National parks of Ukraine

National nature parks of Ukraine are preservation territories that are part of the Nature-Preservation Fund of Ukraine. The total area protected by national parks is approximately 1,111,600 hectares (11,116 km2), for an average of 22,685 hectares (226.85 km2) but a median of only 14,836 hectares (148.36 km2) at Zalissia. The largest national park is Podilski Tovtry in Khmelnytskyi Oblast: at 80,178 hectares (801.78 km2). The smallest park is Derman-Ostroh National Nature Park, at less than 5,500 hectares (55 km2).

This category of the Nature-Preservation Fund was mainly established after the fall of the Soviet Union. There were very few parks in Ukraine and most of them were in the West.

Map
Map

List

edit
#NamePhotoLocationOfficial website (Ukrainian)Area (ha)YearDescription
1Azov-Syvash
Kherson Oblast
46°06′07″N 34°23′06″E / 46.102°N 34.385°E / 46.102; 34.385
Азово-Сиваський521541993Located on Byriuchyi Island in the northwestern Azov Sea. The park was created to protect the unique coastal environment of the northwestern Azov. It is particularly important as a stop on the flyway for migratory birds, with over a million birds visiting each year.[1]
2Bile Ozero
Kyiv Oblast
49°53′46″N 31°34′41″E / 49.896°N 31.578°E / 49.896; 31.578
Білоозерський70142009As of 2014, the park appeared to be closed to the public and the legal status unclear.[2]
3Boikivshchyna
Lviv Oblast49°02′35″N 22°34′19″E / 49.043°N 22.572°E / 49.043; 22.572Бойківщина122402019Located in the Carpathians, near the border with Slovakia.
4Bug Gard
Mykolaiv Oblast
48°02′24″N 30°56′49″E / 48.040°N 30.947°E / 48.040; 30.947
Бузький Гард61382009Covers an area along the Southern Bug River in south-central Ukraine. At this point, the Southern Bug River cuts through the southern edge of the Ukrainian Shield (a block of Archean basement rock).[3]
5Carpathian
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
48°18′00″N 24°35′02″E / 48.300°N 24.584°E / 48.300; 24.584
Карпатський503031980Carpathian National Nature Park is the first national park of Ukraine and one of the biggest national parks of this country.[4]
6Charming Harbor
Crimea
45°30′00″N 32°42′00″E / 45.500°N 32.700°E / 45.500; 32.700
Чарівна гавань62702009Covers a coastal sector of the Tarkhankut Peninsula (itself a part of the Crimean peninsula) on the Black Sea. The park protects and exhibits steppe landscape as it descends to the seacoast in a semi-arid environment and with dramatic cliffs and rock formations.[5]
7Cheremosh
Chernivtsi Oblast
47°59′42″N 25°05′46″E / 47.995°N 25.096°E / 47.995; 25.096
Черемоський71182009A collection of three reserves in the northeastern section of the Carpathian Mountains, located in southwestern Ukraine. The park highlights the highly varied geology of the northeastern Carpathians, as well as the deep spruce forests of the region.[6]
8Derman-Ostroh
Rivne Oblast
50°19′44″N 26°31′12″E / 50.329°N 26.520°E / 50.329; 26.520
Дермансько-Острозький16482009Sits in a river valley that separates the southern edge of the Polesian Lowland, and the northern edge of the Podolian Upland in northwestern Ukraine. The terrain is a mixture of pine-oak forest and marshy river lowlands.[7]
9Desna-Stara Huta
Sumy Oblast
52°09′58″N 33°25′01″E / 52.166°N 33.417°E / 52.166; 33.417
Деснянсько-Старогутський162151999Covers a middle section of the Desna River in northeastern Ukraine, representing the variety of wetland and mixed forest landscapes of the eastern Polesia region. The park contains two sections, one on the floodplains of the Desna, the other in the southern region of the Bryansk forest on the Russian border.[8]
10Dniester Canyon
Ternopil Oblast
48°39′00″N 25°44′06″E / 48.650°N 25.735°E / 48.650; 25.735
Дністровський каньйон108302010Follows Dniester Canyon, the largest canyon in Ukraine, along the middle course of the Dniester River. It protects a relatively undeveloped portion of the Ukrainian forest-steppe landscape, about 75 km east of the Carpathian Mountains in western Ukraine. The canyon is known for its varied geological formations, including two of the longest caves in the world.[9]
11Dvorichna
Kharkiv Oblast
49°51′07″N 37°43′59″E / 49.852°N 37.733°E / 49.852; 37.733
Дворічанський31322009Set on the border of the steppe and forest-steppe on the banks of the river Oskil, the south-east part of Ukraine.[10]
12Dzharylhach
Kherson Oblast
46°01′01″N 32°55′59″E / 46.017°N 32.933°E / 46.017; 32.933
Джарилгацький100002009Covers Dzharylhach Island and the adjacent Karkinit Bay in the northern reaches of the Black Sea. Famous for clean sandy beaches and mineral springs in its many small lakes, Dzharylhach is the largest island in the Black Sea. Portions of the park have been protected nature reserves for almost 100 years.[11]
13Grand Meadow
Zaporizhzhia Oblast
47°22′55″N 34°59′13″E / 47.382°N 34.987°E / 47.382; 34.987
Великий Луг167562006Covers historic steppe terrain in southeast Ukraine. It is on the south bank of the Dnieper River's Kakhovka Reservoir, which was created by the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station. The meadows and reed beds on the shore support one of the largest transmigration spots for birds in Eastern Europe.[12]
14Halych
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
49°08′20″N 24°43′55″E / 49.139°N 24.732°E / 49.139; 24.732
Галицький146852004Highlights forest, steppe, meadow and wetlands of the borderlands between the Ukrainian Carpathians and the southwestern part of the East European Plain.[13]
15Hetman
Sumy Oblast
50°29′13″N 34°58′59″E / 50.487°N 34.983°E / 50.487; 34.983
Гетьманський233602009The park begins at the border with Russia as the Vorskla River runs west and south, and follows the river for all 122 km of its length through Sumy Oblast. There are some short breaks between sectors for roads or built-up villages. There terrain is mostly flat, with some hills and ravines.[14]
16Holosiiv
Kyiv
50°27′00″N 30°31′26″E / 50.450°N 30.524°E / 50.450; 30.524
Голосіївський45252007A protected remnant of forest surrounded by the urban area of the city of Kyiv, Ukraine. It is located on the Kyiv Hills, in the Dniester-Dnieper forest-steppe province, North-Dnieper lowland and steppe zone of Left-Bank Dnieper province.
17Holy Mountains
Donetsk Oblast
48°55′01″N 37°46′59″E / 48.917°N 37.783°E / 48.917; 37.783
Святі Гори406091997Located along the chalk cliffs and river terraces of the Donets River in Eastern Ukraine. The park's boundaries are a patchwork of forested areas stretching along the banks of the Donets. The Holy Mountains of Ukraine contain many archaeological, natural, historical, and recreational sites.[15]
18Homilsha Woods
Kharkiv Oblast
49°34′59″N 36°19′59″E / 49.583°N 36.333°E / 49.583; 36.333
Гомільшанські ліси143152004Covers established forests in the Donets River valley. The site has been a protected area for a very long time, beginning with Peter the Great designating local territory as a 'protected ship grove' for wood to build ships. The site also has high ecological value as forest-steppe land.[16]
19Hutsulshchyna
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
48°19′16″N 25°05′35″E / 48.321°N 25.093°E / 48.321; 25.093
Гуцульщина322712002Located in the Western Ukraine's Carpathian Mountains.
20Ichnia
Chernihiv Oblast
50°48′32″N 32°17′31″E / 50.809°N 32.292°E / 50.809; 32.292
Ічнянський96662004Covers forest-steppe terrain in the Udai River basin, about 120 km northeast of Kyiv.[17]
21Ivory Coast of Sviatoslav
Mykolaiv Oblast
46°31′59″N 31°34′01″E / 46.533°N 31.567°E / 46.533; 31.567
Білобережжя Святослава352232009Ivory Coast of Sviatoslav Park is situated on the north coast of the Black Sea is southern Ukraine. It covers portions of Dnieper–Bug estuary, the Kinburn Peninsula just south of the estuary, and Yahorlyk Bay a shallow bay of the Black Sea itself. Adjacent to the site along the coast is the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve.[18]
22Kamianska Sich
Kherson Oblast47°00′00″N 33°23′28″E / 47.00°N 33.391°E / 47.00; 33.391Кам'янська Січ122612019Located on the right bank of the southern part of Kakhovka Reservoir.
23Karmeliukove Podillia
Vinnytsia Oblast
48°23′56″N 29°15′36″E / 48.399°N 29.260°E / 48.399; 29.260
Кармелюкове Поділля165182009Located in southwest Ukraine on the forested southern slopes of the Ukrainian Shield.[19]
24Kholodnyi Yar
Cherkasy Oblast49°08′38″N 32°13′59″E / 49.144°N 32.233°E / 49.144; 32.233Холодний яр68332022Located in southeastern Cherkasy Oblast. The Maksym Zalizniak oak tree is located on the territory of the park.
25Khotyn
Chernivtsi Oblast
48°30′00″N 26°10′01″E / 48.500°N 26.167°E / 48.500; 26.167
Хотинський94002010Covers a segment of the Dniester River Canyon and the Dniester River Reservoir. It is located in the west of the country on the border with Romania. The famous Khotyn Fortress is located within the territory.[20]
26Kremenets Mountains
Ternopil Oblast
50°03′04″N 25°37′08″E / 50.051°N 25.619°E / 50.051; 25.619
Кременецькі гори69512009A cluster of mountains and ridges in the Holohoro-Kremenetskyi range of the Podolian Upland in west central Ukraine.[21]
27Kreminna Woods
Luhansk Oblast48°58′26″N 38°11′20″E / 48.974°N 38.189°E / 48.974; 38.189Кремінські ліси72692019Located on the basin of Donets River, near the city of Kreminna.
28Kuialnyk
Odesa Oblast46°39′04″N 30°43′01″E / 46.651°N 30.717°E / 46.651; 30.717Куяльницький108002022Located in and near the Kuialnyk Estuary.
29Lower Dnieper
Kherson Oblast46°20′N 32°19′E / 46.34°N 32.32°E / 46.34; 32.32Нижньодніпровський801772015Consists of the islands in the Dnieper River delta. The entire park was flooded on June 7-8, 2023, due to the Kakhovka dam collapse.[22]
30Lower Dniester
Odesa Oblast
46°24′43″N 30°12′36″E / 46.412°N 30.210°E / 46.412; 30.210
Нижньодністровський213112008A large portion of the Dniester River Estuary where it enters the Black Sea in southwestern Ukraine. The floodplains and waterways are important to nesting and wintering waterfowl. They are also important for spawning fish: over 70 species of fish in 20 groups are recorded in the park.[23]
31Lower Polissia
Khmelnytskyi Oblast
50°13′05″N 26°50′13″E / 50.218°N 26.837°E / 50.218; 26.837
Мале Полісся95152013A section of the Polissia region, the park includes several lakes and wetland areas as well as parts of river valleys Horyn, Viliia, Hnylyi Rih.[24]
32Lower Sula
Poltava Oblast
49°36′29″N 33°11′28″E / 49.608°N 33.191°E / 49.608; 33.191
Нижньосульський168792010Covers the lower reaches of the Sula River as it enters the Kremenchuk Reservoir, 120 km southeast of Kyiv. The extensive marshes, swamps, and other wetlands of the area are important habitats for fish, waterfowl, and floodplain plants.[25]
33Meotyda
Donetsk Oblast
47°06′54″N 38°04′48″E / 47.115°N 38.080°E / 47.115; 38.080
Меотида207202009A stretch of coastline, and interior estuaries and coastal lands, on the northern edge of the Sea of Azov in Ukraine. The administration of the park itself has been disrupted by hostilities in the area. Previously, the protected regions of the park supported important populations of migratory waterfowl and over 100 species of nesting birds.
34Mezyn
Chernihiv Oblast
51°43′08″N 32°17′13″E / 51.719°N 32.287°E / 51.719; 32.287
Мезинський310352006Forest and floodplain terraces of the Desna River in the northern part of the country. The park was created to balance the protection of sensitive ecological and archaeological sites, recreation, and rural agriculture.[26]
35Nobel
Rivne Oblast51°51′43″N 25°46′37″E / 51.862°N 25.777°E / 51.862; 25.777Нобельський253182019Located in northwestern Rivne Oblast.
36Northern Podillia
Lviv Oblast
49°55′01″N 25°06′00″E / 49.917°N 25.100°E / 49.917; 25.100
Північне Поділля155882010Covers a variety of individual protected sites in the northwest Podolian Upland of Ukraine. The park provides protection to, and recreation in, representative ecological and cultural sites of the area, including Hornbean-Beech forested uplands, swamp-marsh floodplains, geologically significant karst features, and historical sites that include three castles and a number of WW1 and WW2 sites.[27]
37Oleshky Sands
Kherson Oblast
46°33′00″N 32°55′23″E / 46.550°N 32.923°E / 46.550; 32.923
Олешківські піски80202010The largest desert in Ukraine, located close to the Dnieper River delta.
38Podilski Tovtry
Khmelnytskyi Oblast
46°34′52″N 32°32′06″E / 46.581°N 32.535°E / 46.581; 32.535
Подільські Товтри801782015Representative of the natural landscape of the Podillia region.[28]
39Pryazovskyi
Zaporizhzhia Oblast
46°50′24″N 35°21′32″E / 46.840°N 35.359°E / 46.840; 35.359
Приазовський781272010The second largest national park of Ukraine, covering the estuaries, coastal plains seaside landforms around the Molochna River estuary the Utlyuksky estuary, on the northwest coast of the Sea of Azov.[29]
40Prypiat-Stokhid
Volyn Oblast
51°49′41″N 25°16′59″E / 51.828°N 25.283°E / 51.828; 25.283
Прип'ять-Стохід393162007Created in 2007 to protect and unify a series of natural complexes of the Pripyat River and Stokhid River valleys in northwestern Ukraine. The park provides protection, research areas, and recreation related to the meadows and wetlands of the Polissia region.[30]
41Pushcha Radzivila
Rivne OblastПуща Радзівіла242652022Covers the basin of Stvyha River.
42Pyriatyn
Poltava Oblast
50°14′10″N 32°30′04″E / 50.236°N 32.501°E / 50.236; 32.501
Пирятинський120282009Covers a portion of the Udai River valley in the north central part of the country. It provides nature conservation and recreation on the terraces and floodplains of the river.[31]
43Royal Beskids
Lviv Oblast49°25′12″N 22°55′05″E / 49.420°N 22.918°E / 49.420; 22.918Королівські Бескиди89972020Covers the left-bank portion of the Dniester River basin from Staryi Sambir to Strilky, and also the basins of rivers Yablunka, Linynka, and Tysovychka.
44Shatsk
Volyn Oblast
51°31′01″N 23°49′12″E / 51.517°N 23.820°E / 51.517; 23.820
Шацький325151983Established in 1983 to preserve, reconstitute and to use effectively Volyn Polissia natural complexes and objects of special environmental, recreational, educational and aesthetic value.
45Skole Beskids
Lviv Oblast
49°12′00″N 23°12′36″E / 49.200°N 23.210°E / 49.200; 23.210
Сколівські Бескиди356841999Covers the Skole Beskids Range of the Carpathian Mountains on the western edge of Ukraine. It was created in 1999 to protect the beech and beech-fir forests of Carpathians, and to provide for environmental, ecological, aesthetic, educational and recreational uses.[32]
46Sloboda
Kharkiv Oblast
50°05′10″N 35°12′58″E / 50.086°N 35.216°E / 50.086; 35.216
Слобожанський52442009Covers a forest-steppe region at the confluence of the Merla and Merchik Rivers in the East Poltava Highlands of eastern Ukraine. The park features an extensive complex of marshes, swamps, and other wetlands.[33]
47Synevyr
Zakarpattia Oblast48°30′00″N 23°42′00″E / 48.500°N 23.700°E / 48.500; 23.700Синевир404001989Located in Zakarpattia Oblast, in the southwest of the country.[34]
48Syniohora
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
48°37′16″N 24°13′16″E / 48.621°N 24.221°E / 48.621; 24.221
Синьогора108662009Transition to full National Park status was uncertain as of 2017, with portions of the park are closed to the public.[35]
49Tsumanska Pushcha
Volyn Oblast
50°53′17″N 25°51′11″E / 50.888°N 25.853°E / 50.888; 25.853
Цуманська пуща334752010Located in southeastern Volyn Oblast.
50Tuzly Lagoons
Odesa Oblast
45°46′59″N 30°00′00″E / 45.783°N 30.000°E / 45.783; 30.000
Тузловські лимани108662009Includes the group of Tuzly Lagoons: which consist of parts of the larger lagoons Shahany, Alibey, Burnas; and the small lagoons Solone Ozero, Khadzhyder, Karachaus, Budury, Martaza, Mahala, Malyi Sasyk, and Dzhantshei.[36]
51Uzh
Zakarpattia Oblast
49°01′23″N 22°36′00″E / 49.023°N 22.600°E / 49.023; 22.600
Ужанський391591999Also part of the East Carpathian Biosphere Reserve. The park was created to protect pristine beech forest of the Carpathians.
52Verkhovyna
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
48°09′40″N 24°56′42″E / 48.161°N 24.945°E / 48.161; 24.945
Верховинський120232010Covers the highest reaches of the Cheremosh River, in the Carpathian Mountains.[37]
53Vyzhnytsia
Chernivtsi Oblast
48°09′25″N 25°18′22″E / 48.157°N 25.306°E / 48.157; 25.306
Вижницький79281995Located in the Ukrainian Carpathians, Vyzhnytsia Park represents a lowland part of the Carpathians with a fairly mild climate. The area is forested in beech and fir trees.
54Yavoriv
Lviv Oblast
49°58′59″N 23°36′58″E / 49.983°N 23.616°E / 49.983; 23.616
Яворівський70791998A narrow range of hills 75 km (47 mi) long, which rises sharply to the north of the Lesser Polissya.
55Zacharovanyi Krai
Zakarpattia Oblast
48°21′11″N 23°04′26″E / 48.353°N 23.074°E / 48.353; 23.074
Зачарований край61012009Located in Khust Raion in Ukrainian Carpathians.
56Zalissia
Kyiv Oblast
50°40′01″N 30°51′00″E / 50.667°N 30.850°E / 50.667; 30.850
Залісся148362009Covers a large forest on the left bank of the Desna River about 20 km northeast of Kyiv. As of 2017, the area is open for limited public access, but is primarily administered as a protected area for the "reception and stay of senior officials", other state uses, and the protection of plant and animal life.[38]

Proposed parks

edit
#NamePhotoLocationOfficial website

(Ukrainian)

Area (ha)Year proposedDescription
1Berezan
Mykolaiv Oblast

46°43′08″N 31°30′14″E / 46.719°N 31.504°E / 46.719; 31.504

Березанський2023Covers the Berezan Estuary, Beikul Estuary, and the valleys of Berezan and Sasyk rivers.[39]
2Berezhany Opillia
Ternopil Oblast

49°27′14″N 24°51′11″E / 49.454°N 24.853°E / 49.454; 24.853

Бережанське Опілля118002021[40]
3Chaikovychi
Lviv Oblast

49°34′59″N 23°31′23″E / 49.583°N 23.523°E / 49.583; 23.523

Чайковицькийup to 100002013Covers the wetlands near the right bank of Dniester River to the south of Chaikovychi village.[41]
4Black Forest-Dmytrivka
Kirovohrad Oblast

48°46′48″N 32°34′08″E / 48.780°N 32.569°E / 48.780; 32.569

Чорнолісько-Дмитрівський480002009Covers the Black Forest (Chornyi Lis), Dmytrivka-Chuta Forest, and a part of Inhulets River valley.[42]
5Darnytsia
Kyiv

50°28′01″N 30°41′53″E / 50.467°N 30.698°E / 50.467; 30.698

ДарницькийCovers multiple forested areas in eastern Kyiv.[43]
6Divychky
Kyiv Oblast

50°02′46″N 31°14′28″E / 50.046°N 31.241°E / 50.046; 31.241

Дівички166482012Covers a forest-steppe and swamp region on the left bank of the Dnieper, to the southwest of Pereiaslav.[44]
7Dnieper Islands
Kyiv

50°24′25″N 30°35′24″E / 50.407°N 30.590°E / 50.407; 30.590

Дніпровські Острови8444.622004Covers most of Kyiv's islands and some peninsulas on the Dnieper and a part of Horbachykha.[45]
8Dnieper-Teteriv
Kyiv Oblast

50°59′35″N 30°20′38″E / 50.993°N 30.344°E / 50.993; 30.344

Дніпровсько-Тетерівський30402.32008Covers the Teteriv Estuary and the forested area nearby.[46]
9Hirskyi Tikych
Cherkasy Oblast

49°06′29″N 30°04′30″E / 49.108°N 30.075°E / 49.108; 30.075

Гірський Тікич49082017Covers the entire Hitskyi Tikych River valley and some surrounding areas, including Buky Canyon and 11 sites of Cucuteni–Trypillia culture (such as Talianky and Maidanetske).[47]
10Hromokliia
Mykolaiv Oblast

47°25′30″N 32°09′54″E / 47.425°N 32.165°E / 47.425; 32.165

Громоклійський2023Covers the steppe landscape of Hromokliia River basin and parts of the right bank of Inhul River[39]
11Kremenchuk Reedbeds
Kirovohrad Oblast, Poltava Oblast

49°02′56″N 33°21′50″E / 49.049°N 33.364°E / 49.049; 33.364

Кременчуцькі Плавніaround 100002008Covers islands and parts of the Dnieper River near Kremenchuk.[48] The park will include areas that belong to Kremenchuk Reedbeds and Biletskivski Reedbeds regional landscape parks in Poltava Oblast, as well as some regions of Kirovohrad Oblast.
12Lower Vorskla
Poltava Oblast

48°55′59″N 34°08′53″E / 48.933°N 34.148°E / 48.933; 34.148

Нижньоворсклянський232002006Covers the Vorskla River estuary and nearby areas that currently belong to Lower Vorskla Regional Landscape Park.[48]
13Nadbuzhzhia in the name of Eminent Liubomyr Huzar
Lviv Oblast

50°36′40″N 24°09′04″E / 50.611°N 24.151°E / 50.611; 24.151

Надбужжя ім. Блаженнішого Любомира Гузара32942018Covers floodplains of Western Bug and other rivers around Sokal.[49]
14Opillia
Lviv Oblast

49°29′35″N 23°58′41″E / 49.493°N 23.978°E / 49.493; 23.978

Опілля16790.62023Covers forests and other territories around Dniester River in Lviv and Stryi raions.[50]
15Podesinnia
Chernihiv Oblast, Kyiv Oblast

51°19′55″N 31°08′06″E / 51.332°N 31.135°E / 51.332; 31.135

Подесіння2008Covers most of the Desna River valley in Chernihiv and Kyiv oblasts.
16Pryirpinnia and Chernechyi Forest
Kyiv Oblast

50°17′13″N 30°07′37″E / 50.287°N 30.127°E / 50.287; 30.127

Приірпіння та Чернечий ліс17932.42018Covers forests near Irpin River to the southwest of Kyiv and the Chernechyi Forest.[51]
17Saksahan Sich
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast

48°15′25″N 33°48′43″E / 48.257°N 33.812°E / 48.257; 33.812

Саксаганська січ79572016Covers the Saksahan River basin.[52]
18Sviatoshyn-Pushcha-Vodytsia
Kyiv

50°29′10″N 30°18′18″E / 50.486°N 30.305°E / 50.486; 30.305

Святошинсько-Пуща-ВодицькийCovers protected areas in the Sviatoshyn-Bilychi forest massif in Kyiv, including the Golden Forest preserve and some areas that currently belong to Holosiiv National Park.[53]
19Upper Pobuzhzhia
Khmelnytskyi Oblast
49°26′10″N 27°25′08″E / 49.436°N 27.419°E / 49.436; 27.419
Верхнє Побужжя1080002013Covers the upper Southern Bug basin.

As of 2015, the park was projected to be created by 2021. As of January 2024, the park has not been created.

20Western Pobuzhzhia
Volyn Oblast

50°50′28″N 24°15′50″E / 50.841°N 24.264°E / 50.841; 24.264

Західне Побужжя17423.42018Covers floodplains of Western Bug and Luha rivers within southwestern Volyn Oblast.[49]
21Zhdymyr
Zakarpattia Oblast

48°37′16″N 23°12′14″E / 48.621°N 23.204°E / 48.621; 23.204

Ждимир21600Covers Polonyna Borzhava in the Carpathians.[54]

See also

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References

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