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Space Shuttle Discovery

Space Shuttle Discovery (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-103) is a retired American spacecraft. The spaceplane was one of the orbiters from NASA's Space Shuttle program and the third of five fully operational orbiters to be built.[2] Its first mission, STS-41-D, flew from August 30 to September 5, 1984. Over 27 years of service it launched and landed 39 times, aggregating more spaceflights than any other spacecraft to date. The Space Shuttle launch vehicle had three main components: the Space Shuttle orbiter, a single-use central fuel tank, and two reusable solid rocket boosters. Nearly 25,000 heat-resistant tiles cover the orbiter to protect it from high temperatures on re-entry.[3]

Discovery
Top view of a spaceplane in space.
Discovery in orbit in 2011, during STS-133, the orbiter's final flight
TypeSpaceplane
ClassSpace Shuttle orbiter
Eponym
Serial no.OV-103
OwnerNASA
ManufacturerRockwell International
Specifications
Dry mass78,000 kilograms (172,000 lb)
RocketSpace Shuttle
History
First flight
Last flight
  • February 24 – March 9, 2011
  • STS-133
Flights39
Flight time8,783 hours
Travelled238,539,663 kilometres (148,221,675 mi) around Earth[1]
Orbits5,830 around Earth
FateRetired
Location
Space Shuttle orbiters
Space Shuttle Discovery at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
Discovery rollout ceremony in October 1983
Discovery and SCA 905 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, November 6, 1983

Discovery became the third operational orbiter to enter service, preceded by Columbia and Challenger.[4] It embarked on its final mission, STS-133, on February 24, 2011, and touched down for the last time at Kennedy Space Center on March 9,[5] having spent a cumulative total of nearly a full year in space. Discovery performed both research and International Space Station (ISS) assembly missions, and also carried the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit among other satellites.

Discovery was the first operational shuttle to be retired, followed by Endeavour and then Atlantis. The shuttle is now on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.

History edit

The name Discovery was chosen to carry on a tradition based on ships of exploration,[2] primarily HMS Discovery,[6] one of the ships commanded by Captain James Cook during his third and final major voyage from 1776 to 1779, and Henry Hudson's Discovery,[2] which was used in 1610–1611 to explore Hudson Bay and search for a Northwest Passage. Other ships bearing the name have included HMS Discovery[7] of the 1875–1876 British Arctic Expedition to the North Pole, and RRS Discovery, which carried the 1901–1904 Discovery Expedition to Antarctica, led by Captain Scott.[8]

Space Shuttle Discovery launched the Hubble Space Telescope and conducted the second and third Hubble service missions. It also launched the Ulysses probe and three TDRS satellites. Twice Discovery was chosen as the "Return To Flight" Orbiter, first in 1988 after the loss of Challenger in 1986, and then again for the twin "Return To Flight" missions in July 2005 and July 2006 after the Columbia disaster in 2003. Project Mercury astronaut John Glenn, who was 77 at the time, flew with Discovery on STS-95 in 1998, making him the oldest person to go into space at that time in history.[9]

Had plans to launch United States Department of Defense payloads from Vandenberg Air Force Base gone ahead, Discovery would have become the dedicated US Air Force shuttle.[10] Its first West Coast mission, STS-62-A, was scheduled for 1986, but canceled in the aftermath of the Challenger disaster.

Discovery was retired after completing its final mission, STS-133 on March 9, 2011. The spacecraft is now on display in Virginia at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, an annex of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum.[11]

Construction milestones edit

DateMilestone[8]
1979 January 29Contract Award to Rockwell International's Space Transportation Systems Division in Downey, California
1979 August 27Start long lead fabrication of Crew Module
1980 June 20Start fabrication lower fuselage
1980 November 10Start structural assembly of aft-fuselage
1980 December 8Start initial system installation aft fuselage
1981 March 2Start fabrication/assembly of payload bay doors
1981 October 26Start initial system installation, crew module, Downey
1982 January 4Start initial system installation upper forward fuselage
1982 March 16Midfuselage on dock, Palmdale, California
1982 March 30Elevons on dock, Palmdale
1982 April 30Wings arrive at Palmdale from Grumman
1982 April 30Lower forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale
1982 July 16Upper forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale
1982 August 5Vertical stabilizer on dock, Palmdale
1982 September 3Start of Final Assembly
1982 October 15Body flap on dock, Palmdale
1983 January 11Aft fuselage on dock, Palmdale
1983 February 25Complete final assembly and closeout installation, Palmdale
1983 February 28Start initial subsystems test, power-on, Palmdale
1983 May 13Complete initial subsystems testing
1983 July 26Complete subsystems testing
1983 August 12Completed Final Acceptance
1983 October 16Rollout from Palmdale
1983 November 5Overland transport from Palmdale to Edwards Air Force Base
1983 November 9Delivery to Kennedy Space Center
1984 June 2Flight Readiness Firing
1984 August 30First Flight (STS-41-D)

Features and upgrades edit

On the maiden voyage of Discovery: Judith Resnik, Henry Hartsfield, Michael L. Coats, Steven A. Hawley, Charles D. Walker, and Richard M. Mullane
Discovery after booster separation
Discovery approaching the ISS on STS-121, its 'teardrop' feature clearly visible
Discovery sends the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit on April 25, 1990

During its construction, Discovery was fitted with several black tiles near the middle starboard window where there should have been white tiles. It is unknown if this was the result of a harmless manufacturing mishap or done intentionally to give a distinctive look to the shuttle. This feature has been called 'teardrop' and allowed Discovery to be told apart from the rest of the fleet without looking at its name, although often unnoticed by the uninitiated.[12]

The spacecraft weighed roughly 6,870 lb (3,120 kg) less than Columbia when it was brought into service due to optimalizations determined during the construction and testing of Enterprise, Columbia and Challenger.[9] Discovery weighs 6 pounds (2.7 kg) heavier than Atlantis and 363 pounds (165 kg) heavier than Endeavour after further weight-saving adjustments were made.[13]

Part of the Discovery weight optimizations included the greater use of quilted AFRSI blankets rather than the white LRSI tiles on the fuselage, and the use of graphite epoxy instead of aluminum for the payload bay doors and some of the wing spars and beams.[14]

Upon its delivery to the Kennedy Space Center in 1983, Discovery was modified alongside Challenger to accommodate the liquid-fueled Centaur-G booster, which had been planned for use beginning in 1986 but was cancelled in the wake of the Challenger disaster.[15]

Beginning in late 1995, the orbiter underwent a nine-month Orbiter Maintenance Down Period (OMDP) in Palmdale, California. This included outfitting the vehicle with a 5th set of cryogenic tanks and an external airlock to support missions to the International Space Station. As with all the orbiters, it could be attached to the top of specialized aircraft and did so in June 1996 when it returned to the Kennedy Space Center, and later in April 2012 when sent to the Udvar-Hazy Center, riding piggy-back on a modified Boeing 747.[9]

After STS-105, Discovery became the first of the orbiter fleet to undergo Orbiter Major Modification (OMM) period at the Kennedy Space Center. Work began in September 2002 to prepare the vehicle for Return to Flight. The work included scheduled upgrades and additional safety modifications.[9]

Decommissioning edit

Main article: Space Shuttle retirement
SCA N905NA carrying Discovery on the last flyover of the National Mall at around 10:15 am EDT, during its 11:05 am landing at Dulles airport on April 17, 2012[16]

Discovery was decommissioned on March 9, 2011.[17][18] NASA offered Discovery to the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum for public display and preservation, after a month-long decontamination process,[19] as part of the national collection.[20][21][22] Discovery replaced Enterprise in the Smithsonian's display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Virginia.[23][24][25] Discovery was transported to Washington Dulles International Airport on April 17, 2012, and was transferred to the Udvar-Hazy on April 19 where a welcome ceremony was held. Afterwards, at around 5:30 pm, Discovery was rolled to its "final wheels stop" in the Udvar Hazy Center.[26][27]

Enterprise and Discovery exchanged and Discovery on display at the National Air and Space Museum, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center

Flights edit

The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), one of the many satellites deployed from Discovery

By its last mission, Discovery had flown 149 million miles (238 million km) in 39 missions, completed 5,830 orbits, and spent 365 days in orbit over 27 years.[28] Discovery flew more flights than any other Orbiter Shuttle, including four in 1985 alone. Discovery flew both "return to flight" missions after the Challenger and Columbia disasters: STS-26 in 1988, STS-114 in 2005, and STS-121 in 2006. Discovery flew the ante-penultimate mission of the Space Shuttle program, STS-133, having launched on February 24, 2011. Endeavour flew STS-134 and Atlantis performed STS-135, NASA's last Space Shuttle mission. On February 24, 2011, Space Shuttle Discovery launched from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39-A to begin its final orbital flight.[29]

Flights listing edit

#DateDesignationNotesLength of journey
1August 30, 1984STS-41-DFirst Discovery mission: Judith Resnik became second American woman in Space. Three communications satellites were put into orbit, including LEASAT F2.6 days, 00 hours,
56 minutes, 04 seconds
2November 8, 1984STS-51-ALaunched two and rescued two communications satellites including LEASAT F1.7 days, 23 hours,
44 minutes, 56 seconds
3January 24, 1985STS-51-CLaunched DOD Magnum ELINT satellite.3 days, 01 hours,
33 minutes, 23 seconds-
4April 12, 1985STS-51-DLaunched two communications satellites including LEASAT F3. Carried first incumbent United States member of Congress into space, Senator Jake Garn (R–Utah)6 days, 23 hours,
55 minutes, 23 seconds
5June 17, 1985STS-51-GLaunched two communications satellites, Sultan Salman al-Saud becomes first Saudi Arabian in space.7 days, 01 hours,
38 minutes, 52 seconds
6August 27, 1985STS-51-ILaunched two communications satellites including LEASAT F4. Recovered, repaired, and redeployed LEASAT F3.7 days, 02 hours,
17 minutes, 42 seconds
7September 29, 1988STS-26Return to flight after Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, launched TDRS-3.4 days, 01 hours,
00 minutes, 11 seconds
8March 13, 1989STS-29Launched TDRS-4.4 days, 23 hours,
38 minutes, 52 seconds
9November 22, 1989STS-33Launched DOD Magnum ELINT satellite.5 days, 00 hours,
06 minutes, 49 seconds
10April 24, 1990STS-31Launch of Hubble Space Telescope (HST).5 days, 01 hours,
16 minutes, 06 seconds
11October 6, 1990STS-41Launch of Ulysses.4 days, 02 hours,
10 minutes, 04 seconds
12April 28, 1991STS-39Launched DOD Air Force Program-675 (AFP-675) satellite.8 days, 07 hours,
22 minutes, 23 seconds
13September 12, 1991STS-48Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS).5 days, 08 hours,
27 minutes, 38 seconds
14January 22, 1992STS-42International Microgravity Laboratory-1 (IML-1).8 days, 01 hours,
14 minutes, 44 seconds
15December 2, 1992STS-53Department of Defense payload.7 days, 07 hours,
19 minutes, 47 seconds
16April 8, 1993STS-56Atmospheric Laboratory (ATLAS-2).9 days, 06 hours,
08 minutes, 24 seconds
17September 12, 1993STS-51Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS).9 days, 20 hours,
11 minutes, 11 seconds
18February 3, 1994STS-60First Shuttle-Mir mission; Wake Shield Facility (WSF). First Russian launched in an American spacecraft (Sergei Krikalev).8 days, 07 hours,
09 minutes, 22 seconds
19September 9, 1994STS-64LIDAR In-Space Technology Experiment (LITE).10 days, 22 hours,
49 minutes, 57 seconds
20February 3, 1995STS-63Rendezvous with Mir space station. First female shuttle pilot Eileen Collins.[13]8 days, 06 hours,
29 minutes, 36 seconds
21July 13, 1995STS-70Launched TDRS-7.8 days, 22 hours,
20 minutes, 05 seconds
22February 11, 1997STS-82Servicing Hubble Space Telescope (HST) (HSM-2).9 days, 23 hours,
38 minutes, 09 seconds
23August 7, 1997STS-85Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes (CRISTA).11 days, 20 hours,
28 minutes, 07 seconds
24June 2, 1998STS-91Final Shuttle/Mir Docking Mission.9 days, 19 hours,
55 minutes, 01 seconds
25October 29, 1998STS-95SPACEHAB, second flight of John Glenn, who was 77 years of age at that time, the oldest man in space and third incumbent member of Congress to enter space. Pedro Duque became the first Spaniard in space.8 days, 21 hours,
44 minutes, 56 seconds
26May 27, 1999STS-96First Space Shuttle mission to dock with the International Space Station[13]9 days, 19 hours,
13 minutes, 57 seconds
27December 19, 1999STS-103Servicing Hubble Space Telescope (HST) (HSM-3A).7 days, 23 hours,
11 minutes, 34 seconds
28October 11, 2000STS-92International Space Station Assembly Flight (carried and assembled the Z1 truss); 100th Shuttle mission.12 days, 21 hours,
43 minutes, 47 seconds
29March 8, 2001STS-102International Space Station crew rotation flight (Expedition 1 and Expedition 2)12 days, 19 hours,
51 minutes, 57 seconds
30August 10, 2001STS-105International Space Station crew and supplies delivery (Expedition 2 and Expedition 3)11 days 21 hours,
13 minutes, 52 seconds
31July 26, 2005STS-114First "Return To Flight" mission since Space Shuttle Columbia disaster; International Space Station (ISS) supplies delivery, new safety procedures testing and evaluation, Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) Raffaello.13 days, 21 hours,
33 minutes, 00 seconds
32July 4, 2006STS-121Second "Return To Flight" mission since the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, owing to concerns surrounding foam debris from the external tank during STS-114; International Space Station (ISS) supplies delivery, test new safety and repair techniques.12 days, 18 hours,
37 minutes, 54 seconds
33December 9, 2006STS-116ISS crew rotation and assembly (carries and assembles the P5 truss segment); Last flight to launch on pad 39-B;
First night launch since Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.		12 days, 20 hours,
44 minutes, 16 seconds
34October 23, 2007STS-120ISS crew rotation and assembly (carries and assembles the Harmony module).15 days, 02 hours,
23 minutes, 55 seconds
35May 31, 2008STS-124ISS crew rotation and assembly (carries and assembles the Kibō JEM PM module).13 days, 18 hours,
13 minutes, 07 seconds
36March 15, 2009STS-119International Space Station crew rotation and assembly of a fourth
starboard truss segment (ITS S6) and a fourth set of solar arrays and batteries. Also replaced a failed unit for a system that converts urine to drinking water.		12 days, 19 hours,
29 minutes, 33 seconds
37August 28, 2009STS-128International Space Station crew rotation and ISS resupply using the Leonardo Multi-Purpose Logistics Module. Also carried the C.O.L.B.E.R.T treadmill named after Stephen Colbert13 days 20 hours, 54 minutes, 40 seconds
38April 5, 2010STS-131ISS resupply using the Leonardo Multi-Purpose Logistics Module. The mission also marked the first time that four women were in space and the first time that two Japanese astronauts were together on a space station.[30] Longest mission for this Orbiter.15 days 2 hours, 47 minutes 11 seconds‡
39February 24, 2011STS-133The mission launched at 4:53 pm EST on February 24, was carrying the Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM) Leonardo, the ELC-4 and Robonaut 2 to the ISS.[31] Final flight of Discovery.12 days 19 hours,
4 minutes, 50 seconds

‡ Longest shuttle mission for Discovery
– shortest shuttle mission for Discovery

Mission and tribute insignias edit

NASA Orbiter Tribute for Space Shuttle Discovery
Mission insignia for Discovery flights
STS-41-DSTS-51-ASTS-51-CSTS-51-DSTS-51-GSTS-51-ISTS 26STS 29
STS 33STS 31STS 41STS 39STS 48STS 42STS 53STS 56
STS 51STS 60STS 64STS 63STS 70STS 82STS 85STS 91
STS 95STS 96STS 103STS 92STS 102STS 105STS 114STS 121
STS 116STS 120STS 124STS 119STS 128STS 131STS 133

Flow directors edit

The Flow Director was responsible for the overall preparation of the shuttle for launch and processing it after landing, and remained permanently assigned to head the spacecraft's ground crew while the astronaut flight crews changed for every mission. Each shuttle's Flow Director was supported by a Vehicle Manager for the same spacecraft. Space Shuttle Discovery's Flow Directors were:

  • Until 01/1991: John J. "Tip" Talone Jr. (afterwards Flow Director for Endeavour)[32]
  • 01/1991 – 09/1992: John C. "Chris" Fairey[32]
  • 09/1992 – 10/1996: David A. King[33]
  • 10/1996 – 05/2000: W. Scott Cilento[34]
  • 12/2000 – 03/2011: Stephanie S. Stilson[35]

Gallery edit

The launch of STS-41-D, Discovery's first missionSTS-121 launched on July 4, 2006 – the only Shuttle to launch on Independence DaySTS-119 on the night of March 11, 2009Discovery sits atop a modified Boeing 747 as it touches downDiscovery lands after its first flight, STS-41-D
Discovery performing the Rendezvous pitch maneuver prior to docking with the International Space StationThe Space Shuttle Discovery soon after landingModified Boeing 747 carrying DiscoverySTS-124 comes to a close as Discovery lands at the Kennedy Space CenterDiscovery's final touchdown on Kennedy Space Center's runway, concluding the STS-133 mission and Discovery's 27-year career

See also edit

References edit

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

  1. ^ NASA (October 2010). "NASAfacts Discovery (OV-103)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c NASA (2007). "Space Shuttle Overview: Discovery (OV-103)". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007. Retrieved November 6, 2007.
  3. ^ "10 Cool Facts About NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery | Space Shuttle Retirement". Space.com. April 18, 2012. Archived from the original on June 22, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  4. ^ "Discovery's last mission flight to space begun". February 24, 2011. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
  5. ^ "Discovery's Final Touchdown A Success". redOrbit.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
  6. ^ "Discovery (OV-103)". science.ksc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  7. ^ "How Did the Space Shuttle Discovery Get Its Name?". Space.com. February 22, 2011. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  8. ^ a b "Discovery (OV-103)". NASA/KSC. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
  9. ^ a b c d "Space Shuttle Overview: Discovery (OV-103)". NASA. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
  10. ^ "Part II. Discovery (OV-103)" (PDF). Space Transportation System Haer No. TX-116. NASA.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  11. ^ "Space Shuttle Discovery Joins the National Collection". April 12, 2011. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
  12. ^ "Tire marks and teardrop tiles: Smithsonian curator on shuttle Discovery at 30 years | collectSPACE". collectSPACE.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  13. ^ a b c "Space Shuttle Discovery Facts". Florida Today. April 10, 2011. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
  14. ^ "STS-41D Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. August 1984. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 15, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013. Graphite epoxy has replaced some internal aluminum spars and beams in the wings and in the payload bay doors.
  15. ^ Lardas, Mark (2012). Space Shuttle Launch System: 1972–2004. Osprey Publishing. p. 37.
  16. ^ Pearlman, Robert Z. (April 17, 2012). "Space Shuttle Discovery lands, for the last time, in Washington, D.C." The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2012. The air- and spacecraft duo landed at Washington Dulles International Airport at 11:05 am EDT (1505 GMT).
  17. ^ "Consolidated Launch Manifest". NASA. 2007. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved October 10, 2007.
  18. ^ Bergin, Chris (2006). "NASA sets new launch date targets through to STS-124". NASASpaceflight.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2007.
  19. ^ Chow, Denise (March 9, 2011). "Space Shuttle Discovery Lands on Earth After Final Voyage". SPACE.com. Archived from the original on March 11, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
  20. ^ Pearlman, Robert (2008). "NASA seeks shuttle suitors: Museums may need to cover the costs for retired orbiters". collectspace.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
  21. ^ "NASA Solicits Ideas for Displaying Retired Space Shuttles and Main Engines" (Press release). NASA. December 17, 2009. Archived from the original on April 6, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  22. ^ Berger, Eric (December 7, 2009). "Discovery is Smithsonian's". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
  23. ^ Pearlman, Robert Z. (March 17, 2010). "NASA Primes Retired Test Shuttle Enterprise For One Last Flight". Space.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
  24. ^ "news – "NASA readies retired test shuttle Enterprise for one last flight"". collectSPACE. March 15, 2010. Archived from the original on September 13, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  25. ^ "NYC, L.A., Kennedy Space Center, Smithsonian to get the 4 retired space shuttles". USA Today. April 12, 2011. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
  26. ^ "Welcome, Discovery!". Smithsonian Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
  27. ^ Associated Press/NBC Washington (January 24, 2012). "Udvar-Hazy Center Getting a 2nd Space Shuttle". NBC Washington. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
  28. ^ Dunn, Marcia (March 9, 2011). "Space shuttle Discovery lands, ends flying career". Salt Lake Tribune. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 15, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
  29. ^ Travis, Matthew (February 24, 2011). "STS-133 space shuttle Discovery launches for the final time". The Spacearium, SpaceflightNews.net via YouTube. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
  30. ^ Four Women, Two Japanese in Space at Same Time Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Asian American Press, April 8, 2010
  31. ^ "Shuttle Discovery takes off on its final flight". CNN. February 24, 2011. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
  32. ^ a b Malone, Lisa (January 8, 1991). "KSC Names Two Space Shuttle Flow Directors". KSC Release No. 5-91. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  33. ^ "NASA – KSC Names David King as Shuttle Discovery's Flow Director". www.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  34. ^ "KSC Release No. 120-96". Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  35. ^ KSC, Kay Grinter (June 6, 2013). "Kennedy Biographies". Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2013.

External links edit

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Space Shuttle Discovery.


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