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List of presidents of Portugal

(Redirected from Presidents of Portugal)

For Portuguese heads of state prior to 1910, see list of Portuguese monarchs.

The complete list of presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the 5 October 1910 revolution that installed a republican regime.

This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Portugal but also those who de facto served as head of state since 1910. This is the case of Teófilo Braga who served as President of the Provisional Government after the republican coup d'état. Also Sidónio Pais, Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa, as well as Canto e Castro and Óscar Carmona in their early months, were not sworn into office as presidents of the Republic, usually being prime ministers, but de facto accumulated this function, thus combining in practice head of state and head of government in one person.

See the notes for more information.

Election terms

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The numbering reflects the uninterrupted terms in office served by a single man. For example, Jorge Sampaio served two consecutive terms and is counted as the 19th president (not the 19th and 20th). Teófilo Braga served as the first and sole president of the Provisional Government, and therefore is not considered to be the first president, although he would serve again as head of state and be the second president after the resignation of Manuel de Arriaga.

However, Bernardino Machado served two non-consecutive terms, and he is counted as both the third and the eighth presidents. Because of this, the list below contains 20 presidencies, but only 19 presidents.

Under the Constitution of Portugal adopted in 1976, in the wake of the 1974 Carnation Revolution, the president is elected to a five-year term with the possibility of running for a second consecutive term; there is no limit to the number of terms a president may serve, but a president who serves two consecutive terms may not serve again in the next five years after the second term finishes.

The official residence of the president of Portugal is the Belém Palace.

The current president of the Portuguese Republic is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the winner of the 2016 presidential election and re-elected in the 2021 presidential election.

Presidents

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The colors indicate the political affiliation of each president.

    Republican
    Democratic
    National Republican/Sidonist
    Evolutionist Party/Republican Liberal
    National Union/Popular National Action
    Democratic Renewal
    Socialist
    Social Democratic
    No party/Independent

First Republic (1910–1926)

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No.PortraitPresident
(Birth–Death)		ElectedTerm of officePolitical partyRef.
President of the Provisional Government of the Republic (1910–1911)
- Teófilo Braga[1]
(1843–1924)		—5 October 191024 August 1911Republican[2]
Presidents of the Republic (1911–1926)
1 Manuel de Arriaga
(1840–1917)		191124 August 191126 May 1915[R]Republican
later Democratic Republican[3]		[4][3]
2 Teófilo Braga
(1843–1924)		May
1915		29 May 19155 October 1915Democratic Republican[5][4][5]
3 Bernardino Machado
(1851–1944)		August
1915		5 October 19155 December 1917[C]Democratic Republican[6][4][6]
-Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: Sidónio Pais		—12 December 191728 April 1918–[4][7]
4 Sidónio Pais[8]
(1872–1918)		April
1918		28 April 191814 December 1918[A]National Republican
or "Sidonist"[citation needed]		[4][7]
-Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: João do Canto e Castro		—14 December 191816 December 1918–[9]
5 João do Canto e Castro[10]
(1862–1934)		December
1918		16 December 19185 October 1919National Republican
or "Sidonist"[citation needed]		[4][11]
6 António José de Almeida
(1866–1929)		19195 October 19195 October 1923Evolutionist Party
later Republican Liberal[citation needed]		[4][12]
7 Manuel Teixeira Gomes
(1860–1941)		19235 October 192311 December 1925[R]Democratic Republican[citation needed][4][13]
8 Bernardino Machado
(1851–1944)
2nd time		192511 December 192531 May 1926[C]Democratic Republican[citation needed][4][6]

Second Republic (1926–1974)

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No.PortraitPresident
(Birth–Death)		ElectedTerm of officePolitical partyRef.
Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) (1926–1932)
9 José Mendes Cabeçadas[14]
(1883–1965)		—31 May 192617 June 1926[C]Military officer[citation needed][4][15]
-Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: Manuel Gomes da Costa		—17 June 192629 June 1926–[16]
10 Manuel Gomes da Costa[14]
(1863–1929)		—29 June 19269 July 1926[C]Military officer[citation needed][4][17]
-Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: Óscar Carmona		—9 July 192616 November 1926–[4][18]
11 Óscar Carmona[14][19]
(1869–1951)		—16 November 192615 April 1928Military officer[4][18]
Estado Novo (New State) (1932–1974)
Óscar Carmona
(1869–1951)		192815 April 192826 April 1935Military officer
from 1932
National Union		[4][18]
193526 April 193515 April 1942
194215 April 194220 April 1949
194920 April 194918 April 1951[D]
- António de Oliveira Salazar[20]
(1889–1970)
(interim)		—18 April 195121 July 1951National Union[21]
12 Francisco Craveiro Lopes
(1894–1964)		195121 July 19519 August 1958National Union[4][22]
13 Américo Tomás
(1894–1987)		19589 August 19589 August 1965National Union
from 1970
People's National Action		[4][23]
19659 August 19659 August 1972
19729 August 197225 April 1974[C]

Third Republic (1974–present)

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No.PortraitPresident
(Birth–Death)		ElectedTerm of officePolitical partyRef.
Presidents appointed in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution (1974–1976)
-National Salvation Junta[24]
President: António de Spínola		—25 April 197415 May 1974–[25]
14António de Spínola
(1910–1996)		—15 May 197430 September 1974[R]Military officer[4][25]
15Francisco da Costa Gomes
(1914–2001)		—30 September 197414 July 1976Military officer[4][26]
Presidents elected under the Constitution of the Republic (1976–present)
16António Ramalho Eanes
(born 1935)		197614 July 197614 January 1981until 1985
Military officer		[4][27]
198014 January 19819 March 1986from 1985
Democratic Renewal
17Mário Soares
(1924–2017)		19869 March 19869 March 1991Socialist[4][28]
19919 March 19919 March 1996
18Jorge Sampaio
(1939–2021)		19969 March 19969 March 2001Socialist[4][29]
20019 March 20019 March 2006
19Aníbal Cavaco Silva
(born 1939)		20069 March 20069 March 2011Social Democratic[4][30]
20119 March 20119 March 2016
20Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
(born 1948)		20169 March 20169 March 2021Social Democratic[31]
20219 March 2021Incumbent
  • Left office early:
[A] Assassinated.
[D] Died in office of natural causes.
[R] Resigned.
[C] Forced to resign due to a coup d'état.

Timeline

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Presidents of Portugal (1910–present)
Marcelo Rebelo de SousaCavaco SilvaJorge SampaioMário SoaresRamalho EanesCosta GomesAntónio de SpínolaAmérico TomásCraveiro LopesOliveira SalazarÓscar CarmonaGomes da CostaMendes CabeçadasManuel Teixeira GomesAntónio José de AlmeidaCanto e CastroSidónio PaisBernardino MachadoManuel de ArriagaTeófilo Braga

Birthplaces

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class=notpageimage|
Birthplaces of the presidents of the Portuguese Republic. Not shown are Manuel de Arriaga (born in Horta, Azores, Portugal), Teófilo Braga (born in Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal), and Bernardino Machado (born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).

Presidents by time in office

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Rank by
length
of terms		PresidentLength by
time served		Number of
terms		Party
1Óscar Carmona24 years, 286 days5National Union
2Américo Tomás15 years, 259 days3National Union
3Mário Soares10 years, 0 days2Socialist
Jorge Sampaio10 years, 0 days2Socialist
Aníbal Cavaco Silva10 years, 0 days2Social Democratic
4António Ramalho Eanes9 years, 238 days2Independent
5Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa8 years, 103 days (Incumbent)2Social Democratic
6Francisco Craveiro Lopes7 years, 0 days1National Union
7António José de Almeida4 years, 0 days1Evolutionist Party
8Manuel de Arriaga3 years, 278 days1Democratic
9Bernardino Machado2 years, 239 days2Democratic
10Manuel Teixeira Gomes2 year, 67 days1Democratic
11Francisco da Costa Gomes1 year, 288 days1Independent
12Teófilo Braga1 year, 87 days1Democratic
13Sidónio Pais1 year, 2 days1National Republican
14João do Canto e Castro295 days1National Republican
15António de Spínola158 days1Independent
16Manuel Gomes da Costa22 days1Independent
17José Mendes Cabeçadas17 days1Independent
InterimAntónio de Oliveira Salazar94 days-National Union

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Teófilo Braga served as President of the Provisional Government, the de facto head of government and head of state, from the republican revolution of 1910 to the election of Manuel de Arriaga, the 1st President of Portugal.
  2. ^ "MRP - Teófilo Braga". www.museu.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  3. ^ a b "Manuel de Arriaga - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Braga, Paulo Drumond 1965- (2010). "Os Presidentes da República Portuguesa : sociologia de uma função".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b "Teófilo Braga". PRESIDENCY OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  6. ^ a b c "Bernardino Machado - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  7. ^ a b "Sidónio Pais - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  8. ^ After leading a coup d'état, Sidónio Pais became President of the Revolutionary Junta and later Prime Minister (President of the Ministry). He then abolished the post of Prime Minister, assuming himself as the head of government as President of the Republic. He was assassinated in 1918.
  9. ^ "Lei Nº 833, de 16 de Dezembro de 1918" (PDF). www.parlamento.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  10. ^ Canto e Castro was head of the Council of Ministers that served as the head of state of Portugal after the assassination of Sidónio Pais in 1918, from December 14 to December 16. He then became interim president until the election of António José de Almeida.
  11. ^ "Canto e Castro - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  12. ^ "António José de Almeida - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  13. ^ "Teixeira Gomes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  14. ^ a b c Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa and Óscar Carmona were the heads of the revolutionary provisional governments during the year of 1926. Although not called Presidents, they were de facto heads of state.
  15. ^ "Mendes Cabeçadas - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  16. ^ "MRP - Manuel Gomes da Costa". www.museu.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  17. ^ "Gomes da Costa - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  18. ^ a b c "Óscar Carmona - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  19. ^ Óscar Carmona served initially as head of the revolutionary government after a counter-coup deposed Gomes da Costa. He was de facto head of state between July 9 and November 16, 1926. However he officially took office as President of the Republic on November 16, 1926. Six years later, in 1932, the Estado Novo was proclaimed and the National Union, the only legal party, was formed by António de Oliveira Salazar. Carmona joined the party and was the party's candidate for every presidential election (that were considered fraudulent) until 1951, when he died.
  20. ^ António de Oliveira Salazar, the dictatorial President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) occupied the post of president interim between the death of Óscar Carmona and the election of Francisco Craveiro Lopes.
  21. ^ Alves, Maria Teixeira (2016-12-28). "Site da Presidência exclui Salazar da lista de Presidentes da República". www.jornaleconomico.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal Económico. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  22. ^ "Craveiro Lopes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  23. ^ "Américo Tomás - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  24. ^ Between the Carnation Revolution on April 25, 1974 and May 15 of the same year, António de Spínola was the head of the National Salvation Junta, being the de facto head of state and government. After May 15 Adelino da Palma Carlos became the Prime Minister, and Spínola continued as de jure head of state as President of the Republic.
  25. ^ a b "António de Spínola - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  26. ^ "Costa Gomes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  27. ^ "Ramalho Eanes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  28. ^ "Mário Soares - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  29. ^ "Jorge Sampaio - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  30. ^ "Aníbal Cavaco Silva - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  31. ^ "Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.

References

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  • Jornal de Notícias (January–May 2006). Museu da Presidência da República/Jornal de Notícias (ed.). Presidents de Portugal - Fotobiografias (1st ed.). Porto.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • "Portal da História". Biografias dos Presidentes. Retrieved February 8, 2006.
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