Providencia rettgeri (commonly P. rettgeri), is a Gram negative bacterium that is commonly found in both water and land environments. P. rettgeri is in the genus Providencia, along with Providencia stuartii, Providencia alcalifaciens, and Providencia rustigianii. P. rettgeri can be incubated at 37 °C in nutrient agar or nutrient broth. It was first discovered in 1904 after a waterfowl epidemic.[1] Strains of the species have also been isolated from nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis.[2] Providencia rettgeri also found in marine environment.[3]
| Providencia rettgeri | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Enterobacterales |
| Family: | Morganellaceae |
| Genus: | Providencia |
| Species: | P. rettgeri |
| Binomial name | |
| Providencia rettgeri Rettger 1904 | |
Biochemical characteristics of Providencia rettgeri
editS.I. Paul et al. (2021)[3] isolated, characterized and identified salt tolerant Providencia rettgeri from marine sponge (Niphates erecta) of the Saint Martin's Island Area of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Colony, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of Providencia rettgeri are shown in the Table below.[3]
| Test type | Test | Characteristics |
| Colony characters | Size | Small |
| Type | Round | |
| Color | Opaque | |
| Shape | Convex | |
| Morphological characters | Shape | Rod |
| Physiological characters | Motility | + |
| Growth at 6.5% NaCl | + | |
| Biochemical characters | Gram's staining | – |
| Oxidase | – | |
| Catalase | + | |
| Oxidative-Fermentative | Fermentative | |
| Motility | + | |
| Methyl Red | + | |
| Voges-Proskauer | – | |
| Indole | + | |
| H2S Production | – | |
| Urease | + | |
| Nitrate reductase | + | |
| β-Galactosidase | – | |
| Hydrolysis of | Gelatin | – |
| Aesculin | – | |
| Casein | – | |
| Tween 40 | – | |
| Tween 60 | – | |
| Tween 80 | – | |
| Acid production from | Glycerol | + |
| Galactose | – | |
| D-Glucose | + | |
| D-Fructose | + | |
| D-Mannose | + | |
| Mannitol | + | |
| N-Acetylglucosamine | + | |
| Amygdalin | + | |
| Maltose | + | |
| D-Melibiose | + | |
| D-Trehalose | + | |
| Glycogen | + | |
| D-Turanose | + |
Note: + = Positive, – =Negative
Identification
editP. rettgeri can be identified by its motility and its ability to produce acid from mannitol. It does not produce gas from glucose and does not ferment lactose. It also does not produce hydrogen sulfide or acid from xylose.
Pathogenicity
editProvidencia rettgeri can cause a number of opportunistic infections in humans and can be found in the human gut. It is a major cause of traveller's diarrhea.[4] Strains of P. rettgeri have also been found to cause urinary tract infections[5] and eye infections.[6]
Research in insects
editProvidencia rettgeri is a natural pathogen of Drosophila fruit flies. Susceptibility to P. rettgeri is strongly tied to an allele of the antimicrobial peptide gene Diptericin.[7] The fly's defence against P. rettgeri seems to rely almost exclusively on Diptericin, as deletion of Diptericin leads to complete mortality. Meanwhile, deletion of multiple other antimicrobial peptides has no effect on P. rettgeri virulence. Yet defence against the related Providencia burhodogranariea is determined by multiple antimicrobial peptides beyond just Diptericin.[8]
References
edit- ^ Hadley, Phillip (1908). The colon-typhoid intermediates as causative agents of disease in birds: The paratyphoid bacteria. RarebooksCLub. pp. 174–180. ISBN 1236439406.
- ^ Jackson, T.J.; Wang, Huayan; Nugent, Miriam J.; Griffin, Christine T.; Burnell, Ann M.; Dowds, Barbara C.A. (1995). "Isolation of insect pathogenic bacteria,Providencia rettgeri, from Heterorhabditis spp". Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 78 (3): 237–244. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb05022.x.
- ^ a b c Paul, Sulav Indra; Rahman, Md. Mahbubur; Salam, Mohammad Abdus; Khan, Md. Arifur Rahman; Islam, Md. Tofazzal (2021-12-15). "Identification of marine sponge-associated bacteria of the Saint Martin's island of the Bay of Bengal emphasizing on the prevention of motile Aeromonas septicemia in Labeo rohita". Aquaculture. 545: 737156. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737156. ISSN 0044-8486.
- ^ Yoh, M. (1 November 2005). "Importance of Providencia species as a major cause of travellers' diarrhoea". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 54 (11): 1077–1082. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.45846-0. PMID 16192440.
- ^ Jones, BD; Mobley, HL (Sep 1987). "Genetic and biochemical diversity of ureases of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella species isolated from urinary tract infection". Infection and Immunity. 55 (9): 2198–203. doi:10.1128/iai.55.9.2198-2203.1987. PMC 260678. PMID 3623698.
- ^ Koreishi, Aaleya F.; Schechter, Barry A.; Karp, Carol L. (2006). "Ocular Infections Caused by Providencia rettgeri". Ophthalmology. 113 (8): 1463–1466. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.03.047. PMID 16797710.
- ^ Unckless RL, Howick VM, Lazzaro BP (January 2016). "Convergent Balancing Selection on an Antimicrobial Peptide in Drosophila". Current Biology. 26 (2): 257–262. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.063. PMC 4729654. PMID 26776733.
- ^ Hanson MA, Dostálová A, Ceroni C, Poidevin M, Kondo S, Lemaitre B (February 2019). "Synergy and remarkable specificity of antimicrobial peptides in vivo using a systematic knockout approach". eLife. 8. doi:10.7554/eLife.44341. PMC 6398976. PMID 30803481.
External links
edit
- EduLifeDesks - Providencia Rettgeri
- Type strain of Providencia rettgeri at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase