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22°37′09.0″N 120°21′56.2″E / 22.619167°N 120.365611°E
中華民國陸軍軍官學校 | |
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Former names | Whampoa Military Academy (1924–1926) Central Military Academy (1927–1949) Chinese Workers and Peasants Military Academy |
|---|---|
| Motto | Fraternity, Devotion, Sincerity |
| Type | Service academy |
| Established | May 1, 1924 |
| Superintendent | Maj. Gen. Chang Chieh (張捷) |
| Location | Fengshan District, Kaohsiung , |
| Campus | Suburban |
| Website | www |
| Republic of China Military Academy | |||||||||||||
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 Main gate | |||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中華民國陸軍軍官學校 | ||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中华民国陆军军官学校 | ||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Republic of China Army Officer School | ||||||||||||
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| abbreviation | |||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 陸軍官校 | ||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Army Officer School | ||||||||||||
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| Whampoa Military Academy | |||||||||||||
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 Main gate | |||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 黃埔軍校 | ||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 黄埔军校 | ||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Yellow Port Army School | ||||||||||||
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The Republic of China Military Academy (Chinese: 中華民國陸軍軍官學校; pinyin: Zhōnghúa Mīngúo Lùjūn Jūnguān Xúexiào; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Lio̍k-kun Kun-koaⁿ Ha̍k-hāu), also known as the Chinese Military Academy (CMA) or Taiwan Military Academy, is the service academy for the army of Taiwan. It was founded by the Republic of China as the Whampoa Military Academy at Huangpu (Whampoa), Guangzhou in 1924. At the end of the Chinese Civil War the academy evacuated to the island of Taiwan and took its current name. Its graduates participated in the Northern Expedition, the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War.
Establishment edit
By 1924, the Kuomintang (KMT) wanted to build a modern, and politically-reliable armed force. The KMT received money, materiel, and advisors from the Soviet Union; military advisors provided training and began reorganizing the KMT's forces along Soviet lines. As part of the reforms, political commissars were introduced for political and technical training and, in 1924, the KMT's 1st National Congress approved the creation of the Whampoa Military Academy to train junior officers for the what would become the National Revolutionary Army (NRA). The academy was established in May 1924[1] on Changzhou Island[citation needed] in Huangpu, Guangzhou with Chiang Kai-shek as superintendent.[2] Liao Zhongkai, the KMT treasury secretary, was the party's representative to the academy. Sun Yat-sen took the ceremonial position of the academy's premier.[3]
Early years edit
The Chinese faculty included graduates from the Baoding Military Academy, the Yunnan Military Academy, and the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. There were also a small number of Soviet instructors trained at the Frunze Military Academy;[4] they were the academy's primary instructors.[5] Members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) were admitted as faculty and students as part of the First United Front.[4] The political instructors were mostly Communists, as was the their director, Zhou Enlai.[6] The later People's Liberation Army also recruited Whampoa graduates.[7]
The academy's provided a 6-12 month[3] military-political program incorporating Western pedagogical methods and practical exercises. Military training was primarily infantry-focused, but also included classes for artillery, engineers, logistics, and heavy weapons. Political training was based on Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People, KMT history, and Western politics and economics.[4] The program was inferior to those provided by contemporary professional armies, but it gave the NRA an advantage over the less professional Chinese armies of the Warlord Era.[3] The first class of 490 graduated in November.[2]
The academy formed the first "model" regiment in October 1924, which suppressed a insurrection of angry merchants and their private militia forces late that month. The Whampoa force operated successfully during the Guangdong–Guangxi War and the Yunnan–Guangxi War[2] before becoming the foundation of the NRA.[7]
By the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 the majority of Chinese divisions were commanded by Whampoa graduates.[3]
Relocations edit
The original academy operated until 1926.[3] In 1928, following the Northern Expedition, it was relocated to Nanjing, the new capital, and renamed as the Central Military Academy. The CMA evacuated to Chengdu in 1938 during the Second Sino-Japanese War.[citation needed]
At the end of the Chinese Civil War, the CMA evacuated to Kaohsiung on Taiwan and was renamed to the Republic of China Military Academy.[citation needed]
The site of the Whampoa Military Academy is now a museum.[citation needed]
List of superintendents edit
- Note: "class year" refers to the alumnus's class year, which usually is the same year they graduated. However, in times of war, classes often graduate early.
- A "—" in the class year column indicates a superintendent who is not an alumnus of the Academy.
| # | Start | End | Name | Photo | Class year | Notability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 2 May 1924 | October 1947 | Chiang Kai-shek |  | — | Generalissimo; 1st president of the Republic of China |
| 2. | October 1947 | September 1949 | Lt. Gen. Guan Linzheng (關麟徵) |  | — | General; ROC Army Commander-in-Chief |
| 3. | September 1949 | December 1949 | Lt. Gen. Chang Yao-ming (張耀明) | 1924 | Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy | |
| 4. | October 1950 | 31 October 1954 | Lt. Gen. Lo Yu-lun (羅友倫) | 1929 | General; ROC Combined Services Force Commander-in-Chief | |
| 5. | 1 September 1954 | 31 March 1957 | Lt. Gen. Hsieh Chao-chih (謝肇齊) | 1929 | Lieutenant general; vice president of the Army, Navy and Air Force Joint Staff University | |
| 6. | 1 April 1957 | 31 December 1960 | Lt. Gen. Hsu Ju-cheng (徐汝誠) | 1929 | Lieutenant general; deputy chief of the General Staff for Operations, MND-GSH | |
| 7. | 1 January 1961 | March 1965 | Lt. Gen. Ai Ai (艾靉) | 1926 | Lieutenant general; deputy executive Minister of National Defense | |
| 8. | March 1965 | 31 March 1970 | Lt. Gen. Chang Li-fu (張立夫) | 1929 | Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy | |
| 9. | 1 April 1970 | February 1973 | Lt. Gen. Lin Chu-yao (林初耀) | 1933 | Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy | |
| 10. | February 1973 | 31 March 1976 | Lt. Gen. Chin Tsu-hsi (秦祖熙) | 1937 | Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy | |
| 11. | 1 April 1976 | December 1977 | Lt. Gen. Yen Pai-chien (言百謙) | 1941 | General; director of the Joint Operations Training Department, MND | |
| 12. | December 1977 | December 1979 | Lt. Gen. Hsu Li-nung (許歷農) | 1939 | General; director of the General Political Warfare Department, MND | |
| 13. | December 1979 | 30 June 1981 | Lt. Gen. Chu Chih-yuan (朱致遠) | 1939 | Lieutenant general; ROC Army Vice Commander-in-Chief | |
| 14. | 1 July 1981 | 30 June 1983 | Lt. Gen. Lu Kuang-yi (盧光義) | 1949 | Lieutenant general; director of the Military Intelligence Bureau, MND | |
| 15. | 1 July 1983 | 30 June 1985 | Lt. Gen. Huang Hsing-chiang (黃幸強) | 1949 | General; ROC Army Commander-in-Chief | |
| 16. | 1 July 1985 | December 1986 | Lt. Gen. Huang Yao-yu (黃耀羽) | 1952 | Lieutenant general; deputy director-general of the National Security Bureau | |
| 17. | December 1986 | 30 June 1989 | Lt. Gen. Tang Yuan-pu (湯元普) | 1960 | Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy | |
| 18. | 1 July 1989 | 60 June 1991 | Lt. Gen. Hu Chia-chi (胡家麒) | 1961 | Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy | |
| 19. | 1 July 1991 | September 1993 | Lt. Gen. Yang Te-chih (楊德智) | 1964 | General; ROC Combined Services Force Commander-in-Chief | |
| 20. | September 1993 | July 1996 | Lt. Gen. Ma Teng-ho (馬登鶴) | 1960 | Lieutenant general; ROC Combined Services Force Vice Commander-in-Chief | |
| 21. | July 1996 | July 1997 | Lt. Gen. Tung Chao-yang (童兆陽) | 1965 | Lieutenant general; ROC Army Vice Commander-in-Chief | |
| 22. | July 1997 | January 1998 | Lt. Gen. Ting Yu-chou (丁渝洲) | 1966 | General; secretary-general of the National Security Council | |
| 23. | January 1998 | 28 February 2002 | Lt. Gen. Chang Yueh-heng (張岳衡) | 1965 | Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy | |
| 24. | 1 March 2002 | 30 June 2005 | Lt. Gen. Yang Kuo-chiang (楊國強) | .jpg) | 1972 | Lieutenant general; incumbent director-general of the National Security Bureau |
| 25. | 1 July 2005 | 30 June 2006 | Lt. Gen. Wang Ken-lin (王根林) | 1971 | Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy | |
| acting | 1 July 2006 | 31 July 2006 | Lt. Gen. Chia Fu-yi (賈輔義) | 1970 | Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy (acting) The rank of the superintendent was demoted from lieutenant general to major general by the disarmaments policy of the then President Chen Shui-bian. | |
| 26. | 1 October 2006 | July 2010 | Maj. Gen. Chen Liang-pei (陳良沛) | 1979 | Major general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy | |
| 27. | July 2010 | 30 June 2012 | Maj. Gen. Chuan Tzu-jui (全子瑞) |  | 1981 | Lieutenant general; incumbent ROC Army Chief of Staff |
| 28. | 1 July 2012 | February 2015 | Maj. Gen. Liu Te-king (劉得金) | 1983 | Lieutenant general; incumbent director of the Telecommunications Development Office, MND-GSH | |
| 29. | February 2015 | present | Maj. Gen. Chang Chieh (張捷) | 1985 | Major general; incumbent superintendent of the ROC Military Academy |
Faculties edit
- Center for General Education
- Department of Civil Engineering
- Department of Physics
- Department of Foreign Languages
- Department of Political Science
- Department of Management Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Electrical Engineering
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Department of Information Management[8]
Notable alumni edit
- Lee Shying-jow, Minister of Veterans Affairs Council (2016-2018)
- Lin Biao, Marshal of the People's Republic of China [3]
- Justin Yifu Lin, Chinese economist
- Ma Zhongying, Ma clique warlord[9][10][11]
Transportation edit
The academy is within walking distance south of Dadong Station of the Kaohsiung MRT.
See also edit
- National Chengchi University, the civil counterpart of the Whampoa Military Academy
- Republic of China Naval Academy
- Republic of China Air Force Academy
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ Hsu 2012, pp. 20–21.
- ^ a b c Hsu 2012, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d e f Crean 2024, p. 55.
- ^ a b c Hsu 2012, pp. 19–21.
- ^ Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future. New York, NY: 1804 Books. p. 26. ISBN 9781736850084.
- ^ Hsu 2012, p. 20.
- ^ a b Hsu 2012, p. 22.
- ^ "Academic Units". R.O.C. Military Academy.
- ^ James A. Millward (2007). Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3.
- ^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4.
- ^ Christian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-8135-3533-6.
Sources edit
- Crean, Jeffrey (2024). The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-23394-2.
- Hsu, Wilbur W. (2012). Survival Through Adaptation: The Chinese Red Army and the Extermination Campaigns, 1927-1936 (PDF). Art of War Papers. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, USA: Combat Studies Institute Press.
Further reading edit
- Wong, Edward (2012-12-28). "With Focus on Unity, China Embraces Its Pre-Communist Past". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
- Xu, Yan (2019). "Training Model Soldiers at the Whampoa Military Academy". The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924-1945. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-7676-5.
- Kondapalli, Srikanth (1999-04-01). "Military academies in China". Strategic Analysis. 23 (1): 27–44. doi:10.1080/09700169908455028. ISSN 0970-0161.
- "Whampoa Military Academy Alumni Association Calls for Earlier Reunification". People's Daily Online. June 15, 2000. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
- Li, Lincoln (1994). Student Nationalism in China, 1924-1949. State University of New York (SUNY) Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1749-2.
- Sahay, Dr R. K. (2016). "7". History of China's Military. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-86019-90-5.
- Carter, James (2021-06-16). "The profound legacy of China's Whampoa Military Academy". SupChina.
External links edit
- ROCMA (Chinese) - Official Site of Republic of China Military Academy (Chinese)
- ROCMA (English) - Official Site of Republic of China Military Academy (English)
