Wiki English 2024
EnglishJapaneseVietnamese

List of largest stars

Not to be confused with List of most massive stars.

Below are lists of the largest stars currently known, ordered by radius and separated into categories by galaxy. The unit of measurement used is the radius of the Sun (approximately 695,700 km; 432,300 mi).[1]

The Sun, the orbit of Earth, Jupiter, and Neptune, compared to four stars. (Pistol Star, Rho Cassiopeiae, Betelgeuse, and VY Canis Majoris)

Overview

Although red supergiants are often considered the largest stars, some other star types have been found to temporarily increase significantly in radius,such as during LBV eruptions or luminous red novae. Luminous red novae appear to expand extremely rapidly, reaching thousands to tens of thousands of solar radii within only a few months, significantly larger than the largest red supergiants.[2]

Some studies use models that predict high-accreting Population III or Population I supermassive stars (SMSs) in the very early universe could have evolved "red supergiant protostars". These protostars are thought to have accretion rates be larger than the rate of contraction, resulting in lower temperatures but with radii reaching up to many tens of thousands of R☉, comparable to some of the largest known black holes.[3][4][5]

Angular diameters

The angular diameters of stars can be measured directly using stellar interferometry. Other methods can use lunar occultations or from eclipsing binaries, which can be used to test indirect methods of finding stellar radii. Only a few useful supergiant stars can be occulted by the Moon, including Antares A (Alpha Scorpii A). Examples of eclipsing binaries are Epsilon Aurigae (Almaaz), VV Cephei, and V766 Centauri (HR 5171). Angular diameter measurements can be inconsistent because the boundary of the very tenuous atmosphere (opacity) differs depending on the wavelength of light in which the star is observed.

Uncertainties remain with the membership and order of the lists, especially when deriving various parameters used in calculations, such as stellar luminosity and effective temperature. Often stellar radii can only be expressed as an average or be within a large range of values. Values for stellar radii vary significantly in different sources and for different observation methods.

All the sizes stated in these lists have inaccuracies and may be disputed. The lists are still a work in progress and parameters are prone to change.

Caveats

Various issues exist in determining accurate radii of the largest stars, which in many cases do display significant errors. The following lists are generally based on various considerations or assumptions; these include:

  • Stellar radii or diameters are usually derived only approximately using the Stefan–Boltzmann law for the deduced stellar luminosity and effective surface temperature.
  • Stellar distances, and their errors, for most stars, remain uncertain or poorly determined.
  • Many extended supergiant atmospheres also significantly change in size over time, regularly or irregularly pulsating over several months or years as variable stars. This makes adopted luminosities poorly known and may significantly change the quoted radii.
  • Other direct methods for determining stellar radii rely on lunar occultations or from eclipses in binary systems. This is only possible for a very small number of stars.
  • Many distance estimates for red supergiants come from stellar cluster or association membership, because it is difficult to calculate accurate distances for red supergiants that are not part of any cluster or association.
  • In these lists are some examples of extremely distant extragalactic stars, which may have slightly different properties and natures than the currently largest known stars in the Milky Way. For example, some red supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds are suspected to have slightly different limiting temperatures and luminosities. Such stars may exceed accepted limits by undergoing large eruptions or changing their spectral types over just a few months (or potentially years).[6][7]

Lists

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

The following lists show the largest known stars based on the host galaxy.

Milky Way

List of the largest known stars in the Milky Way
Star nameSolar radii
(Sun = 1)		Method[a]Notes
Orbit of Saturn2,047–2,049.9[8][b]Reported for reference
WOH G64 (For comparison)1,540[9][10][11][12][13] ± 77[9]L/TeffLocated in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Possibly the largest known star.[9][10][14][11]

Theoretical limit of star size (Milky Way)~1,500[15] or ~1,800[16]Lower value comes from the rough average radii of the three largest stars studied in the paper. It is consistent with the largest possible stellar radii predicted from the current evolutionary theory, and it is believed that stars above this radius would be too unstable and usually do not form.[15]
Higher value is derived from evolutionary modelling of red supergiants with low metallicites and an initial mass of 50 M☉.
Reported for reference
RSGC1-F011,436,[17] 1,450,[18] 1,530+330
−424[19]		L/Teff
VY Canis Majoris1,420±120[20][21][22]ADAn extreme oxygen-rich red hypergiant that has experienced two dimming periods in the 20th century where the star became dimmer by up to 2.5 magnitudes.[23] Potentially the largest known star in the Milky Way.[21]
AH Scorpii1,411±124[24][25]AD
RSGC1-F061,382+298
−384[19]		L/Teff
S Persei1,364±6[26]AD
CD-33 122411,359[27]L/Teff
NML Cygni<1,350+195
−229[c]		ADSurrounding dusty region is very complex making the radius hard to determine.[28]
Stephenson 2 DFK 21,301+259
−325[19]		L/TeffAnother red supergiant, Stephenson 2 DFK 1 has an estimated radius of 2,150 R☉. However, its luminosity is significantly above the Humphreys-Davidson limit and it is potentially not a member of the Stephenson 2 cluster. It also has a distance with an uncertainty of ≳50% due to it only being measured with radial velocities.[19][30]
Stephenson 2 DFK 491,300+258
−323[19]		L/TeffA K-type star similar to the yellow hypergiant IRC +10420 that has left its red supergiant stage.[19]
HD 143183 (V558 Normae)1,261[27]L/Teff
μ Cephei (Herschel's Garnet Star)1,259[31][32]–1,420[15][32]L/TeffWidely recognised as being among the largest known stars.[33]
RSGC1-F101,246+264
−337[19]		L/Teff
V354 Cephei1,245[27]L/Teff
Westerlund 1 W237 (Westerlund 1 BKS B)1,241±70[34]L/TeffPossibly a foreground giant.[35]
PZ Cassiopeiae1,231[27] – 1,364[36]L/Teff
ST Cephei1,218[27]L/Teff
IRC -10414~1,200[37]L/Teff
V517 Monocerotis1,196+80
−159[38]		L/Teff
RSGC1-F051,185+254
−325[19]		L/Teff
GCIRS 71,170±60[39]–1,368,[40] 1,359[41]AD & L/Teff
Westerlund 1 W26 (Westerlund 1 BKS AS)1,165±58–1,221±120[34]L/Teff
EV Carinae1,165[42]L/Teff
[A72c] 161,157[27]L/Teff
WY Velorum A1,157[27]L/TeffA symbiotic binary.[43]
RSGC1-F081,150+234
−297[19]		L/Teff
RSGC1-F021,499,[17] 1,128+238
−303,[19] 1,500[18]		L/Teff
VX Sagittarii1,120 – 1,550,[44] 1,200,[45] 1,356,[46] 1,480[25]L/TeffThe most luminous known asymptotic giant branch star.[46] Widely recognised as being among the largest known stars.[33]
Orbit of Jupiter1,114.5–1,115.8[8][b]Reported for reference
V582 Cassiopeiae1,111[27]L/Teff
RW Cygni1,103+251
−177[47]		AD
RSGC1-F041,082,[17] 1,100,[18] 1,422+305
−390[19]		L/Teff
UU Persei1,079+9
−8[38]		L/Teff
LL Pegasi1,074[48]L/Teff
HD 1265771,066+9
−32[38]		L/Teff
V766 Centauri Aa1,060–1,160[49]?V766 Centauri Aa is a rare variable yellow hypergiant.
V1300 Aquilae (IRC -10529)1,059[50]L/Teff
HaroChavira 11,058[51]L/Teff
CM Velorum1,048[27] – 1,416.24+0.40
−0.96[38]		L/Teff
AG Camelopardalis1,048[27]L/Teff
SU Persei [pt]1,044+31
−21 – 1,139+34
−23[26]		AD
WX Piscium1,044[50]L/Teff
KU Andromedae (IRC +40004)1,044[50]L/Teff
KY Cygni1,032[51]L/Teff
RSGC1-F111,032+210
−267[19]		L/Teff
BC Cygni1,031[51]–1,187+34
−37[38]		L/TeffA more detailed but older study gives values of 1,081 R☉ (856–1,375) for the year 2000, and 1,303 R☉ (1,021–1,553) for the year 1900.[52]
RW Leonis Minoris1,028[50]L/TeffAn older study gives a higher temperature of 2445 K, implying a lower radius of 557 R☉ at a luminosity of 10,000 L☉.[53]
V346 Puppis1,025[54]L/Teff
V530 Cassiopeiae1,017[27]L/Teff
RSGC1-F131,017+221
−286,[19] 1,430,[18] 1,097[17]		L/Teff
V602 Carinae1,015[55]AD
U Lacertae A1,013[27]L/Teff
KW Sagittarii1,009±142[24][25]AD
Ve 4-641,007[27]L/Teff
RSGC1-F071,006+215
−276[19]		L/Teff
V349 Carinae1,002+12
−74[38]		L/Teff
IRAS 18111-2257~1,000[56] (~8×1013 – 1×1014 cm)L/TeffEstimated based on the bolometric luminosity and assumed effective temperature of 2,000 K. Another period-luminosity-derived luminosity for this star results in a radius of 1,730 R☉.[56]
V674 Cephei999[27]L/Teff
RSGC1-F09996+210
−269[19]		L/Teff
CZ Hydrae986[57]L/Teff
CIT 11982[27]L/Teff
V381 Cephei Aa977[27]L/Teff
MSX6C G086.5890-00.7718(975+175
−183–1,035+186
−158)[58]–1,196.91+6.31
−6.35[38]		L/TeffLower values based on the Gaia DR3 effective temperature and the luminosity of Levesque et al. (2005) and that of Messineo & Brown (2019). Higher value based on the GSP Phot-Aeneas library using BR/RP spectra in Gaia DR3.
V3953 Sagittarii (IRC -30398)970[50]L/Teff
V396 Centauri965[27]L/Teff
UW Aquilae964[27]L/Teff
S Aurigae957[54]L/Teff
RSGC1-F12955+204
−262[19]		L/Teff
RSGC1-F03942+179
−222,[19] 1,200,[18] 1,167[17]		L/Teff
V398 Cassiopeiae (HD 240275)941[27]L/Teff
IRC +60342940[27]L/Teff
RW Cephei940;[59] 900–1,760[60]L/Teff & ADA K-type hypergiant star that experienced a "great dimming" event in 2022, similar to Betelgeuse.
V384 Persei937[50] – 1,088[54]L/Teff
ψ1 Aurigae934[27]L/Teff
GX Monocerotis931[50]L/Teff
V645 Cephei920[27]L/Teff
S Cassiopeiae920[50]L/TeffAt an effective temperature of 1800 K, it is the coolest known star that isn't is a brown dwarf.
NV Aurigae (IRC +50137)918[50]L/Teff
Stephenson 2 DFK 5911[19]L/Teff
UY Scuti909[27]L/Teff
NR Vulpeculae908[27]L/Teff
V1111 Ophiuchi (IRC +10365)902[50]L/Teff
V774 Sagittarii889[27]L/Teff
V923 Centauri881[27]L/Teff
IRAS 20341+4047880[27]L/Teff
V540 Sagittarii880[27]L/Teff
V386 Cephei879[27]L/Teff
T Lyrae876[50]L/Teff
Trumpler 27 MMU 1875.86+5.5
−11.83[38]		L/Teff
TYC 3996-552-2870[27]L/Teff
V1417 Aquilae866[61]L/Teff
Westerlund 1 W20 (Westerlund 1 BKS D)858±48[34]L/Teff
FX Serpentis857[54]L/Teff
AZ Cygni856+20
−14 – 927+21
−15[26]		ADEstimated based on data from the CHARA array. Another radii of 890+21
−15 R☉ (2014), 895+21
−15 R☉ (2015) and 890+21
−15 R☉ (2016) are calculated based on the same data.[26]
V348 Velorum855[27]L/Teff
Stephenson 2 DFK 3855[19]L/Teff
BI Cygni851[62]–1,240±248[15]L/Teff
MY Cephei849[27] – 1,135[63]L/Teff
V509 Cassiopeiae845[27]L/TeffV509 Cassiopeiae is a variable yellow hypergiant whose size varied from around 680 R☉ in 1950–1970 to 910 R☉ in 1977, and later decreased to 390 R☉ in the 1990s.[64]
TW Carinae835[27]L/Teff
V358 Cassiopeiae835[27]L/Teff
VLH96 A833[65]L/Teff
DO 26226826[27]L/Teff
R Cygni825[50]L/Teff
HD 155737823[27]L/Teff
6 Geminorum821[26]L/Teff
HaroChavira 2813[51]L/Teff
HD 300933 A806[27]L/Teff
[W61c] R 53801[27]L/Teff
U Arietis801±205[66]AD
RT Ophiuchi801±217[67]AD
HD 95687797[27]L/Teff
II Lupi795[61]L/Teff
HD 62745790[27]L/Teff
BO Carinae790±158[15]L/Teff
VV Cephei A779.27+77.24
−96.32[68] – 946,[69] 1,050[70]		AD & L/TeffA red supergiant star orbited by a smaller B-type main-sequence star with a radius estimated between 13[71] and 25 R☉.[72] Widely recognised as being among the largest known stars.[33]
VR5–7775 ± 65[73]L/Teff
RV Aquarii772[50]L/Teff
T Cancri770[54]L/Teff
CL Carinae770[27]L/Teff
RS Persei770±30[74]AD
V355 Cephei770±154[15] – 790[27]L/Teff
V Cygni770[61]L/Teff
BD+63 3770[27]L/Teff
BD+63 270769[27]L/Teff
V644 Cephei765[27]L/Teff
Betelgeuse (α Orionis)764+116
−62,[75] 759 or 1,000,[76] 944 ± 157,[77] 1,021,[78] 1,074+232
−165,[79][77] ~1,100 (upper limit)[75]		SEIS, AD, L/TeffTenth brightest star in the night sky.[80] Widely recognised as being among the largest known stars,[33] radius decreased to ~500 R☉ during the 2020 great dimming event.[81]
BM VIII 11754[27]L/Teff
[SLN74] 2130752[27]L/Teff
IRAS 10176-5802751.2+0.4
−0.6[38]–(793+281
−152–849+172
−133)[58]		L/TeffLower value based on the GSP Phot-Aeneas library using BR/RP spectra in Gaia DR3. Higher values based on the Gaia DR3 effective temperature and the luminosity of Levesque et al. (2005) and that of Messineo & Brown (2019).
HD 303250750±150[15]L/Teff
GY Aquilae748[25] – 920[82]
RU Virginis745[54]L/Teff
TT Centauri744[50]L/Teff
UU Pegasi742±193[67]AD
IM Cassiopeiae740[27]L/Teff
RSGC3-S3735[19]L/Teff
Stephenson 2 DFK 10730[19]L/Teff
V1259 Orionis729[57]L/Teff
RSGC3-S15728[19]L/Teff
HD 105563 A723[27]L/Teff
Westerlund 1 W75 (Westerlund 1 BKS E)722±36[34]L/Teff
RX Telescopii716[27]L/Teff
V Camelopardalis716±185[67]AD
CD-61 3575716[27]L/Teff
S Cephei715[54]L/Teff
AS Cephei713[27]L/Teff
V770 Cassiopeiae (BD+60 299)713[27]L/Teff
AZ Cephei712[27]L/Teff
MZ Puppis708[27]L/Teff
GP Cassiopeiae707[27] – 771.74+0.23
−0.86[38]		L/Teff
GCIRS 12N703 ± 107[73]L/Teff
V528 Carinae700±140[15]L/Teff
The following well-known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison.
Antares A (α Scorpii)680[83]ADFourteenth brightest star in the night sky.[80] Widely recognised as being among the largest known stars.[33]
ρ Cassiopeiae636 – 981[84]L/Teff[d]A yellow hypergiant star, similar to V382 Carinae, that is also visble to the naked eye.
119 Tauri (CE Tauri, Ruby Star)587 – 593[85]AD
CW Leonis560[86]L/TeffThe nearest carbon star.
V382 Carinae
(x Carinae)		485 ± 56[87]L/TeffThe brightest hypergiant star in the sky.
V838 Monocerotis464[88]L/TeffDuring the 2002 Red Nova, the star's radius may have increased up to 3,190 R☉.[89]
Pistol Star (V4647 Sagittarii)420[90]L/Teff
π1 Gruis370[91]ADA red giant star that contains giant large convective cells on its surface, which are 120 million km across.[92]
Mira A (ο Ceti)332–402[93]AD
Orbit of Mars322–323.1[8][b]Reported for reference
R Doradus298±21[94]ADThe extrasolar star with the largest apparent size.
La Superba (Y Canum Venaticorum)295[95]L/Teff
Rasalgethi A (α Herculis)284±60 (264–303)[96]L/Teff
Unurgunite (σ Canis Majoris)258±12[97]L/Teff
Cygnus OB2#12246[98]?One of the most massive and luminous stars known.
η Carinae240[99]?During the 1843 Great Eruption, the star's radius may have increased up to 4,319–6,032 R☉.[100]
Wezen (δ Canis Majoris)215±66[101]ADThirty-sixth brightest star in the night sky.[80]
Orbit of Earth (~1 AU)214[8][b]Reported for reference
Enif (ε Pegasi)210.4–210.7[102]L/Teff
Deneb (α Cygni)203±17[103]?Eighteenth brightest star in the night sky.[80]
Suhail (λ Velorum)184.5[69]L/Teff
Orbit of Venus158.6[8][b]Reported for reference
Tiaki (β Gruis)138[104]L/Teff
Gacrux (γ Crucis)84±7[105]Twenty-sixth brightest star in the night sky.
Orbit of Mercury82.9–84.6[8][b]Reported for reference
Rigel (β Orionis)74.1+6.1
−7.3[106]		ADSeventh brightest star in the night sky.
Canopus (α Carinae)73.3[107]Second brightest star in the night sky.
Aldebaran (α Tauri)45.1[108]Fourteenth brightest star in the night sky.
Polaris (α Ursae Minoris)37.5[109]The current star in the North Pole. It is a Classical Cepheid variable, and the brightest example of its class.
Arcturus (α Boötis)25.4 ± 0.2[110]ADThis is the nearest red giant to the Earth, and the fourth brightest star in the night sky.
Pollux (β Geminorum)9.06 ± 0.03[106]ADThe nearest giant star to the Earth.
Spica (α Virginis A)7.47±0.54[111]One of the nearest supernova candidates and the sixteenth-brightest star in the night sky.
Regulus A (α Leonis)4.35 ± 0.1[106]The nearest B-type star to the Earth.
Vega (α Lyrae)2.726±0.006 × 2.418±0.012[112]Fifth brightest star in the night sky.[80]
Sirius A (α Canis Majoris)1.711[113]The brightest star in the night sky.
Rigil Kentaurus (α Centauri)1.2175[114]Third brightest star in the night sky.
Sun1The largest object in the Solar System.

Magellanic Clouds

List of the largest known stars in the Magellanic Clouds
Star nameSolar radii
(Sun = 1)		GalaxyMethod[a]Notes
WOH G641,540[9][10][11][12][13] ± 77[9]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffSurrounded by a large dust cloud.[115][116] Possibly the largest known star.[9][10][14][11]
WOH S1701,461[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HD 2695511,439[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HV 124631,420[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HV 8881,374[117]–1,584[12]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
IRAS 05280–69101,367[118]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffThe most reddened object in the Large Magellanic Cloud.[12]
LMC 230951,280[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
MSX LMC 5971,278[119]–1,444[12]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
OGLE BRIGHT-LMC-LPV-521,275[117]–1,384[119]Large Magellanic Cloud
HV 28341,253[119]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 1450131,243[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
IRAS 05346-69491,211[120]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffIt has an estimated mass-loss rate of 0.0017 M☉ (566 Earths) per year, the highest for any star.[120]
B90 (WOH S264)1,210[121]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffHas an unusually high metallicity and velocity.[121] Often referred to as its SIMBAD designation [W60] B90.
HV 56181,163[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HV 22421,160[122] – 1,180[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 253201,156[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SMC 185921,129[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
MSX SMC 0181,119[120]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC2521,117[117]–1,164[119]Large Magellanic Cloud
LMC0451,112[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 21-121,103[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
MSX LMC 8101,104[119]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S3381,100[122]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 1360421,092[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 1751881,090[117]–1,317[119]Large Magellanic Cloud
IRAS 04516-69021,085 – 1,283[118]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S2741,071[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 46-21,071[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
[W60] D441,063[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HV 122331,057[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
MSX LMC 5891,051[119]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
MSX LMC 9471,050[119]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 1442171,039[117]Large Magellanic Cloud
SP77 31-181,038[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
IRAS 05402-69561,032[118]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
IRAS 04509-6922(1,027-2,249)[118]–1,187[119]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HV 22551,027[117]–1,236[119]Large Magellanic Cloud
TRM 361,019[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 1755491,005[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
TRM 891,004[117]–1,526[119]Large Magellanic Cloud
LMC 149767994[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
UCAC2 2674864 (HV 2834)990+115
−100[10]		Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HV 996988[117]–1,176[119]Large Magellanic Cloud
W61 8-88986[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HV 2362982[117] – 1,030[122]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
MG73 59979[123]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffA yellow supergiant.
HD 268757979[123]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffA G8 yellow hypetgiant.
SMC 56389976[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 136404974[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 46-32973[117]–1,133[119]Large Magellanic Cloud
HV 2084967[117]–1,083[119]Small Magellanic Cloud
WOH S74965[117]–1,014[119]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SMC 10889963[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
TRM 67951[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LHA 120-S 26951[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 139413951[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
TRM 87947[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 148035947[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HV 12802946[117]–1,377[119]Large Magellanic Cloud
SMC 018136945[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 142202943[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 147199939[117] – 990[122]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 37-24936[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 148381932[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 170452920[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 44-5918[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 66778915[117] – 990[122]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
NGC371 R20913[124]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 150040911[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HV 2236911[117]–971[119]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
TRM 108906[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 169142902[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S457902±45[125]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
IRAS 04498-6842 (LI-LMC 60)(898-1,660)[118] – 1,137[119] – 1,765,[12] 1,224[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffLower value derived from fitting models that assume the star's effective temperature to be 3,400 K. Higher value based on the measured effective temperature from van Loon et al. (2005). A newer paper estimates parameters that would result in a radius of 1,765 R☉.[12]
LMC 135720898[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SMC 81961892[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 44-19891[117]–1,297[119]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 45-49890[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 175464892[119]–982[117]Large Magellanic Cloud
SMC 49478888[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HV 12185890+55
−65[10]		Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 45-53885[119]–981[117]Large Magellanic Cloud
LMC 170079882[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SMC 5092880[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HV 12793880+45
−65[10]		Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
W61 21-22877[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 35-1877[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
UCAC3 43-23216873[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HV 11423872[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S57875+70
−60[10]		Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 53-3870[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 36-14870[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 31-19870[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 158646865[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 31-20864[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 113364864[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SMC 83202864[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 175746863[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC207863[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 29-8858[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 54-38859[119]–911[117]Large Magellanic Cloud
LMC 174714855[117]–965[119]Large Magellanic Cloud
LMC 176135854[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC178845[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 31-26845[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 106201844[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 48-13838[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
MSX LMC 1318837[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 28-13835[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 143898833[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
TYC 9161-866-1833[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SMC 59803829[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 157401828[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 39-22828[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S52828[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 30-22826[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 145728826[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 169049825[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 46-34825[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 177997825[119]–867[117]Large Magellanic Cloud
SP77 28-2825±60[10]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 22-9823[117] – 850[122]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
Z Doradus824±108[125]–956[119]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S421822[117]–840[119]Large Magellanic Cloud
LMC 72727822[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 37-28821[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
MSX LMC 575816[117]–933[119]Large Magellanic Cloud
LMC 143035815[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S49815[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HD 269723814[123]–829[126]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffA yellow hypergiant.
SP77 52-28812[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SHV 0520422-693821808[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HD 268850808[119]–898[117]Large Magellanic Cloud
SMC 20133809[119]–835[117]Small Magellanic Cloud
SMC 25888804[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 55-20803[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
PGMW 1058800[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 145112798[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SMC 47757795[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 175709794[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SMC 46497794[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S60789[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S102789[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 164709787[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 31-28787[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
TRM 73787[119]–816[117]Large Magellanic Cloud
SP77 31-21784[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SMC 8930784[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
PMMR 62784[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 46-31782[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC211780[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 140403778[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 134383778[117]–803[119]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 47-11778[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 40-7778[117] – 810[122]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
W61 19-24780+50
−70[10]		Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S28780[122]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 141568776[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 51-2776[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 31-43773[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
MSX LMC 833773[117]–849[119]Large Magellanic Cloud
SP77 52-32772[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 22-10767[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 48-6768[126]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SMC 12322765[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S517764[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S183763[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC256762[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 154311762[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 119219762[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S452762±275[125]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
MSX SMC 024761[119]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S282758[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 64048758[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
PGMW 3160758[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S438757±211[125]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 61753755[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 140296754[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S478753[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 139027751[117] – 790[122]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 45-16749[117] – 800[122]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 37-20749[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 54-27750[122] – 758[117] – 800[122]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 155529747[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 143877746[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SMC 64663745[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH G302745[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
TRM 65743[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HV 12149741[117]–767[119]Small Magellanic Cloud
SMC 50840740[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SMC 46662740[117]–874[119]Small Magellanic Cloud
SP77 29-11738[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SMC 30616737[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 162635736[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 39-17736[117] – 760[122]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 163466734[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
HV 2310734[119]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 44-17732[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 38-5a732[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 67982730[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LHA 120-S 129730[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
PMMR 64730+75
−65[10]		Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 51-15727[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 168757725[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 163007725[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
W61 8-14724[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
IRAS 05425-6914724[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SMC 55188724[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 44-13721[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
MSX LMC 905719[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 147928719[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LH 43-15719[117] – 740[122]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
PMMR 116717[126]Small Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 123778715[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S314714[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 61-23713[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
WOH S230713[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 150396710[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 48-17709[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 165242707[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 51-19707[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 170539707[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC 154729705[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
OGLE BRIGHT-LMC-LPV-101703[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
MSX SMC 055702[124]–1,557+215
−130[119]		Small Magellanic CloudL/TeffA super-AGB candidate.
LMC 168290702[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
LMC180702[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
SP77 45-2702[117]Large Magellanic CloudL/Teff
The following well-known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison.
HV 2112675 – 1,193[127]Small Magellanic CloudL/TeffIt has been previously considered to be a possible Thorne–Żytkow object.[127]
HV 11417673[119]–798[117]Small Magellanic CloudL/TeffCandidate Thorne-Zytkow object.[127]
HD 269953647[123]–720[126]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffA yellow hypergiant.
HD 33579471[126]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffThe brightest star in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
S Doradus100[128]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffA luminous blue variable in the S Doradus instability strip.
HD 3797499[129]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffAn unusual blue hypergiant with a large dusty disk.[129]
R136a142.7+1.6
−0.9[130]		Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffOne of the most luminous and most massive stars.
BAT 99-9837.5[131]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffOne of the most luminous and most massive stars.
HD 5980 A24[132]Small Magellanic CloudL/TeffA luminous blue variable and one of the most luminous stars.

Andromeda (M31) and Triangulum (M33) galaxies

List of the largest known stars in Andromeda and Triangulum galaxies
Star nameSolar radii
(Sun = 1)		GalaxyMethod[a]Notes
WOH G64 (For comparison)1,540[9][10][11][12][13] ± 77[9]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffLocated in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Possibly the largest known star.[9][10][14][11]

LGGS J013418.56+303808.61,363[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013414.27+303417.71,342[133]–1,479[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004514.91+413735.01,324[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004125.23+411208.91,302[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013350.62+303230.31,283[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004312.43+413747.11,279[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J003951.33+405303.71,272[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004124.80+411634.71,240[134]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013416.52+305155.41,227[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004416.83+411933.21,209[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004531.13+414825.71,201[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
2MASS J01343365+30465471,196[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013409.63+303907.61,182[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004133.18+411217.21,180[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004455.90+413035.21,172[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013352.96+303816.01,163[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004047.22+404445.51,162[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004254.18+414033.61,154[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004428.48+415130.91,130[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013414.27+303417.71,129[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004035.08+404522.31,122[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013341.98+302102.01,119[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013307.37+304543.21,119[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004218.33+412633.91,111[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004102.54+403426.51,108[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013335.90+303344.51,104[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013358.54+303419.91,103[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013414.49+303511.61,102[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013336.64+303532.31,102[117]–1,408[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004259.34+413726.01,094[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004509.98+414627.51,089[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013241.94+302047.51,083[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004034.74+404459.61,078[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004059.50+404542.61,071[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013430.75+303218.81,067[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013412.27+305314.11,063[117]–1,066[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013328.17+304741.51,063[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004524.97+420727.21,059[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013233.77+302718.81,058[117]–1,129[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004125.72+411212.71,058[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004114.18+403759.81,058[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013307.60+304259.01,051[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004103.67+410211.81,047[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013305.48+303138.51,046[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004442.41+412649.51,040[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013403.87+303753.21,040[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013351.47+303640.31,034[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004306.62+413806.21,028[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013303.54+303201.21,027[117]–1,131[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004234.41+405855.91,023[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004051.31+404421.71,022[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004031.00+404311.11,011[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013406.20+303913.61,009[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013344.10+304425.11,007[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004307.36+405852.21,007[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013407.13+303929.5994[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013312.35+303033.9993[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013330.05+303145.9988[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013350.84+304403.1984[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013329.47+301848.3981[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004148.74+410843.0981[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004415.76+411750.7977[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004127.44+411240.7977[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013312.75+303946.1975[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004027.36+410444.9973[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013434.35+302627.3973[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013423.29+305655.0993[117]–972[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013319.13+303642.5970[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004305.77+410742.5969[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013403.73+304202.4965[117]–1,032[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004346.10+411138.8962[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004419.20+412343.7959[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013353.91+302641.8959[117]–1,008[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013315.23+305329.0958[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013315.23+305329.0956[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004138.35+412320.7954[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004419.45+411749.5950[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013413.95+303339.6948[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013336.42+303530.9947[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004047.82+410936.4943[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013258.18+303606.3943[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004447.74+413050.0938[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
2MASS J01343131+3046088938[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004346.18+411515.0936[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004304.62+410348.4936[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004458.28+413154.3933[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004102.82+410422.3933[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013344.33+303636.0932[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004631.49+421133.1932[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013321.44+304045.4932[117]–1,015[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013358.04+304900.1931[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013314.31+302952.91,067[117]–930[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013315.97+303153.7929[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004126.14+403346.5927[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004347.31+411203.6925[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004252.78+405627.5923[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013411.54+303312.6918[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013357.08+303817.8918[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J003943.89+402104.6917[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004503.35+413026.3916[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013338.97+303828.9915[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013330.27+303510.6915[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004033.06+404303.1912[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004357.15+411136.6911[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004406.60+411536.6911[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013312.38+302453.2911[117]–952[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004451.76+420006.0911[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013322.82+301910.9934[117]–911[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013355.56+304120.9908[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004034.40+403627.4907[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J003910.56+402545.6906[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004142.43+411814.1906[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013316.57+303051.9902[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013245.59+303518.7900[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004034.67+404322.5898[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004027.65+405126.7898[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004322.75+411101.8895[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004116.47+410813.7895[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013306.33+303208.2894[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004039.12+404252.3894[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004433.96+415414.8893[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013454.31+304109.8891[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004030.64+404246.2890[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004252.67+413615.2889[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013349.94+302928.8888[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
2MASS J01335010+3039106886[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013357.37+304558.7886[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013338.77+303532.9885[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013359.20+303212.1884[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013340.42+303131.3880[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004511.40+413717.8880[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013352.16+303902.2880[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004219.25+405116.4880[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004331.90+411145.0880[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
2MASS J01333718+3038206879[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013415.42+302816.4876[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013345.01+302105.1876[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004107.23+411636.8870[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013417.83+303356.0867[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004120.25+403838.1867[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004402.38+412114.9866[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
2MASS J01334194+3038565866[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013309.10+303017.8865[117]–933[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004429.36+412307.8862[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013310.20+303314.4861[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004404.60+412729.8860[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J003907.69+402859.5860[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004219.64+412736.1859[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J003949.31+402049.1859[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013310.16+302726.3855[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004036.97+403412.4855[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013343.68+304450.7855[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013409.10+303351.8854[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013407.11+303918.7854[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004107.11+411635.6854[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013400.01+304622.2852[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013327.14+303917.4851[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013339.79+304032.2850[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004501.30+413922.5850[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004450.87+412924.3850[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004040.69+405908.1850[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J003942.92+402051.1850[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
2MASS J01335092+3040481850[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013315.19+305319.8847[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013416.89+305158.3845[117]–920[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004415.17+415640.6845[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004424.94+412322.3844[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013331.93+301952.9838[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004406.16+414846.4836[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013445.65+303235.4835[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004109.39+404901.9834[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004423.83+414928.6833[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013242.31+302113.9833[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004030.48+404051.1833[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004118.29+404940.3832[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013414.17+304701.9831[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013328.89+303058.0831[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004107.70+403702.3831[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J003925.67+404111.8831[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004306.95+410038.2826[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013408.81+304637.8826[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013345.22+303138.2826[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J003950.65+402531.8825[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013427.65+305642.4825[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013500.04+303703.8823[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004108.42+410655.3822[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013340.77+302108.7821[117]–820[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004458.57+412925.1821[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013309.97+302727.5973[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004124.81+411206.1819[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013401.65+303128.7819[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013455.65+304349.0816[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013310.60+302301.8816[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004544.71+414331.9815[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004119.35+410836.4813[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013436.65+304517.1814[117]–812[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013301.79+303954.3812[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013328.85+310041.7810[117]–909[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013401.08+303432.2809[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004036.45+403613.1808[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004521.53+413758.6807[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004432.38+415149.9807[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013306.95+303506.1807[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/TeffContradictory classification in literature, it has been considered a candidate LBV, a RSG or a BSG.
LGGS J013242.26+302114.1807[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013321.94+304112.0806[117]–829[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013304.56+303043.2804[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004331.73+414223.0803[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004044.17+410729.0803[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013352.83+305605.2803[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013343.30+303318.9873[117]–803[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013342.61+303534.7800[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013326.90+310054.2800[117]–909[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013300.94+303404.3798[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013416.06+303730.0798[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004503.83+413737.0797[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004503.83+413737.0797[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004438.83+415253.0794[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004235.88+405442.2794[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004335.28+410959.7794[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013402.32+303828.4793[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004125.55+405034.8792[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013507.43+304132.6791[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013353.25+303918.7791[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004308.71+410604.5790[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013417.17+304826.6789[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013310.71+302714.9789[117]–884[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013432.36+304159.0788[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004356.23+414641.8788[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013340.77+302108.7788[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013346.61+304125.4786[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004447.08+412801.7785[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004255.95+404857.5785[134]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013231.91+302329.1783[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004110.32+410433.4782[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004159.06+405718.7780[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004241.10+413142.3775[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013401.88+303858.3776[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013445.12+305858.9773[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004030.92+404329.3773[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013359.57+303413.5771[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004353.97+411255.6771[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004029.03+403412.6770[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004526.24+420047.5767[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013348.44+302029.8767[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004552.15+421003.5767[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013320.75+303204.8764[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013416.28+303353.5763[117]–801[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013357.91+303338.9763[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013253.14+303515.3762[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004051.18+403053.4762[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013402.57+303746.3762[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013352.15+304006.4762[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004427.07+415203.0762[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004233.23+405917.0762[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004156.96+405720.8761[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004117.14+410843.7761[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004109.61+404920.4761[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J003930.09+402313.0759[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013324.71+303423.7758[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013317.40+303210.8758[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013411.83+304631.0756[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004417.75+420039.1755[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004454.50+413007.8755[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013348.77+304526.8754[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004019.69+404912.2754[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004340.32+411157.1753[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013304.02+303215.2753[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013409.16+303846.9752[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013459.81+304156.9751[117]–765[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013334.82+302029.1751[117]–930[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013400.71+303422.3750[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004224.65+412623.7749[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013414.88+303401.2749[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004343.33+414529.5749[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004034.76+403648.9749[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013353.53+303418.7749[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004501.84+420259.2747[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013409.70+303916.2744[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013345.71+303609.8744[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004342.75+411442.8743[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013333.32+303147.2741[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013338.97+303506.1741[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013303.61+302841.5741[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004201.12+412516.0737[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004341.35+411213.8734[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013438.76+304608.1734[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013402.33+301749.2734[117]–786[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
2MASS J01334180+3040207732[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013354.32+301724.6732[117]–854[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013334.23+303400.3732[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013357.60+304113.3730[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004614.57+421117.4730[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004120.96+404125.3730[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004228.46+405519.0728[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004024.52+404444.8728[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013349.75+304459.8727[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013306.88+303004.6727[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004358.00+412114.1727[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004147.27+411537.8727[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013407.23+304158.8725[117]–833[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004519.82+415531.9725[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004410.84+411538.8725[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013407.38+305935.0724[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004438.75+415553.6724[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004324.16+411228.3723[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004059.58+403815.6723[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013327.40+304126.4721[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013243.72+301912.5721[117]–783[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
Gaia DR3 303379932695513216720[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004558.92+414642.1720[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004103.46+403633.2717[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013324.89+301754.3717[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004015.18+405947.7716[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013414.53+303557.7715[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013351.89+303853.5715[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004458.82+413050.4715[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013352.51+303942.2715[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004124.91+411133.1715[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004604.18+415135.4713[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013305.17+303119.8711[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004517.25+413948.2711[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013349.86+303246.1710[135]–795[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/TeffA yellow supergiant.
2MASS J01335929+3034435709[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004230.32+405624.1708[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004101.02+403506.1708[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004119.21+411237.2707[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004606.25+415018.9707[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013442.05+304540.2707[117]–707[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013431.84+302721.5707[117]–717[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013304.68+304456.0707[117]–739[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004432.27+415158.4705[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
2MASS J01335131+3039149704[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013339.46+302113.0703[117]–748[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J003935.36+401946.4703[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013343.03+303433.5702[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J004505.87+413452.3702[117]Andromeda GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013414.18+305248.0701[117]–731[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013402.53+304107.7701[117]–749[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013340.80+304248.5701[117]–814[133]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
LGGS J013312.59+303252.5701[117]Triangulum GalaxyL/Teff
The following well-known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison.
Var 83150[136]Triangulum GalaxyL/TeffA luminous blue variable and one of the most luminous stars in M33.

Other galaxies (within the Local Group)

List of the largest known stars in other galaxies (within the Local Group)
Star nameSolar radii
(Sun = 1)		GalaxyMethod[a]Notes
WOH G64 (For comparison)1,540[9][10][11][12][13] ± 77[9]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffLocated in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Possibly the largest known star.[9][10][14][11]

Sextans A 10995±130[137]Sextans AL/Teff
WLM 02883+284
−167[138]		WLML/Teff
Sextans A 5870±145[137]Sextans AL/Teff
Leo A 7785[139]Leo AL/Teff
Sextans A 7710±100[137]Sextans AL/Teff

Outside the Local Group

Note that this list doesn't include the candidate JWST dark stars, with estimated radii of up to 61 astronomical units (13,000 R☉)[140] or Quasi-stars, with theoretical models suggesting that they could reach radii of up to 40,700 solar radii (189 au).[141]

List of the largest known stars in galaxies outside the Local Group
Star nameSolar radii
(Sun = 1)		GalaxyGroupMethod[a]Notes
WOH G64 (For comparison)1,540[9][10][11][12][13] ± 77[9]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffLocated in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Possibly the largest known star.[9][10][14][11]

NGC 2403 V141,260[142]NGC 2403M81 GroupL/Teff
SPIRITS 14atl1,134–1,477[143]Messier 83Centaurus A/M83 GroupL/Teff
SPIRITS 15ahp1,098[143]NGC 2403M81 GroupL/Teff
Quyllur965[144]L/TeffLikely the first red supergiant star at cosmological distances and is also discovered by James Webb Space Telescope.
M81 10584-25-2851[142]Messier 81M81 GroupL/Teff
M81 10584-13-3843[142]Messier 81M81 GroupL/Teff
[GKE2015] 7729[145]NGC 300NGC 55 GroupL/Teff
The following well-known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison.
Godzilla430–2,365[146]Sunburst galaxyL/TeffThe most luminous known star.[147]
Mothra271[148]L/TeffA binary star at cosmological distances.
NGC 2363-V1194–356[149]NGC 2366M81 GroupL/Teff

Transient events

During some transient events, such as red novae or LBV eruptions the star's radius can increase by a significant amount.

List of largest stars during transient events
Star or transient event nameSolar radii
(Sun = 1)		YearGalaxyGroupMethodNotes
AT 2017jfs33,000[150]2017NGC 4470L/Teff
SNhunt15116,700[151]2014UGC 3165LDC 331L/Teff
SN 2015bh16,400±2,600[152]2015NGC 2770LDC 616L/Teff
AT 2018hso10,350[153]2018NGC 3729M109 GroupL/Teff
M51 OT2019-15,500[154]2019Whirlpool GalaxyM51 GroupL/Teff
η Carinae4,319 – 6,032[100]1845Milky WayLocal GroupL/TeffDuring the outburst, the star became the second brightest star in sky, reaching an apparent magnitude of between -0.8 and -1.0.[155]
AT 2010dn4,130[156]2010NGC 3180LDC 743L/Teff
SN 2011fh3,980[157]2011NGC 4806Abell 3528L/Teff
AT 2014ej3,600[158]2014NGC 7552Grus QuartetL/Teff
V838 Monocerotis3,190[89]2002Milky WayLocal GroupL/Teff
SN2008S3,020[156]2008NGC 6946NGC 6946 GroupL/Teff
SNhunt1202,900[159][158]2012NGC 5775Virgo ClusterL/Teff
AT 2017be2,000[160]2017NGC 2537L/Teff
WOH G64 (For comparison)1,540[9][10][11][12][13] ± 77[9]Large Magellanic CloudL/TeffLocated in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Possibly the largest known star.[9][10][14][11]

PHL 293B star1,348 – 1,463[161]2002PHL 293BL/Teff
SNhunt248~850[162]2014NGC 5806NGC 5846 GroupL/Teff
R71500[163]2012Large Magellanic CloudLocal GroupL/Teff
SN 2000ch500[164]2000NGC 3432LDC 743L/Teff
Godzilla430 – 2,365[146]2015Sunburst galaxy?
AT 2016blu~330[165]2012 – 2022NGC 4559Coma I GroupL/Teff19 outbursts were detected between 2012 and 2022. The star was likely relatively stable the decade before since no outbursts were detected from 1999 – 2009.[165]

SN Progenitors

List of largest supernova progenitors
Star or supernova nameSolar radii
(Sun = 1)		YearGalaxyGroupMethodNotes
SN 2020faa1,000[166]20202MASS J14470904+7244157L/Teff
SN 2023ixf912+227
−222[167]–1,060±30[168]		2023Pinwheel galaxyM101 GroupL/Teff
SN 2020jfo700±10[169]2020Messier 61Virgo ClusterL/Teff
SN 2023axu417±28[170]2023NGC 2283L/Teff
SN 2021agco78.37+25.59
−19.94[171]		2021UGC 3855LDC 506L/TeffNearest ultrastripped supernova known.

Largest stars by apparent size

The following list include the largest stars by their apparent size (angular diameter) as seen from Earth. The unit of measurement is the milliarcsecond (mas), equivalent to 10×10−3 arcseconds. Stars with angular diameters larger than 13 milliarcseconds are included.

List of largest stars by apparent size (angular diameter)
NameAngular diameter
(mas)		Angular diameter type[e]Distance
(light-years)		Spectral type[172]Notes
R Doradus51.18±1.24[94]LD

179±10[94]

M8III:eThe largest star by angular diameter.
Betelgeuse
(α Orionis)		42.28±0.43[75]LD

408–540+98
−49[75]

M1-M2Ia-Iab
Antares
(α Scorpii A)		37.31±0.09[173]LD553.5±93.9[174]M1.5Iab
Rasalgethi
(α Herculis)		36.026±0.439[175]LD359±52[174]M5Ib-II
Mira
(ο Ceti)		28.9±0.3 – 34.9±0.4[176]Ross299±33[174]M5-M9IIIeThe angular diameter vary during Mira's pulsations.
R Hydrae23.7±1[25]?482±33[25]M6-9e
Arcturus
(α Boötis)		21.06±0.17[177]LD36.8[177]K1.5IIIFe-0.5
π1 Gruis21[91]?535[91]S5,7
Aldebaran
(α Tauri)		20.58[178]–21.1[175]LD65.3±1[179]K5+III
GY Aquilae20.46[25]?1108±98[25]M8
R Lyrae18.016±0.224[175]LD310+10
−7[180]		M4.5III
Scheat
(β Pegasi)		17.98±0.18[175]LD196±2[174]M2.5II-III
Gorgonea Tertia
(ρ Persei)		16.555±0.166[175]LD308±7[174]M4+IIIa
SW Virginis16.11±0.13–16.8±0.34[181]UD527±46.9[182]M7III:
R Aquarii15.61±0.8 – 16.59±1.03[181]LD711+39
−36[183]		M6.5–M8.5e
g Herculis15.2±0.5 – 19.09±0.19[181]LD385±10[180]M6-III
RS Cancri15.1±0.5 – 17.2±0.4[175]LD490±40[184]M6S
Tejat
(μ Geminorum)		15.118±0.151[175]LD230±10[174]M3IIIab
R Leonis Minoris14.4±0.87[181]LD942+33
−47[180]		M6.5-9e
S Cephei14.29±2.28[181]LD1591+49
−46[180]		C7,3e
T Cassiopeiae14.22±0.73[181]LD893+49
−46[180]		M7-9e
Mirach
(β Andromedae)		13.749±0.137[175]LD199±9[185]M0+IIIa
Menkar
(α Ceti)		13.238±0.056[175]LD249±8[174]M1.5IIIa
V Cygni13.1±0.208 – 14.84±2.37[181]LD1747+163
−137[180]		C7,4eJ

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Methods for calculating the radius:
  2. ^ a b c d e f At the J2000 epoch
  3. ^ Using an angular diameter of 7.8±0.64 milliarcseconds[28] and a distance of 1610+130
    −110     parsecs.    [29]
  4. ^ More precisely calculated from temperature and bolometric magnitude
  5. ^ Legend:
    UD=Uniform disk diameter
    LD=Limb-darkened diameter
    Ross=Rosseland diameter

References

  1. ^ Mamajek, E. E.; Prsa, A.; Torres, G.; Harmanec, P.; Asplund, M.; Bennett, P. D.; Capitaine, N.; Christensen-Dalsgaard, J.; Depagne, E.; Folkner, W. M.; Haberreiter, M. (October 2015). "IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties". arXiv:1510.07674 [astro-ph.SR].
  2. ^ Rau, A.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Ofek, E. O.; Yan, L. (2007). "Spitzer Observations of the New Luminous Red Nova M85 OT2006-1". The Astrophysical Journal. 659 (2): 1536–1540. arXiv:astro-ph/0612161. Bibcode:2007ApJ...659.1536R. doi:10.1086/512672. S2CID 8913778.
  3. ^ Haemmerlé, Lionel; Woods, T. E.; Klessen, Ralf S.; Heger, Alexander; Whalen, Daniel J. (2018). "The evolution of supermassive Population III stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 474 (2): 2757–2773. arXiv:1705.09301. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2919.
  4. ^ Herrington, Nicholas P.; Whalen, Daniel J.; Woods, Tyrone E. (2023). "Modelling supermassive primordial stars with <SCP>mesa</SCP>". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 521: 463–473. arXiv:2208.00008. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad572.
  5. ^ Haemmerlé, L.; Klessen, R. S.; Mayer, L.; Zwick, L. (2021). "Maximum accretion rate of supermassive stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 652: L7. arXiv:2105.13373. Bibcode:2021A&A...652L...7H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141376. S2CID 235247984.
  6. ^ Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Plez, Bertrand; Meynet, Georges; Maeder, Andre (July 2006). "The Effective Temperatures and Physical Properties of Magellanic Cloud Red Supergiants: The Effects of Metallicity". The Astrophysical Journal. 645 (2): 1102–1117. arXiv:astro-ph/0603596. Bibcode:2006ApJ...645.1102L. doi:10.1086/504417. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 5150686.
  7. ^ Ren, Yi; Jiang, Bi-Wei (July 2020). "On the Granulation and Irregular Variation of Red Supergiants". The Astrophysical Journal. 898 (1): 24. arXiv:2006.06605. Bibcode:2020ApJ...898...24R. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9c17. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 250739134.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "HORIZONS Web-Interface". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Plez, Bertrand; Olsen, Knut A. G. (2009). "The Physical Properties of the Red Supergiant WOH G64: The Largest Star Known?". The Astronomical Journal. 137 (6): 4744. arXiv:0903.2260. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.4744L. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4744. S2CID 18074349.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s de Wit, S.; Bonanos, A.Z.; Tramper, F.; Yang, M.; Maravelias, G.; Boutsia, K.; Britavskiy, N.; Zapartas, E. (2023). "Properties of luminous red supergiant stars in the Magellanic Clouds". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 669: 17. arXiv:2209.11239. Bibcode:2023A&A...669A..86D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243394. S2CID 252519285.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Levesque, E. M. (June 2010). The Physical Properties of Red Supergiants. Hot and Cool: Bridging Gaps in Massive Star Evolution ASP Conference Series. Vol. 425. p. 103. arXiv:0911.4720. Bibcode:2010ASPC..425..103L. S2CID 8921166.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Beasor, Emma R.; Smith, Nathan (1 May 2022). "The Extreme Scarcity of Dust-enshrouded Red Supergiants: Consequences for Producing Stripped Stars via Winds". The Astrophysical Journal. 933 (1): 41. arXiv:2205.02207. Bibcode:2022ApJ...933...41B. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac6dcf. S2CID 248512934.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Steven R. Goldman; Jacco Th. van Loon (2016). "The wind speeds, dust content, and mass-loss rates of evolved AGB and RSG stars at varying metallicity". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 465 (1): 403–433. arXiv:1610.05761. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.465..403G. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2708. S2CID 11352637.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Jones, Olivia; Woods, Paul; Kemper, Franziska; Kraemer, Elena; Sloan, G.; Srinivasan, Sivakrishnan; Oliveira, Joana; van Loon, Jacco; Boyer, Martha; Sargent, Benjamin; Mc Donald, I.; Meixner, Margaret; Zijlstra, A.; Ruffel, Paul; Lagadec, Eric; Pauly, Tyler (7 May 2017). "The SAGE-Spec Spitzer Legacy program: the life-cycle of dust and gas in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Point source classification – III". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 470 (3): 3250–3282. arXiv:1705.02709. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1101. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Plez, Bertrand; Josselin, Eric; Maeder, Andre; Meynet, Georges (August 2005). "The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants: Cool, but Not As Cool As We Thought". The Astrophysical Journal. 628 (2): 973–985. arXiv:astro-ph/0504337. Bibcode:2005ApJ...628..973L. doi:10.1086/430901. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 15109583.
  16. ^ El-Badry, Kareem (22 April 2024). "On the formation of a 33 solar-mass black hole in a low-metallicity binary". The Open Journal of Astrophysics. 7. arXiv:2404.13047. doi:10.33232/001c.117652.
  17. ^ a b c d e Davies, B.; Figer, D. F.; Law, C. J.; Kudritzki, R. P.; Najarro, F.; Herrero, A.; MacKenty, J. W. (2008). "The Cool Supergiant Population of the Massive Young Star Cluster RSGC1". The Astrophysical Journal. 676 (2): 1016–1028. arXiv:0711.4757. Bibcode:2008ApJ...676.1016D. doi:10.1086/527350. S2CID 15639297.
  18. ^ a b c d e Decin, Leen; Richards, Anita M. S.; Marchant, Pablo; Sana, Hugues (2024). "ALMA detection of CO rotational line emission in red supergiant stars of the massive young star cluster RSGC1". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 681: A17. arXiv:2303.09385. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244635.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Humphreys, Roberta M.; Helmel, Greta; Jones, Terry J.; Gordon, Michael S. (August 2020). "Exploring the Mass Loss Histories of the Red Supergiants". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (3): 145. arXiv:2008.01108. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..145H. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abab15. S2CID 220961677.
  20. ^ Wittkowski, M.; Hauschildt, P. H.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J. M. (April 2012). "Fundamental properties and atmospheric structure of the red supergiant VY Canis Majoris based on VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 540: L12. arXiv:1203.5194. Bibcode:2012A&A...540L..12W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219126. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 54044968.
  21. ^ a b Alcolea, J.; Bujarrabal, V.; Planesas, P.; Teyssier, D.; Cernicharo, J.; De Beck, E.; Decin, L.; Dominik, C.; Justtanont, K.; de Koter, A.; Marston, A. P.; Melnick, G.; Menten, K. M.; Neufeld, D. A.; Olofsson, H.; Schmidt, M.; Schöier, F. L.; Szczerba, R.; Waters, L. B. F. M. (November 2013). "HIFISTARS Herschel/HIFI observations of VY Canis Majoris. Molecular-line inventory of the envelope around the largest known star". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 559: 25. arXiv:1310.2400. Bibcode:2013A&A...559A..93A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321683. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 263787323.
  22. ^ Gordon, Michael S.; Jones, Terry J.; Humphreys, Roberta M.; Ertel, Steve; Hinz, Philip M.; Hoffman, William F.; Stone, Jordan; Spalding, Eckhart; Vaz, Amali (February 2019). "Thermal Emission in the Southwest Clump of VY CMa". The Astronomical Journal. 157 (2): 57. arXiv:1811.05998. Bibcode:2019AJ....157...57G. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaf5cb. S2CID 119044678.
  23. ^ Nguyen, Thinh H.; Guinan, Edward F. (11 January 2022). "Stars on the Verge: Analyses of the Complex Light Variations of the Hyper-luminous Red Supergiant VY Canis Majoris: On the Nature of the Star's "Great Dimming" Episodes". Research Notes of the AAS. 6 (1): 12. Bibcode:2022RNAAS...6...12N. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ac4991. ISSN 2515-5172.
  24. ^ a b Arroyo-Torres, B.; Wittkowski, M.; Marcaide, J. M.; Hauschildt, P. H. (June 2013). "The atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of the red supergiants AH Scorpii, UY Scuti, and KW Sagittarii". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 554: A76. arXiv:1305.6179. Bibcode:2013A&A...554A..76A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220920. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 73575062.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h Montargès, M.; et al. (5 January 2023). "The VLT/SPHERE view of the ATOMIUM cool evolved star sample. I. Overview: Sample characterization through polarization analysis". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 671: A96. arXiv:2301.02081. Bibcode:2023A&A...671A..96M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245398. S2CID 255440600.
  26. ^ a b c d e Norris, Ryan Patrick (13 December 2019). Seeing stars like never before: A long-term interferometric imaging survey of red supergiants. Physics and Astronomy Dissertations (Thesis). Georgia State University. Bibcode:2019PhDT........63N. doi:10.57709/15009706.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be Healy, Sarah; Horiuchu, Shunsaku; Colomer Moller, Marta; Milisavljevic, Dan; Tseng, Jeff; Bergin, Faith; Weil, Kathryn; Tanaka, Masaomi (2024). "Red supergiant candidates for multimessenger monitoring of the next Galactic supernova". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 529 (4): 3630–3650. arXiv:2307.08785. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae738.
  28. ^ a b Richichi, A.; Percheron, I.; Khristoforova, M. (1 February 2005). "CHARM2: An updated Catalog of High Angular Resolution Measurements". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 431 (2): 773–777. Bibcode:2005A&A...431..773R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042039. ISSN 0004-6361. Data about NML Cygni (IRC +40448) is found here at VizieR.
  29. ^ Zhang, B.; Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Zheng, X. W.; Brunthaler, A. (2012). "The distance and size of the red hypergiant NML Cygni from VLBA and VLA astrometry" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 544: A42. arXiv:1207.1850. Bibcode:2012A&A...544A..42Z. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219587. S2CID 55509287.
  30. ^ Fok, Thomas K. T.; Nakashima, Jun-ichi; Yung, Bosco H. K.; Hsia, Chih-Hao; Deguchi, Shuji (November 2012). "Maser Observations of Westerlund 1 and Comprehensive Considerations on Maser Properties of Red Supergiants Associated with Massive Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal. 760 (1): 65. arXiv:1209.6427. Bibcode:2012ApJ...760...65F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/65. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 53393926.
  31. ^ Josselin, E.; Plez, B. (July 2007). "Atmospheric dynamics and the mass loss process in red supergiant stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 469 (2): 671–680. arXiv:0705.0266. Bibcode:2007A&A...469..671J. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066353. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 17789027.
  32. ^ a b Kravchenko, K.; Chiavassa, A.; Van Eck, S.; Jorissen, A.; Merle, T.; Freytag, B.; Plez, B. (2019). "Tomography of cool giant and supergiant star atmospheres". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 632: A28. arXiv:1910.04657. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935809. S2CID 204924849.
  33. ^ a b c d e Wing, Robert F. (September 2009). The Biggest Stars of All. The Biggest, Baddest, Coolest Stars ASP Conference Series. Vol. 412. p. 113. Bibcode:2009ASPC..412..113W. S2CID 117001990.
  34. ^ a b c d Arévalo, Aura de Las Estrellas Ramírez (July 2018). The Red Supergiants in the Supermassive Stellar Cluster Westerlund 1 (text thesis). University of São Paulo. doi:10.11606/D.14.2019.tde-12092018-161841.
  35. ^ "APOD: 2017 June 20 - The Massive Stars in Westerlund 1". apod.nasa.gov. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  36. ^ Verhoelst, T.; Van der Zypen, N.; Hony, S.; Decin, L.; Cami, J.; Eriksson, K. (April 2009). "The dust condensation sequence in red supergiant stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 498 (1): 127–138. arXiv:0901.1262. Bibcode:2009A&A...498..127V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/20079063. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 18383796.
  37. ^ Gvaramadze, V. V.; Menten, K. M.; Kniazev, A. Y.; Langer, N.; Mackey, J.; Kraus, A.; Meyer, D. M. -A.; Kamiński, T. (January 2014). "IRC -10414: a bow-shock-producing red supergiant star". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 437 (1): 843–856. arXiv:1310.2245. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.437..843G. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1943. ISSN 0035-8711.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Vallenari, A.; Brown, A. G. A.; Prusti, T. (13 June 2022). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. hdl:10902/30704. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 244398875.
  39. ^ Tsuboi, Masato; Kitamura, Yoshimi; Tsutsumi, Takahiro; Miyawaki, Ryosuke; Miyoshi, Makoto; Miyazaki, Atsushi (April 2020). "Sub-millimeter detection of a Galactic center cool star IRS 7 by ALMA". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 72 (2): 36. arXiv:2002.01620. Bibcode:2020PASJ...72...36T. doi:10.1093/pasj/psaa013. ISSN 0004-6264.
  40. ^ Rodríguez-Coira, G.; Gravity Collaboration (2021). "The Molecular Layer of GCIRS7". New Horizons in Galactic Center Astronomy and Beyond. 528: 397. Bibcode:2021ASPC..528..397R.
  41. ^ Guerço, Rafael; Smith, Verne V; Cunha, Katia; Ekström, Sylvia; Abia, Carlos; Plez, Bertrand; Meynet, Georges; Ramirez, Solange V; Prantzos, Nikos; Sellgren, Kris; Hayes, Cristian R; Majewski, Steven R (13 September 2022). "Evidence of deep mixing in IRS 7, a cool massive supergiant member of the Galactic nuclear star cluster". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 516 (2): 2801–2811. arXiv:2208.10529. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2393. ISSN 0035-8711.
  42. ^ Van Loon, J. Th.; Cioni, M.-R. L.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Loup, C. (18 April 2005). "An empirical formula for the mass-loss rates of dust-enshrouded red supergiants and oxygen-rich Asymptotic Giant Branch stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 438 (1): 273–289. arXiv:astro-ph/0504379. Bibcode:2005A&A...438..273V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042555. S2CID 16724272.
  43. ^ "GCVS: "==WY Vel"". VizieR. General Catalogue of Variable Stars @ Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  44. ^ Xu, Shuangjing; Zhang, Bo; Reid, Mark J.; Menten, Karl M.; Zheng, Xingwu; Wang, Guangli (May 2018). "The Parallax of the Red Hypergiant VX Sgr with Accurate Tropospheric Delay Calibration". The Astrophysical Journal. 859 (1): 14. arXiv:1804.00894. Bibcode:2018ApJ...859...14X. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabba6. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 55572194.
  45. ^ Chiavassa, A.; Lacour, S.; Millour, F.; Driebe, T.; Wittkowsi, M.; Plez, B.; Thiébaut, E.; Josselin, E.; Freytag, B.; Scholz, M.; Haubois, X. (February 2010). "VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometric imaging of VX Sagittarii's inhomogenous outer atmosphere". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 511: 8. arXiv:0911.4422. Bibcode:2010A&A...511A..51C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913288. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 55877127.
  46. ^ a b Tabernero, H. M.; Dorda, R.; Negueruela, I.; Marfil, E. (February 2021). "The nature of VX Sagitarii: Is it a TŻO, a RSG, or a high-mass AGB star?". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 646: A98. arXiv:2011.09184. Bibcode:2021A&A...646A..98T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039236. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 241206934.
  47. ^ Norris, Ryan (27 February 2021). "An Interferometric Imaging Survey of Red Supergiant Stars". The 20.5Th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars: 263. Bibcode:2021csss.confE.263N. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4567641.
  48. ^ Massalkhi, S.; Agúndez, M.; Cernicharo, J. (August 2019). "Study of CS, SiO, and SiS abundances in carbon star envelopes: assessing their role as gas-phase precursors of dust". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 628: A62. arXiv:1906.09461. Bibcode:2019A&A...628A..62M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935069. ISSN 0004-6361. PMC 6739229. PMID 31511746.
  49. ^ van Genderen, A. M.; Lobel, A.; Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; Henry, G. W.; De Jager, C.; Blown, E.; Di Scala, G.; Van Ballegoij, E. J. (2019). "Pulsations, eruptions, and evolution of four yellow hypergiants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 631: A48. arXiv:1910.02460. Bibcode:2019A&A...631A..48V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834358. S2CID 203836020.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ramstedt, S.; Olofsson, H. (25 May 2014). "The 12CO/13CO ratio in AGB stars of different chemical type. Connection to the 12C/13C ratio and the evolution along the AGB". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 566: A145. arXiv:1405.6404. Bibcode:2014A&A...566A.145R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423721. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 59125036.
  51. ^ a b c d Comerón, F.; Djupvik, A. A.; Schneider, N.; Pasquali, A. (27 September 2020). "The historical record of massive star formation in Cygnus". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2009: A62. arXiv:2009.12779. Bibcode:2020A&A...644A..62C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039188. S2CID 221970180.
  52. ^ Turner, David G.; Rohanizadegan, Mina; Berdnikov, Leonid N.; Pastukhova, Elena N. (November 2006). "The Long-Term Behavior of the Semiregular M Supergiant Variable BC Cygni". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 118 (849): 1533–1544. Bibcode:2006PASP..118.1533T. doi:10.1086/508905. ISSN 0004-6280. S2CID 121309425.
  53. ^ Milam, S. N.; Woolf, N. J.; Ziurys, L. M. (1 January 2009). "Circumstellar 12C/13C Isotope Ratios from Millimeter Observations of CN and CO: Mixing in Carbon- and Oxygen-Rich Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 690 (1): 837–849. Bibcode:2009ApJ...690..837M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/837. ISSN 0004-637X.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g Bergeat, J.; Chevallier, L. (January 2005). "The mass loss of C-rich giants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 429: 235–246. arXiv:astro-ph/0601366. Bibcode:2005A&A...429..235B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041280. S2CID 56424665.
  55. ^ González-Torà, G.; Wittkowski, M.; Davies, B.; Plez, B. (19 December 2023). "The effect of winds on atmospheric layers of red supergiants II. Modelling VLTI/GRAVITY and MATISSE observations of AH Sco, KW Sgr, V602 Car, CK Car and V460 Car". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 683: A19. arXiv:2312.12521. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348047. ISSN 0004-6361.
  56. ^ a b De, Kishalay; Mereminskiy, Ilya; Soria, Roberto; Conroy, Charlie; Kara, Erin; Anand, Shreya; Ashley, Michael C. B.; Boyer, Martha L.; Chakrabarty, Deepto; Grefenstette, Brian; Hankins, Matthew J.; Hillenbrand, Lynne A.; Jencson, Jacob E.; Karambelkar, Viraj; Kasliwal, Mansi M. (1 August 2022). "SRGA J181414.6-225604: A New Galactic Symbiotic X-Ray Binary Outburst Triggered by an Intense Mass-loss Episode of a Heavily Obscured Mira Variable". The Astrophysical Journal. 935 (1): 36. arXiv:2205.09139. Bibcode:2022ApJ...935...36D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c6e. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 248887540.
  57. ^ a b Siderud, Emelie (2020). Dust emission modelling of AGB stars.
  58. ^ a b Messineo, Maria (18 January 2023). "Identification of late-type Class I stars using Gaia DR3 Apsis parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 671: A148. arXiv:2301.07415. Bibcode:2023A&A...671A.148M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245587. S2CID 256486848.
  59. ^ Jones, Terry Jay; Shenoy, Dinesh; Humphreys, Roberta (May 2023). "The Recent Mass Loss History of the Hypergiant RW Cep". Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society. 7 (5): 92. Bibcode:2023RNAAS...7...92J. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/acd37f. ISSN 2515-5172. S2CID 258701379.
  60. ^ Anugu, Narsireddy; Baron, Fabien; Gies, Douglas R.; Lanthermann, Cyprien; Schaefer, Gail H.; Shepard, Katherine A.; Brummelaar, Theo ten; Monnier, John D.; Kraus, Stefan; Le Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste; Davies, Claire L.; Ennis, Jacob; Gardner, Tyler; Labdon, Aaron; Roettenbacher, Rachael M. (August 2023). "The Great Dimming of the Hypergiant Star RW Cephei: CHARA Array Images and Spectral Analysis". The Astronomical Journal. 166 (2): 78. arXiv:2307.04926. Bibcode:2023AJ....166...78A. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ace59d. ISSN 0004-6256.
  61. ^ a b c Lombaert, R.; Decin, L.; Royer, P.; de Koter, A.; Cox, N. L. J.; González-Alfonso, E.; Neufeld, D.; De Ridder, J.; Agúndez, M.; Blommaert, J. A. D. L.; Khouri, T. (April 2016). "Constraints on the H2O formation mechanism in the wind of carbon-rich AGB stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 588: A124. arXiv:1601.07017. Bibcode:2016A&A...588A.124L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527049. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 62787287.
  62. ^ Josselin, E.; Plez, B. (July 2007). "Atmospheric dynamics and the mass loss process in red supergiant stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 469 (2): 671–680. arXiv:0705.0266. Bibcode:2007A&A...469..671J. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066353. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 17789027.
  63. ^ Beasor, Emma R.; Davies, Ben (5 December 2017). "The evolution of Red Supergiant mass-loss rates". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (1): 55. arXiv:1712.01852. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475...55B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3174.
  64. ^ Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; De Jager, C.; Kolka, I.; Israelian, G.; Lobel, A.; Zsoldos, E.; Maeder, A.; Meynet, G. (1 October 2012). "The hypergiant HR 8752 evolving through the yellow evolutionary void". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 546: A105. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117166. ISSN 0004-6361.
  65. ^ Natale, G.; Rea, N.; Lazzati, D.; Perna, R.; Torres, D. F.; Girart, J. M. (25 January 2017). "Dust Radiative Transfer Modeling of the Infrared Ring around the Magnetar SGR 1900+14". The Astrophysical Journal. 837 (1): 10. arXiv:1701.07442. Bibcode:2017ApJ...837....9N. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa5c82. S2CID 119213779.
  66. ^ van Belle, G. T.; Creech-Eakman, M. J.; Hart, A. (April 2009). "Supergiant temperatures and linear radii from near-infrared interferometry". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 394 (4): 1925–1935. arXiv:0811.4239. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.394.1925V. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14146.x. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 118372600.
  67. ^ a b c Van Belle, G. T.; Thompson, R. R.; Creech-Eakman, M. J. (2002). "Angular Size Measurements of Mira Variable Stars at 2.2 Microns. II". The Astronomical Journal. 124 (3): 1706–1715. arXiv:astro-ph/0210167. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.1706V. doi:10.1086/342282. S2CID 33832649.
  68. ^ Baines, Ellyn K.; Thomas Armstrong, J.; Clark, James H.; Gorney, Jim; Hutter, Donald J.; Jorgensen, Anders M.; Kyte, Casey; Mozurkewich, David; Nisley, Ishara; Sanborn, Jason; Schmitt, Henrique R. (November 2021). "Angular Diameters and Fundamental Parameters of Forty-four Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer". The Astronomical Journal. 162 (5): 198. arXiv:2211.09030. Bibcode:2021AJ....162..198B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac2431. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 238998021.
  69. ^ a b Ayres, Thomas (1 May 2023). "In the Trenches of the Solar-Stellar Connection. VII. Wilson-Bappu 2022". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 266 (1): 6. Bibcode:2023ApJS..266....6A. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acb535. ISSN 0067-0049. Data about this star at VizieR. The field "ID" is the star's Henry Draper designation (HD xxxxx).
  70. ^ Bauer, Wendy Hagen; Gull, Theodore R.; Bennett, Philip D. (1 September 2008). "Spatial Extension In The Ultraviolet Spectrum Of VV Cephei". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (3): 1312–1324. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1312H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1312. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 119404901.
  71. ^ Wright, K. O. (1 April 1977). "The System of VV Cephei Derived from an Analysis of the Hα Line". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 71: 152. ISSN 0035-872X.
  72. ^ Hack, M.; Engin, S.; Yilmaz, N.; Sedmak, G.; Rusconi, L.; Boehm, C. (1 November 1992). "Spectroscopic study of the atmospheric eclipsing binary VV Cephei". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 95: 589–601. ISSN 0365-0138.
  73. ^ a b Blum, R. D.; Ramírez, Solange V.; Sellgren, K.; Olsen, K. (3 July 2003). "Really Cool Stars and the Star Formation History at the Galactic Center". The Astrophysical Journal. 597 (1): 323–346. arXiv:astro-ph/0307291. Bibcode:2003ApJ...597..323B. doi:10.1086/378380. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 5664467.
  74. ^ Baron, F.; Monnier, J. D.; Kiss, L. L.; Neilson, H. R.; Zhao, M.; Anderson, M.; Aarnio, A.; Pedretti, E.; Thureau, N.; ten Brummelaar, T. A.; Ridgway, S. T. (April 2014). "CHARA/MIRC Observations of Two M Supergiants in Perseus OB1: Temperature, Bayesian Modeling, and Compressed Sensing Imaging". The Astrophysical Journal. 785 (1): 46. arXiv:1405.4032. Bibcode:2014ApJ...785...46B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/46. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 17085548.
  75. ^ a b c d Joyce, Meridith; Leung, Shing-Chi; Molnár, László; Ireland, Michael; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Nomoto, Ken'ichi (October 2020). "Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: New Mass and Distance Estimates for Betelgeuse through Combined Evolutionary, Asteroseismic, and Hydrodynamic Simulations with MESA". The Astrophysical Journal. 902 (1): 63. arXiv:2006.09837. Bibcode:2020ApJ...902...63J. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 221507952.
  76. ^ Drevon, J.; et al. (January 2024). "Images of Betelgeuse with VLTI/MATISSE across the Great Dimming". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 527 (1): L88–L94. arXiv:2401.12404. Bibcode:2024MNRAS.527L..88D. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slad138. ISSN 1745-3925. S2CID 267094710.
  77. ^ a b Saio, Hideyuki; Nandal, Devesh; Meynet, Georges; Ekström, Sylvia (29 September 2023). "The evolutionary stage of Betelgeuse inferred from its pulsation periods". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 526 (2): 2765–2775. arXiv:2306.00287. Bibcode:2023MNRAS.526.2765S. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2949. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 258999872.
  78. ^ Kravchenko, K.; Jorissen, A.; Van Eck, S.; Merle, T.; Chiavassa, A.; Paladini, C.; Freytag, B.; Plez, B.; Montargès, M.; Van Winckel, H. (1 April 2021). "Atmosphere of Betelgeuse before and during the Great Dimming event revealed by tomography". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2104: arXiv:2104.08105. arXiv:2104.08105. Bibcode:2021A&A...650L..17K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039801. S2CID 233289746.
  79. ^ Cannon, E.; et al. (30 June 2023). "The dusty circumstellar environment of Betelgeuse during the Great Dimming as seen by VLTI/MATISSE". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 675: 13. arXiv:2303.08892. Bibcode:2023A&A...675A..46C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243611. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 257557612.
  80. ^ a b c d e Hoffleit, D.; Warren, W. H. Jr. (November 1995). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Hoffleit+, 1991)". VizieR Online Data Catalog: V/50. Bibcode:1995yCat.5050....0H.
  81. ^ Mittag, M.; Schröder, K. -P.; Perdelwitz, V.; Jack, D.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (January 2023). "Chromospheric activity and photospheric variation of α Ori during the great dimming event in 2020". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 669: 18. arXiv:2211.04967. Bibcode:2023A&A...669A...9M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244924. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 253406622.
  82. ^ Wallstrom, S. H. J.; et al. (7 December 2023). "ATOMIUM: Molecular inventory of 17 oxygen-rich evolved stars observed with ALMA". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 681: A50. arXiv:2312.03467. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347632.
  83. ^ Ohnaka, K.; Hofmann, K. -H.; Schertl, D.; Weigelt, G.; Baffa, C.; Chelli, A.; Petrov, R.; Robbe-Dubois, S. (July 2013). "High spectral resolution imaging of the dynamical atmosphere of the red supergiant Antares in the CO first overtone lines with VLTI/AMBER". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 555: A24. arXiv:1304.4800. Bibcode:2013A&A...555A..24O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321063. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 56396587.
  84. ^ van Genderen, A. M.; Lobel, A.; Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; Henry, G. W.; De Jager, C.; Blown, E.; Di Scala, G.; Van Ballegoij, E. J. (2019). "Pulsations, eruptions, and evolution of four yellow hypergiants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 631: A48. arXiv:1910.02460. Bibcode:2019A&A...631A..48V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834358. S2CID 203836020.
  85. ^ Montargès, M.; Norris, R.; Chiavassa, A.; Tessore, B.; Lèbre, A.; Baron, F. (June 2018). "The convective photosphere of the red supergiant CE Tau. I. VLTI/PIONIER H-band interferometric imaging". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 614: A12. arXiv:1802.06086. Bibcode:2018A&A...614A..12M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731471. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 118950270.
  86. ^ Schmidt, M. R.; He, J. H.; Szczerba, R.; Bujarrabal, V.; Alcolea, J.; Cernicharo, J.; Decin, L.; Justtanont, K.; Teyssier, D.; Menten, K. M.; Neufeld, D. A.; Olofsson, H.; Planesas, P.; Marston, A. P.; Sobolev, A. M. (August 2016). "Herschel /HIFI observations of the circumstellar ammonia lines in IRC+10216". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 592: A131. arXiv:1606.01878. Bibcode:2016A&A...592A.131S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527290. ISSN 0004-6361. PMC 5217166. PMID 28065983.
  87. ^ Groenewegen, M. A. T. (2020). "Analysing the spectral energy distributions of Galactic classical Cepheids". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 635: A33. arXiv:2002.02186. Bibcode:2020A&A...635A..33G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937060. S2CID 211043995.
  88. ^ Kamiński, Tomek; Tylenda, Romuald; Kiljan, Aleksandra; Schmidt, Mirek; Lisiecki, Krzysztof; Melis, Carl; Frankowski, Adam; Joshi, Vishal; Menten, Karl M. (1 November 2021). "V838 Monocerotis as seen by ALMA: A remnant of a binary merger in a triple system". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 655: A32. arXiv:2106.07427. Bibcode:2021A&A...655A..32K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141526. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 235422695.
  89. ^ a b Tylenda, R. (1 June 2005). "Evolution of V838 Monocerotis during and after the 2002 eruption". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 436 (3): 1009–1020. arXiv:astro-ph/0502060. Bibcode:2005A&A...436.1009T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20052800. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 3566688.
  90. ^ Najarro, Francisco; Figer, Don F.; Hillier, D. John; Geballe, T. R.; Kudritzki, Rolf P. (February 2009). "Metallicity in the Galactic Center: The Quintuplet Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 691 (2): 1816–1827. arXiv:0809.3185. Bibcode:2009ApJ...691.1816N. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/1816. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 15473563.
  91. ^ a b c Wallstrom, S. H. J.; Danilovich, T.; Muller, H. S. P.; Gottlieb, C. A.; Maes, S.; Van de Sande, M.; Decin, L.; Richards, A. M. S.; Baudry, A.; Bolte, J.; Ceulemans, T.; De Ceuster, F.; de Koter, A.; Mellah, I. El; Esseldeurs, M. (6 December 2023). "ATOMIUM: Molecular inventory of 17 oxygen-rich evolved stars observed with ALMA". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 681: A50. arXiv:2312.03467. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347632. ISSN 0004-6361.
  92. ^ "Giant Bubbles on Red Giant Star's Surface". ESO. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  93. ^ Woodruff, H. C.; Eberhardt, M.; Driebe, T.; Hofmann, K.-H.; Ohnaka, K.; Richichi, A.; Schertl, D.; Schöller, M.; Scholz, M.; Weigelt, G.; Wittkowski, M.; Wood, P. R. (July 2004). "Interferometric observations of the Mira star o Ceti with the VLTI/VINCI instrument in the near-infrared". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 421 (2): 703–714. arXiv:astro-ph/0404248. Bibcode:2004A&A...421..703W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035826. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 17009595.
  94. ^ a b c Ohnaka, Keiichi; Weigelt, Gerd; Hofmann, Karl-Heinz (24 September 2019). "Infrared interferometric three-dimensional diagnosis of the atmospheric dynamics of the AGB star R Dor with VLTI/AMBER". The Astrophysical Journal. 883 (1): 89. arXiv:1908.06997. Bibcode:2019ApJ...883...89O. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3d2a. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 201103617.
  95. ^ McDonald, I.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Boyer, M. L. (1 November 2012). "Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Hipparcos stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 427: 343–357. arXiv:1208.2037. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x. ISSN 0035-8711. La Superba's database entry at VizieR.
  96. ^ Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Khosroshahi, Habib; Wasatonic, Rick (December 2013). "The Age and Mass of the α Herculis Triple-star System from a MESA Grid of Rotating Stars with 1.3". The Astronomical Journal. 146 (6): 148. arXiv:1308.1632. Bibcode:2013AJ....146..148M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/6/148. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 117872505.
  97. ^ Kallinger, T.; Beck, P. G.; Hekker, S.; Huber, D.; Kuschnig, R.; Rockenbauer, M.; Winter, P. M.; Weiss, W. W.; Handler, G.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Pigulski, A.; Popowicz, A.; Wade, G. A.; Zwintz, K. (1 April 2019). "Stellar masses from granulation and oscillations of 23 bright red giants observed by BRITE-Constellation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 624: A35. arXiv:1902.07531. Bibcode:2019A&A...624A..35K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834514. ISSN 0004-6361.
  98. ^ Clark, J. S.; Najarro, F.; Negueruela, I.; Ritchie, B. W.; Urbaneja, M. A.; Howarth, I. D. (May 2012). "On the nature of the galactic early-B hypergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 541: A145. arXiv:1202.3991. Bibcode:2012A&A...541A.145C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117472. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 11978733.
  99. ^ Gull, Theodore R.; Damineli, Augusto (November 2009). "JD13 – Eta Carinae in the Context of the Most Massive Stars". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 5 (H15): 373–398. arXiv:0910.3158. doi:10.1017/S1743921310009890. ISSN 1743-9221. S2CID 1845338.
  100. ^ a b Davidson, Kris (5 February 2020). "Radiation-Driven Stellar Eruptions". Galaxies. 8 (1): 10. arXiv:2009.02340. Bibcode:2020Galax...8...10D. doi:10.3390/galaxies8010010. ISSN 2075-4434.
  101. ^ Davis, J.; Booth, A. J.; Ireland, M. J.; Jacob, A. P.; North, J. R.; Owens, S. M.; Robertson, J. G.; Tango, W. J.; Tuthill, P. G. (October 2007). "The Emergent Flux and Effective Temperature of δ Canis Majoris". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 24 (3): 151–158. arXiv:0709.3873. Bibcode:2007PASA...24..151D. doi:10.1071/AS07017. ISSN 1323-3580. S2CID 9095731.
  102. ^ Stock, S.; Reffert, S.; Quirrenbach, A. (May 2018). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Stellar parameters of 372 giant stars (Stock+, 2018)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog. 361 (33): 600. Bibcode:2018yCat..36160033S. doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36160033.
  103. ^ Schiller, F.; Przybilla, N. (March 2008). "Quantitative spectroscopy of Deneb". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 479 (3): 849–858. arXiv:0712.0040. Bibcode:2008A&A...479..849S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078590. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 103635615.
  104. ^ Răstău, V.; Mečina, M.; Kerschbaum, F.; Olofsson, H.; Maercker, M.; Drechsler, M.; Strottner, X.; Mulato, L. (5 December 2023). "Extended far-UV emission surrounding asymptotic giant branch stars as seen by GALEX". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 680: 10. arXiv:2310.09056. Bibcode:2023A&A...680A..12R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346120. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 264128426.
  105. ^ Kallinger, T.; Beck, P. G.; Hekker, S.; Huber, D.; Kuschnig, R.; Rockenbauer, M.; Winter, P. M.; Weiss, W. W.; Handler, G.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Pigulski, A.; Popowicz, A.; Wade, G. A.; Zwintz, K. (1 April 2019). "Stellar masses from granulation and oscillations of 23 bright red giants observed by BRITE-Constellation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 624: A35. arXiv:1902.07531. Bibcode:2019A&A...624A..35K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834514. ISSN 0004-6361.
  106. ^ a b c Baines, Ellyn K.; Armstrong, J. Thomas; Schmitt, Henrique R.; Zavala, R. T.; Benson, James A.; Hutter, Donald J.; Tycner, Christopher; van Belle, Gerard T. (20 December 2017). "Fundamental Parameters of 87 Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer". The Astronomical Journal. 155 (1): 30. arXiv:1712.08109. Bibcode:2018AJ....155...30B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b. ISSN 1538-3881.
  107. ^ Souza, A. Domiciano de; Zorec, J.; Millour, F.; Bouquin, J.-B. Le; Spang, A.; Vakili, F. (1 October 2021). "Refined fundamental parameters of Canopus from combined near-IR interferometry and spectral energy distribution". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 654: A19. arXiv:2109.07153. Bibcode:2021A&A...654A..19D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140478. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 237513623.
  108. ^ Hatzes, A. P.; Cochran, W. D.; Endl, M.; Guenther, E. W.; MacQueen, P.; Hartmann, M.; Zechmeister, M.; Han, I.; Lee, B.-C.; Walker, G. a. H.; Yang, S.; Larson, A. M.; Kim, K.-M.; D. E. Mkrtichian; Döllinger, M. (1 August 2015). "Long-lived, long-period radial velocity variations in Aldebaran: A planetary companion and stellar activity". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 580: A31. arXiv:1505.03454. Bibcode:2015A&A...580A..31H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425519. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 53324086.
  109. ^ Fadeyev, Yu A. (1 May 2015). "Evolutionary status of Polaris". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 449 (1): 1011–1017. arXiv:1502.06463. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv412. ISSN 1365-2966.
  110. ^ Ramirez, I.; Prieto, C. Allende (20 December 2011). "Fundamental Parameters and Chemical Composition of Arcturus". The Astrophysical Journal. 743 (2): 135. arXiv:1109.4425. Bibcode:2011ApJ...743..135R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/135. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 119186472.
  111. ^ Tkachenko, A.; et al. (May 2016), "Stellar modelling of Spica, a high-mass spectroscopic binary with a β Cep variable primary component", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 458 (2): 1964–1976, arXiv:1601.08069, Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458.1964T, doi:10.1093/mnras/stw255, S2CID 26945389
  112. ^ Monnier, J. D.; Che, Xiao; Zhao, Ming; Ekström, S.; Maestro, V.; Aufdenberg, Jason; Baron, F.; Georgy, C.; Kraus, S.; McAlister, H.; Pedretti, E. (December 2012). "Resolving Vega and the Inclination Controversy with CHARA/MIRC". The Astrophysical Journal. 761 (1): L3. arXiv:1211.6055. Bibcode:2012ApJ...761L...3M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/761/1/L3. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 17950155.
  113. ^ Liebert, James; Young, Patrick A.; Arnett, David; Holberg, J. B.; Williams, Kurtis A. (1 September 2005). "The Age and Progenitor Mass of Sirius B". The Astrophysical Journal. 630 (1): L69–L72. arXiv:astro-ph/0507523. Bibcode:2005ApJ...630L..69L. doi:10.1086/462419. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 8792889.
  114. ^ Akeson, Rachel; Beichman, Charles; Kervella, Pierre; Fomalont, Edward; Benedict, G. Fritz (14 June 2021). "Precision Millimeter Astrometry of the α Centauri AB System". The Astronomical Journal. 162 (1): 14. arXiv:2104.10086. Bibcode:2021AJ....162...14A. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abfaff. ISSN 0004-6256.
  115. ^ Ohnaka, K.; Driebe, T.; Hofmann, K. -H.; Weigelt, T.; Wittkowski, M. (16 April 2008). "Spatially resolved dusty torus toward the red supergiant WOH G64 in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 484 (2): 371–379. arXiv:0803.3823. Bibcode:2008A&A...484..371O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809469. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 10451475.
  116. ^ Ohnaka, Keiichi; Driebe, Thomas; Hofmann, Karl-Heinz; Weigelt, Gerd; Wittkowski, Markus (March 2009). "Resolving the dusty torus and the mystery surrounding LMC red supergiant WOH G64". The Magellanic System: Stars, Gas, and Galaxies, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, IAU Symposium. 256: 454–458. Bibcode:2009IAUS..256..454O. doi:10.1017/S1743921308028858. ISSN 1743-9213. S2CID 120287846.
  117. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf pg ph pi pj pk pl pm pn po pp pq pr ps pt pu pv pw px py pz qa qb qc qd qe qf qg qh qi qj qk ql qm qn qo qp qq qr qs qt qu qv qw qx qy qz ra rb rc rd re rf rg rh ri rj rk rl rm rn ro rp rq rr rs rt ru rv rw rx ry rz sa sb sc sd se sf sg sh si sj sk sl sm sn so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb tc Massey, Philip; Neugent, Kathryn F.; Ekstrom, Sylvia; Georgy, Cyril; Georges, Meynet (2023). "The Time-Averaged Mass-Loss Rates of Red Supergiants As Revealed by their Luminosity Functions in M31 and M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 942 (2): 35. arXiv:2211.14147. Bibcode:2023ApJ...942...69M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca665. S2CID 254018399.
  118. ^ a b c d e Goldman, Steven R.; van Loon, Jacco Th.; Zijlstra, Albert A.; Green, James A.; Wood, Peter R.; Nanni, Ambra; Imai, Hiroshi; Whitelock, Patricia A.; Matsuura, Mikako; Groenewegen, Martin A. T.; Gómez, José F. (11 February 2017). "The wind speeds, dust content, and mass-loss rates of evolved AGB and RSG stars at varying metallicity". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 465 (1): 403–433. arXiv:1610.05761. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.465..403G. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2708. ISSN 0035-8711.
  119. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Groenewegen, M. A. T.; Sloan, G. C. (January 2018). "Luminosities and mass-loss rates of Local Group AGB stars and red supergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 609: A114. arXiv:1711.07803. Bibcode:2018A&A...609A.114G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731089. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 59327105.
  120. ^ a b c University, Keele (December 2017). Research, Keele University (doctoral thesis). Keele University.
  121. ^ a b Munoz-Sanchez, G.; de Wit, S.; Bonanos, A. Z.; Antoniadas, K.; Boutsia, K.; Boumis, P.; Christodoulou, E.; Kalitsounaki, M.; Udalski, A. (21 May 2024). "Episodic mass loss in the very luminous red supergiant [W60] B90 in the Large Magellanic Cloud". arXiv:2405.11019.
  122. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Neugent, Kathryn F.; Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Morrell, Nidia I.; Drout, Maria R. (8 September 2020). "The Red Supergiant Binary Fraction of the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astrophysical Journal. 900 (2): 118. arXiv:2007.15852. Bibcode:2020ApJ...900..118N. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ababaa. ISSN 1538-4357.
  123. ^ a b c d Martin, John C.; Humphreys, Roberta M. (30 October 2023). "A Census of the Most Luminous Stars. I. The Upper HR Diagram for the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astronomical Journal. 166 (5): 214. Bibcode:2023AJ....166..214M. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad011e. ISSN 0004-6256.
  124. ^ a b García-Hernández, D. A.; Manchando, A.; Lambert, D. L.; Plez, B.; García-Lario, P.; D'Antona, F.; Lugaro, M.; Karakas, A. I.; van Raai, M. A. (8 October 2009). "Rb-Rich Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars in the Magellanic Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 705 (1): L31–L35. arXiv:0909.4391. Bibcode:2009ApJ...705L..31G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/705/1/L31. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 17864885.
  125. ^ a b c d Britavskyi, N.; Lennon, D. J.; Patrick, L. R.; Evans, C. J.; Herrero, A.; Langer, N.; van Loon, J. Th.; Clark, J. S.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Almeida, L. A.; Sana, H.; de Koter, A.; Taylor, W. D. (26 February 2019). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. XXX. Red stragglers in the clusters Hodge 301 and SL 639". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 624: 13. arXiv:1902.09891. Bibcode:2019A&A...624A.128B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834564. S2CID 244683559.
  126. ^ a b c d e Dorn-Wallenstein, Trevor Z.; Levesque, Emily M.; Davenport, James R. A.; Neugent, Kathryn F.; Morris, Brett M.; Bostroem, K. Azalee (1 November 2022). "The Properties of Fast Yellow Pulsating Supergiants: FYPS Point the Way to Missing Red Supergiants". The Astrophysical Journal. 940 (1): 27. arXiv:2206.11917. Bibcode:2022ApJ...940...27D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac79b2. ISSN 0004-637X.
  127. ^ a b c Beasor, Emma R; Davies, Ben; Cabrera-Ziri, Ivan; Hurst, Georgia (21 September 2018). "A critical re-evaluation of the Thorne–Żytkow object candidate HV 2112". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 479 (3): 3101–3105. arXiv:1806.07399. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1744. ISSN 0035-8711.
  128. ^ Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. (1 January 1995). "Observations and Interpretation of Luminous Blue Variables". IAU Colloq. 155: Astrophysical Applications of Stellar Pulsation. 83: 176. Bibcode:1995ASPC...83..176L.
  129. ^ a b Kastner, Joel H.; Buchanan, Catherine L.; Sargent, B.; Forrest, W. J. (10 February 2006). "Spitzer Spectroscopy of Dusty Disks around B[e] Hypergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astrophysical Journal. 638 (1): L29–L32. Bibcode:2006ApJ...638L..29K. doi:10.1086/500804. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 121769413.
  130. ^ Brands, Sarah A.; Koter, Alex de; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Sundqvist, Jon O.; Puls, Joachim; Caballero-Nieves, Saida M.; Abdul-Masih, Michael; Driessen, Florian A.; García, Miriam; Geen, Sam; Gräfener, Götz; Hawcroft, Calum; Kaper, Lex; Keszthelyi, Zsolt (1 July 2022). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS - III. The most massive stars and their clumped winds". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 663: A36. arXiv:2202.11080. Bibcode:2022A&A...663A..36B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142742. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 247025548.
  131. ^ Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; Foellmi, C.; Schnurr, O.; Hamann, W.-R. (May 2014). "The Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud: A comprehensive analysis of the WN class⋆⋆⋆". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 565: A27. arXiv:1401.5474. Bibcode:2014A&A...565A..27H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322696. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 55123954.
  132. ^ Shenar, T.; Hainich, R.; Todt, H.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W.-R.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Eldridge, J. J.; Pablo, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Richardson, N. D. (July 2017). "Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: II. Analysis of the binaries". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 591: A22. arXiv:1604.01022. Bibcode:2016A&A...591A..22S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527916. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119255408.
  133. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Drout, Maria R.; Massey, Philip; Meynet, Georges (April 2012). "THE YELLOW AND RED SUPERGIANTS OF M33*". The Astrophysical Journal. 750 (2): 97. arXiv:1203.0247. Bibcode:2012ApJ...750...97D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/97. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 119160120.
  134. ^ a b Massey, Philip; Silva, David R.; Levesque, Emily M.; Plez, Bertrand; Olsen, Knut A. G.; Clayton, Geoffrey C.; Meynet, Georges; Maeder, Andre (September 2009). "Red Supergiants in the Andromeda Galaxy (M31)". The Astrophysical Journal. 703 (1): 420–440. arXiv:0907.3767. Bibcode:2009ApJ...703..420M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/1/420. S2CID 119293010. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  135. ^ Kourniotis, M.; Bonanos, A. Z.; Yuan, W.; Macri, L. M.; Garcia-Alvarez, D.; Lee, C.-H. (1 May 2017). "Monitoring luminous yellow massive stars in M 33: new yellow hypergiant candidates". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 601: A76. arXiv:1612.06853. Bibcode:2017A&A...601A..76K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629146. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 55559261.
  136. ^ Valeev, A. F.; Sholukhova, O.; Fabrika, S. (11 June 2009). "A new luminous variable in M33". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 396 (1): L21–L25. arXiv:0903.5222. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.396L..21V. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2009.00654.x. S2CID 14666975.
  137. ^ a b c Britavskiy, N. E.; Bonanos, A. Z.; Herrero, A.; Cerviño, M.; García-Álvarez, D.; Boyer, M. L.; Masseron, T.; Mehner, A.; McQuinn, K. B. W. (November 2019). "Physical parameters of red supergiants in dwarf irregular galaxies in the Local Group". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 631: A95. arXiv:1909.13378. Bibcode:2019A&A...631A..95B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935212. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 203593402.
  138. ^ González-Torà, Gemma; Davies, Ben; Kudritzki, Rolf-Peter; Plez, Bertrand (23 June 2021). "The temperatures of red supergiants in low-metallicity environments". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 505 (3): 4422–4443. arXiv:2106.01807. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1611. ISSN 0035-8711.
  139. ^ Jones, Olivia C.; Maclay, Matthew T.; Boyer, Martha L.; Meixner, Margaret; McDonald, Iain; Meskhidze, Helen (1 February 2018). "Near-infrared Stellar Populations in the Metal-poor, Dwarf Irregular Galaxies Sextans A and Leo A". The Astrophysical Journal. 854 (2): 117. arXiv:1712.06594. Bibcode:2018ApJ...854..117J. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa542. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 119199303.
  140. ^ Ilie, Cosmin; Paulin, Jillian; Freese, Katherine (25 July 2023). "Supermassive Dark Star candidates seen by JWST". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (30): e2305762120. arXiv:2304.01173. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12005762I. doi:10.1073/pnas.2305762120. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 10372643. PMID 37433001.
  141. ^ Ball, Warrick H.; Tout, Christopher A.; Żytkow, Anna N.; Eldridge, John J. (1 July 2011). "The structure and evolution of quasi-stars: The structure and evolution of quasi-stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 414 (3): 2751–2762. arXiv:1102.5098. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18591.x. S2CID 119239346.
  142. ^ a b c Humphreys, Roberta M.; Stangl, Sarah; Gordon, Michael S.; Davidson, Kris; Grammer, Skyler H. (January 2019). "Luminous and Variable Stars in NGC 2403 and M81". The Astronomical Journal. 157 (1): 22. arXiv:1811.06559. Bibcode:2019AJ....157...22H. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaf1ac. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 119379139.
  143. ^ a b Bond, Howard E.; Jencson, Jacob E.; Whitelock, Patricia A.; Adams, Scott M.; Bally, John; Cody, Ann Marie; Gehrz, Robert D.; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Masci, Frank J. (April 2022). "Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Luminous Extragalactic Infrared Transients and Variables from the Spitzer Infrared Intensive Transients Survey*". The Astrophysical Journal. 928 (2): 158. arXiv:2202.11040. Bibcode:2022ApJ...928..158B. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac5832. ISSN 0004-637X.
  144. ^ Diego, J. M.; et al. (2023). "JWST's PEARLS: A new lens model for ACT-CL J0102−4915, "El Gordo," and the first red supergiant star at cosmological distances discovered by JWST". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 672: A3. arXiv:2210.06514. Bibcode:2023A&A...672A...3D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245238. S2CID 252873244.
  145. ^ Zachary, Gazak J.; Kudritzki, Rolf; Evans, Chris; Patrick, Lee; Davies, Ben; Bergemann, Maria; Plez, Bertand; Bresolin, Fabio; Bender, Ralf; Wegner, Michael; Bonanos, Alceste Z.; Williams, Stephen J. (2 June 2015). "Red Supergiants as Cosmic Abundance Probes: The Sculptor Galaxy NGC 300". The Astrophysical Journal. 805 (2): 9. arXiv:1505.00871. Bibcode:2015ApJ...805..182G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/805/2/182. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 14681047.
  146. ^ a b Diego, J. M.; Pascale, M.; Kavanagh, B. J.; Kelly, P.; Dai, L.; Frye, B.; Broadhurst, T. (September 2022). "Godzilla, a monster lurks in the Sunburst galaxy". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 665: A134. arXiv:2203.08158. Bibcode:2022A&A...665A.134D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243605. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 247476158.
  147. ^ "Scientists face down 'Godzilla', the most luminous star known". Nature. 610 (7930): 10. 6 October 2022. Bibcode:2022Natur.610T..10.. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-03054-3. ISSN 0028-0836.
  148. ^ Diego, J. M.; Sun, Bangzheng; Yan, Haojing; Furtak, Lukas J.; Zackrisson, Erik; Dai, Liang; Kelly, Patrick; Nonino, Mario; Adams, Nathan; Meena, Ashish K.; Willner, S. P.; Zitrin, Adi; Cohen, Seth H.; D'Silva, Jordan C. J.; Jansen, Rolf A. (19 September 2023). "JWST's PEARLS: Mothra, a new kaiju star at z=2.091 extremely magnified by MACS0416, and implications for dark matter models". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 679: A31. arXiv:2307.10363. Bibcode:2023A&A...679A..31D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347556. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 259991552.
  149. ^ Petit, V.; Drissen, L.; Crowther, P. A. (2005). "Quantitative analysis of STIS spectra of NGC 2363-V1". The Fate of the Most Massive Stars. 332: 159. Bibcode:2005ASPC..332..157P.
  150. ^ Pastorello, A.; Chen, T.-W.; Cai, Y.-Z.; Morales-Garoffolo, A.; Cano, Z.; Mason, E.; Barsukova, E. A.; Benetti, S.; Berton, M.; Bose, S.; Bufano, F.; Callis, E.; Cannizzaro, G.; Cartier, R.; Chen, Ping (May 2019). "The evolution of luminous red nova AT 2017jfs in NGC 4470". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 625: L8. arXiv:1906.00811. Bibcode:2019A&A...625L...8P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935511. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 155703569.
  151. ^ Elias-Rosa, N.; Benetti, S.; Cappellaro, E.; Pastorello, A.; Terreran, G.; Morales-Garoffolo, A; Howerton, S. C.; Valenti, S.; Kankare, E.; Drake, A. J.; Djorgovski, S. G.; Tomasella, L.; Tartaglia, L.; Kangas, T.; Ochner, P.; Filippenko, A. V.; Ciabattari, F.; Geier, S.; Howell, D. A.; Isern, J.; Leonini, S.; Pignata, J.; Turatto, M. (9 January 2018). "SNhunt151: an explosive event inside a dense cocoon". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (2): 2614–2631. arXiv:1801.03040. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.2614E. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty009. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 119519504.
  152. ^ Elias-Rosa, N.; et al. (7 September 2016). "Dead or Alive? Long-term evolution of SN 2015bh (SNhunt275)". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 463 (4): 3894–3920. arXiv:1606.09024. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.463.3894E. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2253. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 119205955.
  153. ^ Cai, Y. -Z.; et al. (3 December 2019). "The transitional gap transient AT 2018hso: new insights into the luminous red nova phenomenon". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 631: 9. arXiv:1909.13147. Bibcode:2019A&A...632L...6C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936749. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 203593575.
  154. ^ Jencson, Jacob E.; Adams, Scott M.; Bond, Howard E.; van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Bally, John; Blagorodnova, Nadejda; De, Kishalay; Fremling, Christoffer; Yao, Yuhan; Fruchter, Andrew; Rubin, David; Barbarino, Cristina; Sollerman, Jesper; Miller, Adam A. (26 July 2019). "Discovery of an Intermediate-luminosity Red Transient in M51 and Its Likely Dust-obscured, Infrared-variable Progenitor". The Astrophysical Journal. 880 (2): L20. arXiv:1904.07857. Bibcode:2019ApJ...880L..20J. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab2c05. ISSN 2041-8213.
  155. ^ Smith, Nathan; Frew, David J. (2011). "A revised historical light curve of Eta Carinae and the timing of close periastron encounters". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 415 (3): 2009–2019. arXiv:1010.3719. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.415.2009S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18993.x. S2CID 118614725.
  156. ^ a b Cai Y. -Z.; et al. (27 October 2021). "Intermediate-luminosity red transients: Spectrophotometric properties and connection to electron-capture supernova explosions". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 654: 30. arXiv:2108.05087. Bibcode:2021A&A...654A.157C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141078. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 236976052.
  157. ^ Pessi, Thallis; Prieto, Jose L.; Monard, Berto; Kochanek, Christopher S.; Bock, Greg; Drake, Andrew J.; Fox, Ori D.; Parker, Stuart; Stevance, Heloise F. (4 April 2022). "Unveiling the Nature of SN 2011fh: A Young and Massive Star Gives Rise to a Luminous SN 2009ip-like Event". The Astrophysical Journal. 928 (2): 21. arXiv:2110.09546. Bibcode:2022ApJ...928..138P. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac562d. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 239024685.
  158. ^ a b Soker, Noam; Kaplan, Noa (May 2021). "Explaining recently studied intermediate luminosity optical transients (ILOTs) with jet powering". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 21 (4): 9. arXiv:2007.06472. Bibcode:2021RAA....21...90S. doi:10.1088/1674-4527/21/4/90. ISSN 1674-4527. S2CID 220496730.
  159. ^ Stritzinger, M. D; et al. (22 July 2020). "The Carnegie Supernova Project II. Observations of the intermediate-luminosity red transient SNhunt120". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 639: 17. arXiv:2005.00319. Bibcode:2020A&A...639A.103S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038018. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 249866047.
  160. ^ Cai, Y. -Z; Pastorello, A.; Fraser, M.; Botticella, M. T.; Gall, C.; Arcavi, I.; Benetti, S.; Cappellaro, E.; Elias-Rosa, N.; Harmanen, J.; Hosseinzadeh, G.; Howell, D. A.; Isern, J.; Kangas, T.; Kankare, E.; Kuncarayakti, H.; Lundqvist, P.; Mattila, S.; McCully, C.; Reynolds, T. M.; Somero, A.; Stritzinger, M. D.; Terreran, G. (1 August 2018). "AT 2017be - a new member of the class of intermediate-luminosity red transients". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (3): 3424–3445. arXiv:1807.11676. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.3424C. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2070. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 118946285.
  161. ^ Allan, Andrew P; Groh, Jose H; Mehner, Andrea; Smith, Nathan; Boian, Ioana; Farrell, Eoin J; Andrews, Jennifer E (1 August 2020). "The possible disappearance of a massive star in the low-metallicity galaxy PHL 293B". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 496 (2): 1902–1908. arXiv:2003.02242. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1629. ISSN 0035-8711.
  162. ^ Kankare, E.; Kotak, R.; Pastorello, A.; Fraser, M; Mattila, S.; Smartt, S. J.; Bruce, A.; Chambers, K. C.; Elias-Rosa, N.; Flewelling, H.; Fremling, C.; Harmanen, J.; Huber, M.; Jerkstand, A.; Kangas, T.; Kuncarayakti, H.; Magee, M.; Magnier, E.; Polshaw, J.; Smith, K. W.; Sollerman, J.; Tomasella, L. (7 September 2015). "On the triple peaks of SNHunt248 in NGC 5806". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 581: 7. arXiv:1508.04730. Bibcode:2015A&A...581L...4K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526631. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 85321.
  163. ^ Mehner, A.; Baade, D.; Rivinius, T.; Lennon, D. J.; Martayan, C.; Stahl, O.; Štefl, S. (July 2013). "Broad-band spectroscopy of the ongoing large eruption of the luminous blue variable R71". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 555: A116. arXiv:1303.1367. Bibcode:2013A&A...555A.116M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321323. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 67775752.
  164. ^ Aghakhanloo, Mojgan; Smith, Nathan; Milne, Peter; Andrews, Jennifer E.; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Jencson, Jacob E.; Sand, David J.; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Wyatt, Samuel; Zheng, WeiKang (28 February 2023). "Repeating periodic eruptions of the supernova impostor SN 2000ch". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 521 (2): 1941–1957. arXiv:2212.00113. Bibcode:2023MNRAS.521.1941A. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad630. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 254125316.
  165. ^ a b Aghakhanloo, Mojgan; Smith, Nathan; Milne, Peter; Andrews, Jennifer E.; Van Dyck, Schuyler D.; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Jencson, Jacob E.; Lau, Ryan N.; Sand, David J.; Wyatt, Samuel; Zhang, WeiKang (7 September 2023). "Recurring outbursts of the supernova impostor AT 2016blu in NGC 4559". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 526 (1): 456–472. arXiv:2212.09708. Bibcode:2023MNRAS.526..456A. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2702. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 254854145.
  166. ^ Salmaso, I.; Cappellaro, E.; Tartaglia, L.; Benetti, S.; Botticella, M. T.; Elias-Rosa, M.; Pastorello, A.; Patat, F.; Reguitti, A.; Tomasella, L.; Valerin, G.; Yang, S. (May 2023). "Hidden shock powering the peak of SN 2020faa". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 673: 14. arXiv:2302.12527. Bibcode:2023A&A...673A.127S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245781. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 257205910.
  167. ^ "Papers with Code - The Dusty and Extremely Red Progenitor of the Type II Supernova 2023ixf in Messier 101". astro.paperswithcode.com. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  168. ^ Qin, Y.; Zhang, Keming; Bloom, J.; Sollerman, J.; Zimmerman, E.; Irani, I.; Schulze, S.; Gal-yam, A.; Kasliwal, M.; Coughlin, M.; Perley, D.; Fremling, C.; Kulkarni, S. (18 September 2023). "The Progenitor Star of SN 2023ixf: A Massive Red Supergiant with Enhanced, Episodic Pre-Supernova Mass Loss". S2CID 262054068. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  169. ^ Kilpatrick, Charles D.; et al. (29 June 2023). "EType II-P supernova progenitor star initial masses and SN 2020jfo: direct detection, light-curve properties, nebular spectroscopy, and local environment". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 524 (2): 2161–2185. arXiv:2307.00550. Bibcode:2023MNRAS.524.2161K. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1954. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 259306203.
  170. ^ Shrestha, Manisha; et al. (2024). "Evidence of weak circumstellar medium interaction in the Type II SN 2023axu". The Astrophysical Journal. 961 (2): 247. arXiv:2310.00162. Bibcode:2024ApJ...961..247S. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad11e1.
  171. ^ Yan, Shengyu; Wang, Xiaofeng; Gao, Xing; Zhang, Jujia; Brink, Thomas G.; Mo, Jun; Lin, Weili; Xiang, Danfeng; Ma, Xiaoran; Guo, Fangzhou; Tomasella, Lina; Benetti, Stefano; Cai, Yongzhi; Cappellaro, Enrico; Chen, Zhihao; Li, Zhitong; Pastorello, Andrea; Zhang, Tiangmeng (7 October 2023). "Discovery of the Closest Ultrastripped Supernova: SN 2021agco in UGC 3855". The Astrophysical Journal. 959 (2): L32. arXiv:2310.04827. Bibcode:2023ApJ...959L..32Y. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad0cc3.
  172. ^ SIMBAD.
  173. ^ Ohnaka, K.; Hofmann, K. -H.; Schertl, D.; Weigelt, G.; Baffa, C.; Chelli, A.; Petrov, R.; Robbe-Dubois, S. (1 July 2013). "High spectral resolution imaging of the dynamical atmosphere of the red supergiant Antares in the CO first overtone lines with VLTI/AMBER". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 555: A24. arXiv:1304.4800. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321063. ISSN 0004-6361.
  174. ^ a b c d e f g van Leeuwen, F. (1 November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474: 653–664. doi:10.1051/0004-6361montarges0078357. ISSN 0004-6361.
  175. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mozurkewich, D.; Armstrong, J. T.; Hindsley, R. B.; Quirrenbach, A.; Hummel, C. A.; Hutter, D. J.; Johnston, K. J.; Hajian, A. R.; Elias II, Nicholas M.; Buscher, D. F.; Simon, R. S. (November 2003). "Angular Diameters of Stars from the Mark III Optical Interferometer". The Astronomical Journal. 126 (5): 2502–2520. doi:10.1086/378596. ISSN 0004-6256.
  176. ^ Woodruff, H. C.; Eberhardt, M.; Driebe, T.; Hofmann, K. -H.; Ohnaka, K.; Richichi, A.; Schertl, D.; Schöller, M.; Scholz, M.; Weigelt, G.; Wittkowski, M.; Wood, P. R. (1 July 2004). "Interferometric observations of the Mira star o Ceti with the VLTI/VINCI instrument in the near-infrared". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 421: 703–714. doi:10.1051/0004-6361montarges0035826. ISSN 0004-6361.
  177. ^ a b Ramírez, I.; Allende Prieto, C. (1 December 2011). "Fundamental Parameters and Chemical Composition of Arcturus". The Astrophysical Journal. 743: 135. arXiv:1109.4425. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/135. ISSN 0004-637X.
  178. ^ Soubiran, C.; Creevey, O. L.; Lagarde, N.; Brouillet, N.; Jofré, P.; Casamiquela, L.; Heiter, U.; Aguilera-Gómez, C.; Vitali, S.; Worley, C.; de Brito Silva, D. (1 February 2024). "Gaia FGK benchmark stars: Fundamental Teff and log g of the third version". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 682: A145. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347136. ISSN 0004-6361. Note: See VizieR catalogue
  179. ^ Gatewood, George (1 July 2008). "Astrometric Studies of Aldebaran, Arcturus, Vega, the Hyades, and Other Regions". The Astronomical Journal. 136: 452–460. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/452. ISSN 0004-6256.
  180. ^ a b c d e f Bailer-Jones, C. A. L.; Rybizki, J.; Fouesneau, M.; Demleitner, M.; Andrae, R. (2021). "Estimating Distances from Parallaxes. V. Geometric and Photogeometric Distances to 1.47 Billion Stars in Gaia Early Data Release 3". The Astronomical Journal. 161 (3): 147. arXiv:2012.05220. Bibcode:2021AJ....161..147B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abd806. S2CID 228063812. Data about this star can be seen here.
  181. ^ a b c d e f g Richichi, A.; Percheron, I.; Khristoforova, M. (1 February 2005). "CHARM2: An updated Catalog of High Angular Resolution Measurements". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 431: 773–777. doi:10.1051/0004-6361montarges0042039. ISSN 0004-6361.
  182. ^ Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  183. ^ Min, Cheulhong; Matsumoto, Naoko; Kim, Mi Kyoung; Hirota, Tomoya; Shibata, Katsunori M.; Cho, Se-Hyung; Shizugami, Makoto; Honma, Mareki (1 April 2014). "Accurate Parallax Measurement toward the Symbiotic Star R Aquarii". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 66 (2): 38. arXiv:1401.5574. doi:10.1093/pasj/psu003. ISSN 2053-051X.
  184. ^ Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  185. ^ "HD 6860 Overview". NASA Exoplanet Archive. Retrieved 7 June 2024.

External links

Retrieved from "https:https://www.how.com.vn/wiki/index.php?lang=en&q=List_of_largest_stars&oldid=1228382562"
🔥 Top keywords: Akademia e Shkencave e RPS te ShqiperiseAlexandria Ocasio-CortezBilderberg GroupCristiano RonaldoDong XiaowanMinecraftOperation GladioPrimal cutRiot FestStrictly Come Dancing (series 7)Main PageSpecial:SearchMichael Mosley (broadcaster)Carlos AlcarazAlexander ZverevWikipedia:Featured picturesChirag PaswanHit Man (2023 film)Union Council of Ministers2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup2024 Indian general election2024 European Parliament electionCleopatraKinjarapu Ram Mohan NaiduDeaths in 2024Glen PowellProject 2025Nirmala SitharamanPawan KalyanBad Boys: Ride or DieICC Men's T20 World CupAdria ArjonaNarendra ModiIga ŚwiątekRamoji RaoS. JaishankarAlan HansenJack NicklausList of prime ministers of India.xxxYouTubeRam Vilas PaswanUFC on ESPN: Cannonier vs. ImavovSabrina CarpenterUEFA Euro 2024The Acolyte (TV series)Barry KeoghanChristopher ReeveAnnpurna Devi