List of judges of the Federal Court of Australia

Judges who have served on the Federal Court of Australia as of May 2019,[1][2] are appointed in accordance with section 72 of the Constitution, which has, since the Court's inception in 1976, been for a term expiring at age 70.[3]

In addition to their judicial service, six judges of the Federal Court have also been elected to the Parliament of Australia: Nigel Bowen, Bob Ellicott, Merv Everett, Tony Whitlam, John Reeves and Duncan Kerr. All were elected prior to their appointment to the bench.

Additionally, two judges of the Federal Court have served in state Parliaments: Bernard Riley, formerly of the New South Wales Legislative Council, and Howard Olney, formerly of the Western Australian Legislative Council.

Judges including Chief Justices

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PositionNameAppointment
commenced
Appointment
ended
TermCommentsNotes
Chief JusticeSir Nigel Bowen AC, KBE, QC20 December 197631 December 199014 years, 11 daysChief Judge in Equity of the Supreme Court (NSW)[4]
Michael Black AC, KC1 January 199121 March 201019 years, 79 daysBarrister (Queen's Counsel for Victoria and Tasmania)[5]
Patrick Keane AC, KC22 March 201028 February 20132 years, 343 daysCourt of Appeal Judge in the Supreme Court (Qld)
Appointed to the High Court
[2][6][7]
James Allsop AC KC1 March 20136 April 202310 years, 36 daysPreviously President of the Court of Appeal (NSW)
previously served as Federal Court judge
[2][8]
Debra Mortimer7 April 20231 year, 65 daysJudge of the Federal Court (2013–)[1][9]
JudgeSir Richard Blackburn OBE1 February 197731 March 19858 years, 58 days[2]
(Sir) Gerard Brennan AC, KBE, QC12 February 19814 years, 11 daysAppointed to the High Court
Xavier Connor AO, QC17 March 19825 years, 44 days
Phillip Evatt DSC28 February 198710 years, 27 daysJudge of the Supreme Court (NI)
Sir William Forster AC, KBE, QC31 January 198911 years, 365 days
Robert Franki5 August 19869 years, 185 days
Russell Fox AC, QC31 March 198912 years, 58 daysChief Judge of the Supreme Court (NI)
John Keely QC29 February 199619 years, 28 daysJudge of Industrial Relations Court
James Muirhead AC, KStJ, QC4 August 19869 years, 184 days
Sir John Nimmo CBE, OStJ, QC30 June 19803 years, 150 days
Ray Northrop QC31 August 199821 years, 211 daysJudge of Industrial Relations Court
Bernard Riley4 August 19781 year, 184 days
Sir Reginald Smithers30 September 19869 years, 241 days
Robert St John31 March 19858 years, 58 daysJudge of the Supreme Court (NI)
Charles Sweeney CBE29 June 199518 years, 148 days
John Sweeney7 May 19814 years, 95 days
Richard Ward QC24 November 1977296 days
Sir Edward Woodward AC, OBE, QC31 July 199013 years, 180 days
(Sir) William Deane AC, KBE, KC1 April 197726 July 19825 years, 116 daysAppointed to the High Court
John Toohey AC, QC4 April 197731 December 19869 years, 271 daysAppointed to the High Court
Douglas McGregor AC, QC7 November 197714 November 19858 years, 7 days
Francis Fisher AC, QC6 March 197831 July 198911 years, 147 days
John Gallop AM, RFD, QC11 March 197830 July 200022 years, 141 days
Daryl Davies QC17 May 197831 August 199820 years, 106 days
John Lockhart AO30 October 197811 June 199920 years, 224 days(1935–2006)[10][11][12]
Ian Sheppard AO9 December 197923 May 199717 years, 165 days
John Kelly QC11 March 19801 July 199010 years, 112 days
Trevor Morling QC11 February 19811 February 199311 years, 356 daysJudge of the Supreme Court (NI)
Bob Ellicott KC2 March 198124 February 19831 year, 359 days
Gerald Fitzgerald AC, QC25 November 198130 June 19842 years, 218 days
Kenneth Jenkinson1 November 19825 June 199714 years, 216 days
Alan Neaves AC, KC11 March 19838 January 199511 years, 303 days
Michael Kirby AC, CMG30 March 198323 September 19841 year, 177 daysAppointed to NSW Court of Appeal
then to High Court
Bryan Beaumont AO30 May 198311 February 200521 years, 257 daysChief Justice of the Supreme Court (NI)
Murray Wilcox AO, QC11 May 19842 October 200622 years, 144 daysChief Justice of Industrial Relations Court
Judge of the Supreme Court (NI)
Additional Judge of the Supree Court (ACT)
Peter Gray AM17 May 198417 May 201329 years, 0 daysJudge of Industrial Relations Court
Jeffrey Spender KC17 May 198419 July 201026 years, 63 daysJudge of Industrial Relations Court
Additional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)
Merv Everett27 June 19844 October 19873 years, 99 days
Bill Pincus QC25 March 198516 December 19916 years, 266 days
James Burchett3 June 198510 October 200015 years, 129 days
Jeffrey Miles AO18 June 198530 September 200217 years, 104 days
David Jackson AM, KC15 November 198526 May 19871 year, 192 days"Australia's pre-eminent constitutional law barrister", according to lawyer Louise Clegg in the AFR (2023)[13]
Donnell Ryan KC29 September 19862 June 201124 years, 246 daysJudge of Industrial Relations Court
Additional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)
William Gummow AC, KC24 November 198620 April 19958 years, 147 daysAppointed to the High Court
Robert French AC25 November 19861 September 200821 years, 281 daysAdditional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)
Appointed to Chief Justice of the High Court
Marcus Einfeld18 December 198616 April 200114 years, 119 days
Trevor Hartigan13 August 198724 April 19902 years, 254 days
Michael Foster QC2 November 198726 November 199811 years, 24 days
Alastair Nicholson AO, RFD1 February 198831 May 200416 years, 120 days
Malcolm Lee AO, KC15 February 19881 May 200618 years, 75 daysJudge of Industrial Relations Court
Howard Olney AM, KC21 May 198830 April 200314 years, 344 days
John von Doussa AO, KC1 December 198815 August 200314 years, 257 daysJudge of Industrial Relations Court
Graham Hill1 February 198924 August 200516 years, 204 days
Deirdre O'Connor1 July 19905 March 200211 years, 247 days
John Phillips AO, QC14 August 199017 December 19911 year, 125 days
Maurice O'Loughlin1 August 198928 January 200313 years, 180 days
Terrence Higgins AO, KC1 July 199012 September 201323 years, 73 days
Peter Heerey AM, QC17 December 199016 February 200918 years, 61 days
Doug Drummond QC2 December 199112 April 200311 years, 131 days
Richard Cooper30 March 199214 March 200512 years, 349 days
Margaret Beazley AC, KC1 January 199328 April 19963 years, 118 daysJudge of Industrial Relations Court
Appointed to Court of Appeal (NSW)
Tony Whitlam KC1 January 19931 May 200512 years, 120 days
Christopher Carr13 December 19931 August 200410 years, 232 days
Michael Moore28 March 19941 August 201117 years, 126 daysJudge of Industrial Relations Court
Additional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)
Catherine Branson KC16 May 199413 October 200814 years, 150 days
Jane Mathews AO4 July 19946 April 20016 years, 276 days
Kevin Lindgren AM, KC26 July 199412 February 201015 years, 201 days
Brian Tamberlin KC29 August 199430 March 200914 years, 213 daysAdditional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)
Ronald Sackville AO, KC19 September 199425 August 200813 years, 341 days
Susan Kiefel AC, KC17 October 19943 September 200712 years, 321 daysJudge of the Supreme Court (NI)
Appointed to the High Court
Robert Nicholson AO1 January 19957 August 200712 years, 218 days
Paul Finn3 July 19954 July 201217 years, 1 day
Ross Sundberg AM, KC10 July 19959 August 201015 years, 30 days
Shane Marshall AM17 July 199521 November 201520 years, 127 daysJudge of Industrial Relations Court
John Lehane3 October 199510 September 20015 years, 342 days
Rodney Madgwick KC3 October 199521 April 200812 years, 201 daysJudge of Industrial Relations Court
Additional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)
Anthony North KC3 October 199511 September 201822 years, 343 daysJudge of Industrial Relations Court
Additional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)
[2][14]
Ron Merkel KC5 February 199615 May 200610 years, 99 days[2]
John Mansfield AM, KC2 September 199624 August 201619 years, 357 days
Arthur Emmett AO, KC3 February 19976 March 201316 years, 31 days
Alan Goldberg AO, QC3 February 19974 July 201013 years, 151 days
Raymond Finkelstein KC21 July 19971 July 201113 years, 345 days
Geoffrey Giudice AO17 September 199728 February 201214 years, 164 daysPresident of AIRC & then Fair Work Australia
Mark Weinberg AO, KC15 July 199819 July 200810 years, 4 daysJudge of the Court of Appeal (Vic)
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (NI)
Additional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)
John Dowsett AM, KC14 September 199826 April 201819 years, 224 daysAdditional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)
Previously a Judge of the Supreme Court (Qld).
[15][16]
Leslie Katz SC30 September 199821 March 20023 years, 172 days[2]
Peter Hely2 October 19981 October 20056 years, 364 days
Susan Kenny AM16 October 199829 November 2023[2]25 years, 239 daysPresidential member of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal
Previously a judge of the Court of Appeal (Vic)
[1]
Roger Gyles AO, KC11 June 199922 August 20089 years, 72 daysAdditional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)[2]
Richard Conti QC15 August 200015 August 20077 years, 0 days
Margaret Stone AO9 October 200022 March 201211 years, 165 daysAdditional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)
James Allsop AC, KC7 May 20012 June 20087 years, 26 daysAs Justice. Additional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)
Appointed President of the Court of Appeal (NSW)
returned to court as Chief Justice
[8]
Garry Downes AM, KC2 April 200215 May 201210 years, 43 daysJudge of the Supreme Court (NI)[2]
Peter Jacobson KC17 June 200225 January 201512 years, 222 daysChief Justice of the Supreme Court (NI)
Bradley Selway QC18 November 200210 April 20052 years, 143 days
Annabelle Bennett AC, SC5 May 200323 March 201612 years, 323 daysAdditional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)
Bruce Lander KC14 July 200331 August 201310 years, 48 daysJudge of the Supreme Court (NI)
Additional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)
Susan Crennan AC, KC3 February 20041 November 20051 year, 271 daysAppointed to the High Court
Antony Siopis SC14 April 20055 May 201813 years, 21 daysPresidential member of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal[17][18]
Richard Edmonds SC5 May 200510 February 201610 years, 281 days[2]
Peter Graham KC24 May 20056 September 20105 years, 105 days[2]
Andrew Greenwood4 August 200519 July 202216 years, 349 days[2][19][20]
Neil Young KC30 November 200524 January 20071 year, 55 days[2]
Steven Rares2 February 200615 November 2023[2]18 years, 130 daysAdditional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)[21]
Berna Collier8 February 200618 years, 124 daysJudge of the Papua New Guinea Supreme Court
Deputy President of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal
Additional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)
[22]
Dennis Cowdroy AO13 March 200615 March 20148 years, 2 days[2]
Anthony Besanko3 April 200618 years, 69 daysChief Justice of the Supreme Court (NI)
Additional Judge of the Supreme Court (ACT)
Previously a judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia
[23][24][25][26]
Christopher Jessup KC23 June 200615 April 201717 years, 354 days[2]
Richard Tracey AM, RFD QC24 July 200616 August 201812 years, 23 days[27]
John Middleton AM, KC31 July 200625 December 202216 years, 147 days[2]
Robert Buchanan KC8 September 200610 September 201610 years, 2 daysJudge of the Supreme Court (NI)[2]
John Gilmour QC11 December 200623 March 201811 years, 102 daysJudge of the Supreme Court (NI)[2]
Michelle Gordon AC, SC20 April 20078 June 20158 years, 49 daysAppointed to the High Court[2]
John Logan RFD27 September 200716 years, 258 days[1]
Geoffrey Flick15 October 200718 October 202114 years, 3 days[2]
Neil McKerracher15 October 20075 December 202114 years, 51 days[2]
John Reeves19 November 20071 January 202214 years, 43 days[2][28]
Nye Perram 8 August 200815 years, 308 days[1]
Jayne Jagot3 September 200816 October 202214 years, 43 daysAppointed to the High Court[2]
Lindsay Foster 4 September 200830 September 202012 years, 26 days[2]
Michael Barker9 February 200911 February 201910 years, 2 days[2]
John Nicholas16 February 200914 years, 208 days[1]
David Yates30 November 200914 years, 194 days[1]
Mordecai Bromberg7 December 200914 years, 187 daysPresident of the Australian Law Reform Commission (2023-present)[29][1]
Julie Dodds-Streeton KC1 February 20101 April 20144 years, 59 days[2]
Anna Katzmann 1 February 201014 years, 131 days[30]
Alan Robertson11 April 20118 May 20209 years, 27 days[2]
Bernard Murphy13 June 201112 years, 364 days[1]
Iain Ross AO1 March 201218 November 202210 years, 262 daysPresident of Fair Work Commission (2012-2022)[2][31]
John Griffiths23 April 20121 April 20229 years, 343 days[2]
Duncan Kerr 10 May 201225 February 20229 years, 291 daysPresident of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (2012-2017)
Previously member of the House of Representatives and Attorney-General
[2][32][33]
Kathleen Farrell5 December 20121 August 202310 years, 239 days[2]
Tony Pagone KC21 June 201331 March 20184 years, 283 days[2]
Jennifer Davies4 July 20131 April 20228 years, 271 days[2]
Debra Mortimer12 July 201310 years, 335 daysAppointed Chief Justice (2023–)[1]
Darryl Rangiah13 August 201310 years, 303 days[1]
Richard Conway White31 August 20135 January 20228 years, 127 days[2]
Michael Wigney9 September 201310 years, 276 daysJudge of the Supreme Court (NI)[1]
Melissa Perry23 September 201310 years, 262 days[1]
Jacqueline Gleeson15 April 201428 February 20216 years, 319 daysAppointed to the High Court[2]
Jonathan Beach30 June 20149 years, 347 days[1]
James Edelman20 April 201529 January 20171 year, 284 daysAppointed to the High Court[2][34]
Brigitte Markovic24 August 20158 years, 292 days[1]
Mark Moshinsky3 November 20158 years, 221 daysActing President of the Australian Law Reform Commission (2023–)[35][1]
Robert Bromwich29 February 20168 years, 103 days[1]
Natalie Charlesworth1 March 20168 years, 102 days[1]
Stephen Burley6 May 20168 years, 36 days[1]
David O'Callaghan1 February 20177 years, 131 days[1]
Michael Lee27 March 20177 years, 76 days[1]
Roger Derrington29 March 20177 years, 74 days[1]
David Thomas27 June 201731 January 20246 years, 218 daysPresident of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (2017-2022)
Previously a Judge of the Supreme Court (Qld)
[2]
Sarah Derrington AM10 January 20186 years, 153 daysPresident of the Australian Law Reform Commission (2018-2023)[35][1]
Simon Steward1 February 201830 November 20202 years, 303 daysAppointed to the High Court[2]
Katrina Banks-Smith12 February 20186 years, 120 daysPreviously a Judge of Supreme Court (WA)[1]
Craig Colvin13 February 20186 years, 119 days[1]
Thomas Thawley14 February 20186 years, 118 days[1]
Michael Wheelahan3 October 20185 years, 252 days[1]
Paul Anastassiou1 February 201929 April 20223 years, 87 days[2]
Angus Stewart25 February 20195 years, 107 days[1]
Michael O'Bryan26 February 20195 years, 106 days[1]
Darren Jackson20 March 20195 years, 83 days[1]
John Snaden29 April 20195 years, 43 days[1]
Stewart Anderson6 May 20195 years, 36 days[1]
Wendy Abraham7 May 20195 years, 35 days[1]
John Halley19 March 20213 years, 84 days[1]
Elizabeth Cheeseman12 April 20213 years, 60 days[1]
Helen Rofe12 July 20212 years, 335 days[1]
Kylie Downes2 August 20212 years, 314 days[1]
Scott Goodman11 November 20212 years, 213 days[1]
Patrick O'Sullivan20 January 20222 years, 143 daysPreviously a Judge of the District Court of South Australia[1]
Shaun McElwaine24 January 20222 years, 139 days[1]
Michael Feutrill8 March 20222 years, 95 days[1]
Fiona Meagher31 March 20222 years, 72 daysPresident of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (2022)[1]
Timothy McEvoy26 April 20222 years, 46 daysPreviously a Judge of the Federal Circuit and Family Court (Division 1)[1]
Lisa Hespe27 April 20222 years, 45 days[1]
Elizabeth Raper2 May 20222 years, 40 days[1]
Geoffrey Kennett19 December 20221 year, 175 daysPreviously a Judge of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory[1]
Catherine Button16 January 20231 year, 147 daysPreviously a Judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria[1]
Ian Jackman6 February 20231 year, 126 days[1]
Adam Hatcher19 February 20231 year, 113 daysPresident of the Fair Work Commission (2023–)[1]
Emilios Kyrou AO8 June 20231 year, 3 daysPreviously a Judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria
President of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (2023–)
[1]
Christopher Horan5 September 2023280 days[1]
Yaseen Shariff7 September 2023278 days[1]
Penelope Neskovcin8 February 2024124 days[1]
Craig Dowling9 February 2024123 days[1]

Location of current judges

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Sydney
Melbourne
  • Mordecai Bromberg (7 December 2009)
  • Bernard Murphy (13 June 2011)
  • Debra Mortimer (12 July 2013) (Chief Justice)
  • Jonathan Beach (30 June 2014)
  • Mark Moshinsky (3 November 2015)
  • David O'Callaghan (1 February 2017)
  • Michael Wheelahan (3 October 2018)
  • Michael O’Bryan (26 February 2019)
  • John Snaden (29 April 2019)
  • Stewart Anderson (6 May 2019)
  • Helen Rofe (12 July 2021)
  • Timothy McEvoy (26 April 2022)
  • Lisa Hespe (27 April 2022)
  • Catherine Button (16 January 2023)
  • Emilios Kyrou (8 June 2023)
  • Christopher Horan (5 September 2023)
  • Penelope Neskovcin (8 February 2024)
  • Craig Dowling (9 February 2024)
Brisbane
  • Berna Collier (8 February 2006)
  • John Logan (27 September 2007)
  • Darryl Rangiah (13 August 2013)
  • Roger Derrington (24 April 2017)
  • Sarah Derrington (10 January 2018)
  • Kylie Downes (2 August 2021)
  • Fiona Meagher (31 March 2022)
Perth
  • Katrina Banks-Smith (12 February 2018)
  • Craig Colvin (13 February 2018)
  • Darren Jackson (20 March 2019)
  • Michael Feutrill (8 March 2022)
Adelaide
Hobart
  • Shaun McElwaine (24 January 2022)


See also

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Federal Court Judges holding concurrent appointments in:

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb "List by appointment date of current judges". Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao "Former Judges of the Federal Court of Australia". Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  3. ^ Constitution (Cth) s 72 Judges' appointment, tenure, and remuneration.
  4. ^ Keating, Paul (10 October 1994). "Condolences: Bowen, Sir Nigel Hubert, AC, KBE". Hansard. Parliament of Australia. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2007.
  5. ^ Douglas, Richard (26 February 2010). Ceremonial Farewell for the Hon. Justice Michael Black AC (Speech). Hearsay. Bar Association of Queensland. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  6. ^ Battersby, Lucy (16 February 2013). "Man of choice words and keen judgments". The Age. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  7. ^ Byrne, Elizabeth (5 March 2013). "Justice Keane completes the new-look High Court". ABC News.
  8. ^ a b "The Hon James Leslie Bain ALLSOP AO". Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
    Kelly, Joe (21 November 2012). "'Brilliant' Allsop to go federal". The Australian. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  9. ^ "The Hon Debra Sue MORTIMER". Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  10. ^ "The Hon John Stanley Lockhart AO QC (1935-2006)" (PDF). Bar News. Obituaries. NSW Bar Association. Winter 2006.
  11. ^ "Former federal court judge dies". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 January 2006. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  12. ^ "The Hon Justice John S Lockhart AO QC". Australian Competition Law. Judicial Profiles. 15 January 2006. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  13. ^ Clegg, Louise (4 May 2023). "Indigenous Voice to parliament: Why we need to start again". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  14. ^ "Ceremonial Sitting of the Full Court to Farewell the Honourable Justice North", fedcourt.gov.au, retrieved 18 September 2018
  15. ^ Pelly, Michael (20 February 2015). "Judges put to pasture too early, says Bell". The Australian. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  16. ^ "The Hon John Alfred DOWSETT AM". Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  17. ^ "The Hon Antony Nicholas SIOPIS". Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  18. ^ "Sopis joins Federal Court". Business News. 29 March 2005. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  19. ^ "The Hon Andrew Peter GREENWOOD". Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  20. ^ "Adjunct Professors". University of Queensland. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  21. ^ "The Hon Steven David RARES". Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  22. ^ "The Hon Berna Joan COLLIER". Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  23. ^ "The Hon Anthony James BESANKO". Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  24. ^ "Besanko appointed Federal Court judge". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 March 2006. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  25. ^ Berkovic, Nicola (17 February 2012). "Leading judges and silks line up for next High Court seat". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  26. ^ "Supreme Court of Norfolk Island". Commonwealth of Australia. 7 February 2017.
  27. ^ "Judge retires with shot at CFMEU and class action 'vultures'". AFR.com. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  28. ^ Byrnie, Gwen (24 September 2007). "Introducing the first Northern Territory-based Federal Court judge". Crikey. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  29. ^ Media release: President of the Australian Law Reform Commission 20 June 2023
  30. ^ "Biography of Justice Katzmann". Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  31. ^ "The Hon Iain James Kerr ROSS AO". Federal Court of Australia. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  32. ^ "The Hon Duncan James Colquhoun KERR, Chev LH". Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  33. ^ "The Hon Duncan Kerr SC, MP". Senators and Members. Parliament of Australia. 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  34. ^ Chan, Gabrielle (29 November 2016). "Susan Kiefel becomes first female high court chief justice". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  35. ^ a b Drefus, Mark (9 January 2023). "Appointment to the Australian Law Reform Commission". Attorney-General's Department. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 2 September 2023.