This article lists political parties in the Netherlands. The country has a multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which any one party has little chance of gaining power alone; parties often work with each other to form coalition governments.
The lower house of the legislature, the House of Representatives, is elected by a national party-list system of proportional representation. There is no threshold for getting a seat, making it possible for a party to get a seat with only two-thirds percent of the vote—roughly one seat for every 67,000 votes.
No party has won a majority of seats since the 1894 general election;[1] no party has even approached the seats needed for a majority since the current proportional representation system was implemented in the Pacification of 1917. All governments since then have been coalitions between two or more parties. However, there is a broad consensus on the basic principles of the political system, with all parties having to adjust their goals to some extent in order to have a realistic chance at being part of the government.
General overview edit
- GL–PvdA (Dutch: [ɣrunˈlɪŋks ˌpeːveːdeːˈjaː]), alternatively PvdA–GroenLinks, is an alliance between GreenLeft (GL) and the social democratic Labour Party (PvdA) in the Netherlands. The centre-leftist political alliance was founded at the national level by party leaders Lilianne Ploumen and Jesse Klaver during the 2021–2022 Dutch cabinet formation, whereas local alliances between the two parties had already been formed in prior years. The two parties have formed a joint parliamentary group in the Provincial Council of Zeeland since 29 March 2023, before they formed a joint group in the Senate following the 2023 Dutch Senate election. GreenLeft combines green politics[2] with left-wing ideals. The party was founded in 1990 as a merger of the Radical, Pacifist, Communist, and Evangelical Left parties. The current leader Jesse Klaver opposes what he calls "economism", where important values seem to be secondary to economic growth. GreenLeft is a member of the Global Greens and the European Green Party. The Labour Party (PvdA) is a social democratic party, and centre-left in orientation.[2] Its program is based on more social, political, and economic equality for all citizens. Former PvdA Prime Minister Joop den Uyl has called it an "equal distribution of knowledge, income and power." Under Prime Minister Wim Kok, the PvdA espoused a centrist Third Way programme. The PvdA is generally supportive of European integration. Although called the Labour Party, it has no formal links to trade unions. In practice, however, strong links exist, with PvdA politicians often beginning their careers in the FNV trade union. The party is led by Lilianne Ploumen. The PvdA was a member of the Socialist International until it delisted in 2014.[3] Nowadays, the party is a member of the Progressive Alliance and the Party of European Socialists.
- The Party for Freedom (PVV) is a right-wing populist[2] and nationalist[4] party. It was founded by Geert Wilders, who split from the VVD in 2004. The PVV seeks to lower taxation and limit immigration, especially from Islamic and non-Western countries. Supporting Nexit, it is hard Eurosceptic. The party is part of the Identity and Democracy group. It is currently the largest party in the House of Representatives.
- The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) is a conservative-liberal party.[2] As a centre-right movement (''big market small government''), it attaches great importance to private enterprise, economic liberalism[5] and the freedom of the individual in political, social, and economic affairs. The party is generally supportive of European economic integration, but is less supportive of political integration. The party is led by Dilan Yeşilgöz, and before her Mark Rutte, who announced his retirement from Dutch politics in July 2023.[6] VVD is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
- The Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) is an agrarian[7] and right-wing populist[8] political party in the Netherlands.[9] It is headquartered in Deventer, Overijssel. The current party leader is founder Caroline van der Plas, who has led it since its creation in 2019.[10] The BBB is a primarily agrarian[7] and right-wing populist[8][11][12] political party, that is generally placed on the right-wing[13][14][15][16] of the political spectrum. The party has been variously described as conservative,[17] Christian democratic,[18] centre-right,[17][19] centrist[7] and partially centre-left.[7] While not a far-right party itself, some academics and journalists have argued that it is supported by far-right elements.[20][21] The BBB shifted further to the right after PVV and JA21 members joined the BBB faction in September 2023.[22][23]
- New Social Contract (NSC) is a Christian democratic and communitarian political party in the Netherlands launched and led by Pieter Omtzigt.[24] The party intends to focus on its main themes of good governance and social security.[25] The party has been described as Christian democratic[26][27] and close to communitarian philosophy.[27] Article 2 of the party's statutes speak of "personal responsibility, family and communities and distributed private property" as founding principles, while an accompanying programme of principles mentions notions including personalism, virtue ethics and the social market economy.[28] After the 2023 Dutch general election was announced following the fall of the fourth Rutte cabinet, Omtzigt founded New Social Contract (NSC) on 19 August 2023.[24] His 2021 manifesto has served as the basis for the views of the new party.[25] On 20 August 2023, Omtzigt announced in Tubantia newspaper that he did not strive for NSC to become the largest party in the general election in November that year. If that does happen, he does not want to become prime minister, but to remain in the House of Representatives as parliamentary leader.[citation needed] Eddy van Hijum became chairman of the committee that would write the party's manifesto ahead of the 2023 general election.[29] Until 28 August 2023, the party offered people who endorsed the party's principles the opportunity to apply online for a seat in the House of Representatives. It was later announced that around 2,400 candidates had registered.[30]
- Democrats 66 (D66) have had widely fluctuating electoral fortunes since the party's founding in 1966. The party was founded as a movement that advocated direct democracy and electoral reform. Today, it is a centrist social liberal[2][31] party, professing a pro-European platform and progressive views on, for example, euthanasia, organ donation, ecological sustainability and ethnic and religious tolerance. Rob Jetten leads the party.[32] D66 is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
- The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) is a Christian democratic party on the centre to centre-right.[2] It supports free enterprise and holds to the principle that government activity should supplement but not supplant communal action by citizens. On the political spectrum, the CDA sees its philosophy as standing between the "individualism" of the VVD and the "statism" of the Labour Party. The CDA favours European economic, cultural, and political integration. The CDA is a member of the Centrist Democrat International and the European People's Party. Henri Bontenbal is the current leader of the party.[33]
- The Socialist Party (SP) is a left-wing populist party.[34] The party itself has called its ideological shift a move "from socialism to a social-ism." The party opposes what it sees as the European Superstate. The SP operated as an independent party within the European United Left-Nordic Green Left group until the 2019 European elections, when it lost all seats in the European Parliament. Jimmy Dijk is the leader of the SP.
- Party for the Animals (PvdD) is an animal rights party. It has been labeled as a one issue-party, though former PvdD leader Marianne Thieme has claimed it is not.[35] The focus of the party is on animal welfare and environmental protection. The party also has distinctive points of view about education, privacy, health care and the economy. Its founder is Marianne Thieme. Its current leader is Esther Ouwehand. The party is currently part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left group.
- The Christian Union (CU) is a socially conservative[2] Christian democratic party. It mostly concentrates on ethical issues, such as a resistance against abortion, euthanasia, and gay marriage. In other areas, such as immigration and the environment, the party often is closer to the progressive parties. It is a moderately Eurosceptic party. The CU operated within the European Conservatives and Reformists group, until after the 2019 European elections, when it joined the European People's Party group. The party is a founding member of the European Christian Political Movement.
- Forum for Democracy is a right-wing populist, and national conservative party. The party is favour of lower taxes, military investment and expansion, electoral reform, offering a referendum on European Union membership, reinstating border controls and ending what it perceives as mass immigration. The party was founded and is currently led by Thierry Baudet. The party is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party and part of the ERC-group.
- The Reformed Political Party (SGP) is a party of the Christian right,[2] with stronger ethical points of view than the Christian Union. Although the party is small on a national level, having gained either two or three seats in every general election,[36] it is an important political power in some orthodox reformed municipalities. The party sees governments (local, regional, national and international) as unconditional servants of God. The party bases all of its views directly on the Bible. Opposing European integration, the party is Eurosceptic, and operates within the European Conservatives and Reformists group and is a member of the European Christian Political Movement. Chris Stoffer leads the SGP.
- JA21 is a conservative-liberal party founded by former Second Chamber member of the LPF Joost Eerdmans and senator Annabel Nanninga, following antisemitic text messages within Forum for Democracy in late 2020 .[37] Joost Eerdmans wants to reintroduce the ideas from right-wing politician Pim Fortuyn into parliament,[38] promoting more direct democracy, stricter immigration policies, and reforms on tax and wealth systems.[39]
- Volt Netherlands is the Dutch branch of the European federalist political movement Volt Europa. Its leader Laurens Dassen wants the EU to be a "strong parliamentary democracy" and proposes jointly tackling "cross-border issues", such as climate change.[40]
- DENK is a small political party mainly focusing on and promoting multiculturalism and social integration. The party also supports environmentalism and international justice. Tunahan Kuzu founded the party after splitting from the PvdA in 2014. The current leader is Farid Azarkan.
- 50PLUS (50+) is a populist pensioners' party. The party takes a centrist position on the political spectrum and combines social-liberal and conservative viewpoints with a focus on preserving the welfare state, especially regarding pensions. Currently, the party is not represented in the House of Representatives. Martin van Rooijen leads the party's faction in the Senate. Gerard van Hooft is the leading candidate for 50PLUS in the 2023 elections. The party is a member of the European Democratic Party.
- The Independent Politics Netherlands, formerly known as "Independent Senate Group (OSF)", is a parliamentary party in the Dutch Senate with one senator, representing several provincial parties and advocating a regionalist agenda. The party's current senator, Auke van der Goot, is a member of the civic nationalistic Frisian National Party, which is itself a member of the European Free Alliance.
National political parties edit
Parties represented in the States General and/or European Parliament edit
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Parties without representation in the States General and/or European Parliament edit
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Regional and local political parties edit
European Netherlands edit
Regional parties edit
| Political party | Active in | Main ideology | Position | European affiliation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FNP |  | Frisian National Party Fryske Nasjonale Partij |  Friesland | Civic nationalism | Big tent[74] | EFA | |
| GB |  | Groninger Interest Groninger Belang |  Groningen | Regionalism | Centre | — | |
| LB |  | Local Brabant Lokaal Brabant |  North Brabant | Regionalism | Centre | — | |
| LL |  | Local Limburg Lokaal-Limburg |  Limburg | Regionalism | Centre | — | |
| PvhN | Party for the North Partij voor het Noorden | Groningen Friesland Drenthe | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
| PvZ |  | Party for Zeeland Partij voor Zeeland |  Zeeland | Regionalism | Centre | — | |
| PBF |  | Provincial Interest Fryslân Provinciaal Belang Fryslân | Friesland | Regionalism | Centre | — | |
| SLD |  | Strong Local Drenthe Sterk Lokaal Drenthe | Drenthe | Regionalism | Centre | — | |
| SLF |  | Strong Local Flevoland Sterk Lokaal Flevoland |  Flevoland | Regionalism | Centre | — | |
Local parties edit
| Party | Main ideology | Position | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forza! |  | Forza! Netherlands Forza! Nederland | Right-wing populism | Right-wing | |
| HvDH | Heart for The Hague Hart voor Den Haag/Groep de Mos | Conservative liberalism | Right-wing | ||
| LR |  | Livable Rotterdam Leefbaar Rotterdam | Fortuynism | Right-wing | |
| VSP |  | United Seniors Party Verenigde Senioren Partij | Pensioners' interests | Single-issue politics | |
Water board parties edit
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AWP |  | General Water Board Party Algemene Waterschapspartij | Apoliticism | Syncretic | |
| WN |  | Water Natuurlijk | Green politics | Centre-left | |
Caribbean Netherlands edit
Bonaire edit
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | Affiliation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American | Intl. | ||||||
| PDB | Bonaire Democratic Party Partido Demokrátiko Boneriano | Social democracy | Centre-left | Clark Abraham | — | — | |
| UPB | Bonaire Patriotic Union Union Patriótiko Boneriano | Christian democracy | Centre | James Kroon | ODCA | CDI | |
| MPB | Bonaire People's Movement Movementu di Pueblo Boneriano | Christian socialism | Centre | Elvis Tjin Asjoe | — | — | |
| FSP | Social Progressive Front Frente Sosial Progresivo | Social democracy | Centre-left | Robby Beukenboom | — | — | |
Saba edit
Sint Eustatius edit
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DP | Democratic Party | Christian democracy | Centre | Adelka Spanner | |
| PLP | Progressive Labour Party | Social democracy | Centre-left | Rechelline Leerdam | |
Defunct political parties edit
- General Elderly Alliance (AOV)
- General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses (succeeded by the Roman Catholic State Party)
- Article 50 (merged with For the Netherlands)
- General Dutch Fascist League
- Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP, 1879–1980; merged into Christian Democratic Appeal)
- Arab European League (AEL; initially founded in Belgium, active in the Netherlands between 2003 and 2005; now MDP)
- Workers Party of the Netherlands (APN)
- Farmers' Party (BP)
- League of Christian Socialists (BCS)
- League of Dutch Marxist–Leninists (BNML; merged into the Communist Workers Organisation (Marxist–Leninist))
- League of Free Liberals (merged into Liberal State Party)
- Brabant Party (active in North Brabant)
- Centre Democrats (CD; split from the Centre Party)
- Centre Party (CP; later Centre Party '86)
- Centre Party '86 (CP'86)
- Christian Democratic Party (CDP)
- Christian Democratic Union (CDU; merged into Labour Party)
- Christian Historical Union (CHU) (merged into Christian Democratic Appeal)
- Christian Social Party (CSP)
- Christian Historical Voters' League (CHK) (merged into the Christian Historical Party)
- Christian Historical Party (CHP) (merged into the Christian Historical Union)
- Christian Organisation of Self-employed Persons
- Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) (Communist Party Netherlands; merged into GroenLinks, some members formed the New Communist Party of the Netherlands)
- Democratic Party (DP)
- Democratic Socialists '70 (DS'70)
- Economic League (EB)
- Entrepreneurs Party (OP)
- Europe Transparent (ET)
- Evangelical People's Party (EVP; merged into GroenLinks)
- Fatherland League
- Free and Social Netherlands
- Frisian League (merged into the Christian Historical Union)
- Reformed Political League (GPV; merged into Christian Union)
- Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij (dissolved in 1946)
- Independent Socialist Party (OSP)
- Islam Democrats (ID)
- Catholic National Party (KNP; merged into the Catholic People's Party)
- Catholic People's Party (KVP; merged into Christian Democratic Appeal)
- Communist Workers Organisation (Marxist–Leninist) (KAO(ml); dissolved around 1980)
- Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (Marxist–Leninist) (KEN(ml); dissolved in mid-1980s)
- Independent Citizens' Party (OBP)
- Livable Netherlands (LN)
- Liberal State Party (LSP; Liberal State Party; merged into Freedom Party (PvdV))
- Liberal Party (merged into the Fatherland League)
- Liberal Union (merged into Liberal State Party)
- Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) (disbanded in 2007)
- Ratelband List
- Marxist–Leninist Party of the Netherlands (MLPN; a fake party founded in 1970 by the Dutch Intelligence Service BVD and the CIA, to research support for Maoism and to fool the People's Republic of China)
- Middle Party for City and Country (MPSL)
- Middle Class Party (MP)
- National Socialist Dutch Workers Party (NSNAP) (1931–1941)
- National Alliance (NA)
- Dutch Block (NB)
- New Middle Party (NMP)
- Neutral Party
- New National Party (NNP)
- New Right (NR)
- NIDA
- Nieuwe Wegen (NiWe, New Ways)
- Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP; merged into GroenLinks)
- Party New Limburg (PNL; has been active in Limburg
- Party of the Future (PvdT) or PartyParty (DFP) (Defunct in 2021)
- Freedom Party (PvdV) (succeeded by the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy)
- Party for Justice, Action and Progress (PRDV)
- Peasants' League
- Political Party of Radicals (PPR; merged into GroenLinks)
- Progressive Integration Party
- Radical League (RB; merged into Free-thinking Democratic League)
- Reformatory Political Federation (RPF; merged into Christian Union)
- Roman Catholic Party of the Netherlands (RKPN)
- Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP; succeeded by the Catholic People's Party)
- Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP; merged into Labour Party)
- Social Democratic League (merged into the Social Democratic Workers' Party)
- Socialist Party (Socialist Party active before World War II, not the current Socialist Party)
- Union 55+ (General Senior Union/Union 55+)
- Alliance for the Democratisation of the Army
- League of Communists in the Netherlands (VCN; split from the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) in 1983 and merged with the remains of the CPN in 1992 to form the New Communist Party of the Netherlands (NCPN))
- Alliance for National Reconstruction
- VoorNederland (VNL)
- Free-minded Party
- Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB; merged into Labour Party)
- Free Anti Revolutionary Party (merged into Christian Historical Party)
See also edit
References edit
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Valk, Guus (19 March 2023). "Waar staat BBB op het politieke spectrum? Drie politicologen aan het woord". NRC. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
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The Farmer-Citizen Movement has also won support from the far-right." "It remains to be seen whether the Farmer-Citizen Movement will present itself as a far-right party.
- ^ "Rural populist party emerges as big winner in Dutch elections". The Guardian. 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
The BBB, which has won the support of far-right and populist parties internationally, claims the problem has been exaggerated and that farmers' livelihoods are being sacrificed to the green transition.
- ^ "Maakt BBB een ruk naar rechts met premierskandidaat Mona Keijzer? 'We zijn behoudend op culturele zaken'". September 2023.
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- ^ Almeida, Dimitri. "Liberal Parties and European Integration" (PDF).
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{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Nieuwe CDA-leider Bontenbal gaat voor het politieke midden, zonder 'geschreeuw'". nos.nl (in Dutch). 14 August 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
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- ^ Lead candidate of the joint list GreenLeft and Labour Party at the 2023 general election.
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{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Rudy B. Andeweg; Galen A. Irwin (2014). Governance and Politics of the Netherlands (4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 74.
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- ^ Stagni, Federica (6 December 2018). "Time For Change: How Volt Wants To Fix Europe". Italics Magazine. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
- ^ "A Pro-Immigrant Party Rises in the Netherlands". The New York Times. 29 July 2016.
- ^ "Ethnic minorities desert Labour, turn to Denk ahead of March vote". Dutch News. 6 February 2017.
- ^ "Verkiezingsprogramma 2017 – 2021" (in Dutch). Libertarische Partij. 10 November 2016. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ "Doelstellingen" (in Dutch). Partij voor Mens en Spirit. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Lead candidate of the joint list Pirate Party and The Greens at the 2023 general election.
- ^ Piratenpartij (13 April 2010). "Structuur" [Structure] (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- ^ Lead candidate of the joint list Pirate Party and The Greens at the 2023 general election.
- ^ "Frisian National Party Membership Survey".
External links edit
- Documentation Centre for Dutch Political Parties (DNPP) at University of Groningen
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