attached to the ISS, while Genesis I and Genesis II (2007) were technology demonstration prototypes for future space habitats.

See also

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References

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