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List of massacres in Turkey

The following is a list of massacres that occurred in Anatolia (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly):

Antiquity edit

NameDateLocationDeathsResponsible PartyVictimsNotes
Fall of Miletus494 BCMiletusMost Milesian menPersian EmpireGreeks[1]
Battle of Aegospotami405 BCAegospotami3,000SpartaAthenian sailors3,000 Athenian sailors executed
Fall of Sestos353 BCSestosAll males of SestosAthensGreeks
Asiatic Vespers88 BCAsia (Roman province)80,000–150,000Mithridates VI of PontusRomans and Italians[2][3]

Middle Ages edit

NameDateLocationDeathsResponsible PartyVictimsNotes
Nika RevoltJanuary 532Constantinople30,000Byzantine EmpireByzantinesAbout thirty thousand rioters were reportedly killed.[4]
Sack of AmoriumAugust 838Amorium30,000–70,000[5]Abbasid CaliphateByzantines
Battle of Levounion29 April 1091Eneztens of thousands[6]Byzantine Empire & CumansPechenegsThe Pechenegs consisting of 80,000 warriors and their families invaded the Byzantine Empire. Near Enez they were ambushed by a combined Byzantine and Cuman army, fighting soon turned into wholesale slaughter. Warriors and civilians were killed and the Pecheneg people were nearly wiped out.[6]
Siege of Antioch3 June 1098AntiochMuslim and Christian populationCrusadersMuslim and Christian population
Massacre of the LatinsMay 1182ConstantinopleUncertain – tens of thousandsByzantine mobRoman CatholicsThe bulk of the Latin community, estimated at over 60,000 at the time, was wiped out or forced to flee; some 4,000 survivors were sold as slaves to the Turks. The massacre further worsened relations and increased enmity between the Western and Eastern Christian churches, and a sequence of hostilities between the two followed.
Siege of Constantinople (1204)8–13 April 1204Constantinoplemany civilians killed[7]CrusadersByzantinesThe city was sacked and looted.
Siege of Antioch (1268)18 May 1268Antioch14,000Mamluk SultanateChristians14,000 Christians slaughtered by the forces of Baibars.[citation needed]
Fall of Constantinople1453Constantinople4,000[8][9]OttomansByzantines4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages were massacred during these days. Moreover, the dwellings and the churches were plundered. Some 30,000 were enslaved.[9]
Siege of Trebizond1461[10]TrabzonOttomansTrebizonds

Ottoman Empire edit

Before 1914 edit

NameDateLocationDeathsResponsible PartyVictimsNotes
Massacres during the Greek War of Independence1821–1829Ottoman EmpireUnknownOttoman governmentGreeks
Massacres of Badr Khan1840Hakkari10,000[11]Kurdish Emirs of Bhutan, Badr Khan and NurullahAssyriansMany who were not killed were sold into slavery. 1826 Janissaries massacred by government (link to Auspicious Incident).
Hamidian massacres1894–1896Eastern Ottoman Empire100,000–300,000[12]Ottoman Empire
Hamidiye,
Turkish, Kurdish tribes		Armenians
Massacres of Diyarbakır (1895)1895Diyarbakır Vilayet25,000Young Turks and Kurdish irregularsArmenians and Assyrians
Adana massacreApril 1909Adana Vilayet15,000–30,000[13][14]local Turkish nationalist activist, conservative reactionary to Young Turk governmentArmenians
Ethnic cleansing of Turks in Edirne during First Balkan War[15]October 1912-June 1913Edirne Vilayet5,000 (excluding Edeköy Massacre)[16]Bulgarian armyTurks
Havsa Massacre1912Havsa in Edirne Vilayet10Bulgarian armyTurksTurkish quarter was almost entirely burnt.[17]
Edeköy MassacreNovember 1912Edeköy (nowadays Kadıdondurma) in Edirne VilayetThousands[18]Bulgarian armyTurksMany incidents of torture and robbery.[18]
Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians1913Thrace; Bulgarköy, Edirne[19]60,000[20][21]Young Turk government, Ottoman armyBulgarians

World War I (1914–1918) edit

NameDateLocationDeathsResponsible PartyVictimsNotes
Greek genocide[22][23][24][25]1917–1922Ottoman Empire500,000–900,000Young Turk governmentGreeksReports detail massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities.[26][27]
Seyfo[28]1914–1918Ottoman Empire270,000Young Turk government and Kurdish tribesAssyriansDenied by the Turkish government.
Armenian genocide1895–1918Ottoman Empire850,000–1,800,000Young Turk government and Kurdish tribesArmeniansThe Armenians of the eastern regions of the empire were massacred. The Turkish government currently denies the genocide.[29][30][31] It is the second most publicised case of genocide after the Holocaust.[32]
Massacres in Eastern Anatolia1915-1916Eastern Anatolia128,000+[33]Russian army and possibly Armenian irregularsMuslim populationAccording to J. Rummel at least 128,000 Muslims were killed (death toll includes death by famine and diseases) by Russian troops and possibly Armenian irregulars during the period between 1915 and 1916.[33]
Massacres in the Çoruh River valley1916[34]Çoruh River valley45,000[34]Cossack regimentsMuslim populationDuring WWI, Russian "General Liakhov, for instance 'accused the Muslims of treachery, and sent his Cossacks from Batum with orders to kill every native at sight, and burn every village and every mosque. And very efficiently had they performed their task, for as we passed up the Chorokh valley to Artvin not a single habitable dwelling or a single living creature did we see.'"[34]
Massacres against Kurdish civilians1915-1918[35][36]Eastern Anatoliaestimated to 600,000[35][36]Russian Army, and possibly Armenians irregulars along with Assyrians led by Agha PetrosKurdsIn 1914, the Russians defeated the Ottoman Army. Then using the help provided by the Armenians and Assyrian irregular military forces, they penetrated deep into Anatolia and invaded major Kurdish cities. It is estimated that more than 600,000 Kurds lost their lives between 1915 and 1915.[35][36][37]

Post-World War I (1919–1923) edit

Main article: List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)
NameDateLocationDeathsResponsible PartyVictimsNotes
Massacre in Marash1920Marash, Aleppo Vilayet5,000–12,000TurksArmenians[38][39][40]
Massacre in Birecik[41]February 11–24, 1920Birecik, Aleppo Vilayet280FrenchTurks70 wounded,[42] many women were raped[43]
Kahyaoğlu Farm Massacre [tr]June 11, 1920Yeşiloba, Adana Vilayet64+ to ~200ArmeniansTurksReport which was given to Mustafa Kemal Pasha included 43 men, 21 women and tens of children. Other estimates are up to 200.[44]

Republic of Turkey (1923–present) edit

NameDateLocationDeathsResponsible PartyVictimsNotes
Diyarbakir massacre1925Diyarbakir Province, Elazığ Province15,200 (206 villages destroyed)Turkish security forcesKurdsPart of Deportations of Kurds between 1916 and 1934.[45]
Zilan massacreJuly 1930Van Province4,500–15,000Turkish security forcesKurds5,000 women, children, and elderly people were reportedly killed[46]
1934 Thrace pogroms21 June-4 July 1934Thrace1Local peopleJewsOver 15,000 Jews had to flee from region[47]
Dersim rebellionSummer 1937-Spring 1938Tunceli Province13,806–70,000[48]Turkish security forcesAlevi Kurds/ZazasThe killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide[49][50]
Zini Rift Massacre6 August 1938Erzincan Province95Turkish security forcesKurds[51][52][53][54]
Muğlalı incidentJuly 1943Van Province32Turkish security forcesKurds33 Kurdish villagers were extrajudicially executed by General Mustafa Muğlalı for allegedly smuggling livestock, one of them escaped.[55][56][57]
Karahan village massacreOctober 1944Van Province6Turkish security forcesKurds6 Kurdish villagers were extrajudicially executed by General Mustafa Muğlalı. This was the second massacre of Muğlalı, with the possibility of more uncovered massacres having been committed.[58]
Istanbul pogrom6–7 September 1955Istanbul13–30[59]Turkish government[60]primarily Greeks, as well as Armenians, JewsThe killings are identified as genocidal by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas.[61] Many of the non-Muslim minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives.
Taksim Square massacreMay 1, 1977Taksim Square in Istanbul34[62]-42[63]Some unidentified armed people (claimed that they are related to CIA[64])Leftist demonstrators, civilians
Beyazıt massacreMarch 16, 1978Istanbul7Grey Wolves, Turkish deep state (alleged)Leftist university studentsCemil Sönmez, Baki Ekiz, Hatice Özen, Abdullah Şimşek, Murat Kurt, Hamdi Akıl and Turan Ören were killed and 41 others were injured by a bomb that was followed by gunfire March 16, 1978.
Ümraniye massacreMarch 17, 1978Ümraniye in Istanbul5Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–LeninistGrey Wolves affiliated workersGrey Wolves claim that the victims were badly tortured.[65] Reaction to the aforementioned Beyazıt massacre.
Malatya massacreApril 17, 1978Malatya Province8Grey Wolves, SalafistsAlevi TurksGrey Wolves and salafists attacked Alevi regions of city after assassination of Hamit Fendoğlu [tr] leaving 8 dead, including 3 children and 100 wounded. 1000 shops were looted and destroyed.[66]
Balgat massacreAugust 10, 1978Çankaya, Ankara5Grey WolvesCivilians (claimed that they were leftist)
Bahçelievler massacreOctober 9, 1978Bahçelievler, Ankara7[67]Grey WolvesWorkers' Party of Turkey member students
Maraş massacreDecember 19–26, 1978Kahramanmaraş Province109[68]Grey Wolves[68]Alevi Kurds
Piyangotepe massacreMay 16, 1979Keçiören in Ankara7Grey WolvesCivilians[citation needed]
Adana high school massacreSeptember 19, 1979Adana Construction Vocational High School6Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–LeninistGrey Wolves affiliated teachersMüslüm Teke, Yılmaz Kızılay, Davut Korkmaz, Ahmet Güleç, Özcan Doruk and Mustafa Karaca were killed by 2 Leftist men. Reaction to the aforementioned Maraş massacre where the Grey Wolves killed more than a hundred civilians.[65][69][70]
Çorum massacreMay–July, 1980Çorum Province57[71]Grey WolvesAlevi Turks
Ortabağ massacreJanuary 23, 1987Uludere in Şırnak Province8PKKCivilians[72][73]
Pınarcık massacreJune 20, 1987Pınarcık in Mardin Province30JİTEM/PKK (disputed)Civilians
Çevrimli massacre [tr]June 11, 1990Güçlükonak in Şırnak Province27PKKCiviliansIn the massacre, 27 people were killed, 12 were children and 7 were women. 4 village guards died in clashes with PKK members, 1 PKK member was killed.[74][75][76]
Çetinkaya Store massacre [tr]December 25, 1991Bakırköy in Istanbul11PKKCiviliansThe PKK attacks a store in the Bakırköy district with Molotov cocktails, resulting in 11 deaths, including 7 women and 1 child.[75][77]
Cevizdalı massacreOctober 21, 1992Cevizdalı in Bitlis Province30PKKCiviliansCevizdali village of Bitlis was raided during the nighttime, PKK militias killed 30 people, including 8 children, and wounded 20 others. Militias then burned whole the village by the news they received that soldiers are on the way to the village.[78]
Sivas massacre[79]

(aka Madımak massacre)

July 2, 1993Sivas35 (+2 perpetrators)Salafists, Grey WolvesAlevi and leftist intellectuals
Başbağlar massacreJuly 5, 1993Başbağlar, near Erzincan33JİTEM/PKK (disputed)[80]Civilians
Digor massacre [tr]August 14, 1993Digor, Kars17Turkish security forcesKurdish CiviliansOpened fire on Kurdish villagers by the Special Operation Department. 17 villagers including 7 children were killed and 63 were injured.[81]
Vartinis massacreOctober 3, 1993Vartinis, Muş province9Turkish Armed ForcesCivilians
Lice massacreOctober 20–23, 1993Lice in Diyarbakır Province30+Turkish Armed ForcesKurdish CiviliansTurkish security forces attacked the town of Lice, destroying 401 houses, 242 shops and massacring more than thirty civilians, and leaving 100 wounded.[82]
Yavi Massacre[83]October 25, 1993Yavi, Çat, Erzurum Province38PKKCivilians
Ormancık massacreJanuary 21, 1994Ormancık, Savur, Mardin Province19PKKVillage guards and affiliated civiliansThe massacre may have been a chemical attack.[84][85]
Kuşkonar and Koçağılı massacreMarch 23, 1994Kuşkonar and Koçağılı villages, Şırnak38[86]Turkish Air ForceKurdish CiviliansThe government bombed and killed residents of villages who refused to join the government forces. The government spread pictures of dead children in newspapers and blamed the PKK. Turkey was condemned for carrying out the massacre of Kurdish civilians in the ECHR.
Gazi Quarter massacreMarch 15, 1995Istanbul and Ankara23[87]JİTEM, Turkish deep state (alleged)AlevisMore than 400 injured[87]
Güçlükonak massacre [tr]February 15, 1996Güçlükonak in Şırnak province11JİTEMCivilians[88][89][90][91]
Blue Market massacreMarch 13, 1999Istanbul13PKKCivilians[92]
Operation Back to LifeDecember 19, 2000Turkey32Turkish security forcesLeftist prisonersDeaths include 30 prisoners and 2 soldiers[93]
Diyarbakır events of March 2006 [tr]March 28–31, 2006Diyarbakır14Turkish security forcesProtesters14 Kurdish civilians including 6 children, 4 of them under the age of 10 were killed by the security forces in protests[94]
Zirve Publishing House massacreApril 18, 2007Malatya3IslamistsGerman Christians[95]
Mardin engagement ceremony massacreMay 4, 2009Bilge, Mardin44[96]Village GuardsCiviliansReuters said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation.[97]
Roboski airstrikeDecember 28, 2011Uludere in Şırnak Province34[86]Turkish Air ForceKurdish CiviliansWarplanes killed who had been involved in smuggling gasoline and cigarettes in the area, villagers during an operation meant to target Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels. The government gave no information about the facts.[98][99][100]
Suruç bombingJuly 20, 2015Suruç in Şanlıurfa Province34ISILSocialist Party of the Oppressed member university students
2015 Ankara bombingsOctober 10, 2015Ankara109ISILProtesters, civilians
Cizre basement massacreFebruary 7, 2016Cizre, Şırnak+178Turkish Armed ForcesKurdish Civilians178 civilians, dozens of them children, some of them as young as 9 were burnt alive in three basements.[101][102] Turkish government reacted to the massacre by calling it "baseless terror propaganda", and covering it up by flattening the ruins and filling the basements up with rubble.[103]
February 2016 Ankara bombingFebruary 17, 2016Ankara30TAKCivilian employees of Turkish Armed Forces and soldiers
March 2016 Ankara bombingMarch 13, 2016Ankara38TAKCivilians
2016 Atatürk Airport attackJune 28, 2016Atatürk Airport, Istanbul45ISILCivilians
2016 Turkish coup d'état attemptJuly 15–16, 2016Turkey (Mainly Istanbul, Ankara, Malatya, Kars and Marmaris)270–350[104]Peace at Home CouncilCivilians and soldiersTurkey witnessed the bloodiest coup attempt in its political history on July 15, 2016, when a section of the Turkish military launched a coordinated operation in several major cities to topple the government[105]
2017 Istanbul nightclub attackJanuary 1, 2017Istanbul39ISISCiviliansA gunman opened fire in the Reina Nightclub during New Year celebrations
2021 Konya massacreJuly 30, 2021Meram district, Konya Province7Mehmet AltunKurds
2023 Adana attackJuly 22, 2023Seyhan district, Adana Province1A.SFree Cause Party

Gallery edit

  • Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895)
  • An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
  • Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna
  • Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"

References edit

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