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List of hyperaccumulators

This article covers known hyperaccumulators, accumulators or species tolerant to the following: Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Arsenic (As), Beryllium (Be), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Molybdenum (Mo), Naphthalene, Lead (Pb), Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn).

See also:

Hyperaccumulators table – 1

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hyperaccumulators and contaminants : Al, Ag, As, Be, Cr, Cu, Mn, Hg, Mo, naphthalene, Pb, Se, Zn – accumulation rates
ContaminantAccumulation rates (in mg/kg dry weight)Binomial nameEnglish nameH-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-TolerantNotesSources
AlA-Agrostis castellanahighland bentgrassAs(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A)Origin: Portugal.[1]: 898 
Al1000Hordeum vulgareBarley25 records of plants.[1]: 891 [2]
AlHydrangea spp.Hydrangea (a.k.a. Hortensia)
AlAluminium concentrations in young leaves, mature leaves, old leaves, and roots were found to be 8.0, 9.2, 14.4, and 10.1 mg g1, respectively.[3]Melastoma malabathricum L.Blue Tongue, or Native LassiandraP competes with Al and reduces uptake.[4]
AlSolidago hispida (Solidago canadensis L.)Hairy GoldenrodOrigin Canada.[1]: 891 [2]
Al100Vicia fabaHorse Bean[1]: 891 [2]
Ag10-1200Salix miyabeanaWillowAg(T)Seemed able to adapt to high AgNO3 concentrations on a long timeline[5]
AgBrassica napusRapeseed plantCr, Hg, Pb, Se, ZnPhytoextraction[1]: 19 [6]
AgSalix spp.Osier spp.Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[1]: 19  Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix);[7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[8]Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)[1]: 19 
AgAmanita strobiliformisEuropean Pine Cone LepidellaAg(H)Macrofungi, Basidiomycete. Known from Europe, prefers calcareous areas[9]
Ag10-1200Brassica junceaIndian MustardAg(H)Can form alloys of silver-gold-copper[10]
As100Agrostis capillaris L.Common Bent Grass, Browntop. (= A. tenuris)Al(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A)[1]: 891 
AsH-Agrostis castellanaHighland Bent GrassAl(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A)Origin Portugal.[1]: 898 
As1000Agrostis tenerrima Trin.Colonial bentgrass4 records of plants[1]: 891 [11]
As2-1300Cyanoboletus pulverulentusInk Stain Boletecontains dimethylarsinic acidEurope[12]
As27,000 (fronds)[13]Pteris vittata L.Ladder brake fern or Chinese brake fern26% of As in the soil removed after 20 weeks' plantation, about 90% As accumulated in fronds.[14]Root extracts reduce arsenate to arsenite.[15]
As100-7000Sarcosphaera coronariapink crown, violet crown-cup, or violet star cupAs(H)Ectomycorrhizal ascomycete, known from Europe[16][17]
BeNo reports found for accumulation[1]: 891 
CrAzolla spp.mosquito fern, duckweed fern, fairy moss, water fern[1]: 891 [18]
CrH-Bacopa monnieriSmooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiolaCd(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A)Origin India. Aquatic emergent species.[1]: 898 [19]
CrBrassica juncea L.Indian mustardCd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H)Cultivated in agriculture.[1]: 19, 898 [20]
CrBrassica napusRapeseed plantAg, Hg, Pb, Se, ZnPhytoextraction[6][1]: 19 
CrA-Vallisneria americanaTape GrassCd(H), Pb(H)Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade.[1]: 898 
Cr1000Dicoma niccolifera35 records of plants[1]: 891 
Crroots naturally absorb pollutants, some organic compounds believed to be carcinogenic,[21] in concentrations 10,000 times that in the surrounding water.[22]Eichhornia crassipesWater HyacinthCd(H), Cu(A), Hg(H),[21] Pb(H),[21] Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U,[21][23] and pesticides.[24]Pantropical/Subtropical. Plants sprayed with 2,4-D may accumulate lethal doses of nitrates.[25] 'The troublesome weed' – hence an excellent source of bioenergy.[21][1]: 898 
CrHelianthus annuusSunflowerPhytoextraction and rhizofiltration[1]: 19, 898 
CrA-Hydrilla verticillataHydrillaCd(H), Hg(H), Pb(H)[1]: 898 
CrMedicago sativaAlfalfa[1]: 891 [26]
CrPistia stratiotesWater lettuceCd(T), Hg(H), Cr(H), Cu(T)[1]: 891, 898 [27]
CrSalix spp.Osier spp.Ag, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[1]: 19  Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix);[7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[8]Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)[1]: 19 
CrSalvinia molestaKariba weeds or water fernsCr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A)[1]: 891, 898 [28]
CrSpirodela polyrhizaGiant DuckweedCd(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A)Native to North America.[1]: 891, 898 [28]
Cr100Jamesbrittenia fodina Hilliard
Sutera fodina Wild		[1]: 891 [29][30]
CrA-Thlaspi caerulescensAlpine Pennycress, Alpine PennygrassCd(H), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)Phytoextraction. T. caerulescens may acidify its rhizosphere, which would affect metal uptake by increasing available metals[31][1]: 19, 891, 898 [32][33][34]
Cu9000Aeollanthus biformifolius[35]
CuAthyrium yokoscense(Japanese false spleenwort?)Cd(A), Pb(H), Zn(H)Origin Japan.[1]: 898 
CuA-Azolla filiculoidesPacific mosquitofernNi(A), Pb(A), Mn(A)Origin Africa. Floating plant.[1]: 898 
CuH-Bacopa monnieriSmooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiolaCd(H), Cr(H), Hg(A), Pb(A)Origin India. Aquatic emergent species.[1]: 898 [19]
CuBrassica juncea L.Indian mustardCd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H)cultivated[1]: 19, 898 [20]
CuH-Vallisneria americanaTape GrassCd(H), Cr(A), Pb(H)Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade.[1]: 898 
CuEichhornia crassipesWater HyacinthCd(H), Cr(A), Hg(H), Pb(H), Zn(A), Also Cs, Sr, U,[23] and pesticides.[24]Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'.[1]: 898 
Cu1000Haumaniastrum robertii
(Lamiaceae)		Copper flower27 records of plants. Origin Africa. This species' phanerogam has the highest cobalt content. Its distribution could be governed by cobalt rather than copper.[36][1]: 891 [33]
CuHelianthus annuusSunflowerPhytoextraction with rhizofiltration[1]: 898 [33]
Cu1000Larrea tridentataCreosote Bush67 records of plants. Origin U.S.[1]: 891 [33]
CuH-Lemna minorDuckweedPb(H), Cd(H), Zn(A)Native to North America and widespread worldwide.[1]: 898 
CuOcimum centraliafricanumCopper plantCu(T), Ni(T)Origin Southern Africa[37]
CuT-Pistia stratiotesWater LettuceCd(T), Hg(H), Cr(H)Pantropical. Origin South U.S.A. Aquatic herb.[1]: 898 
CuThlaspi caerulescensAlpine pennycress, Alpine Pennycress, Alpine PennygrassCd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)Phytoextraction. Cu noticeably limits its growth.[34][1]: 19, 891, 898 [31][32][33][34]
MnA-Agrostis castellanaHighland Bent GrassAl(A), As(A), Pb(A), Zn(A)Origin Portugal.[1]: 898 
MnAzolla filiculoidesPacific mosquitofernCu(A), Ni(A), Pb(A)Origin Africa. Floating plant.[1]: 898 
MnBrassica juncea L.Indian mustard[1]: 19 [20]
Mn23,000 (maximum) 11,000 (average) leafChengiopanax sciadophylloides (Franch. & Sav.) C.B.Shang & J.Y.HuangkoshiaburaOrigin Japan. Forest tree.[38]
MnHelianthus annuusSunflowerPhytoextraction and rhizofiltration[1]: 19 
Mn1000Macadamia neurophylla
(now Virotia neurophylla (Guillaumin) P. H. Weston & A. R. Mast)		28 records of plants[1]: 891 [39]
Mn200[1]: 891 
HgA-Bacopa monnieriSmooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiolaCd(H), Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A)Origin India. Aquatic emergent species.[1]: 898 [19]
HgBrassica napusRapeseed plantAg, Cr, Pb, Se, ZnPhytoextraction[1]: 19 [6]
HgEichhornia crassipesWater HyacinthCd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Pb(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U,[23] and pesticides.[24]Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'.[1]: 898 
HgH-Hydrilla verticillataHydrillaCd(H), Cr(A), Pb(H)[1]: 898 
Hg1000Pistia stratiotesWater lettuceCd(T), Cr(H), Cu(T)35 records of plants[1]: 891, 898 [33][40][full citation needed]
HgSalix spp.Osier spp.Ag, Cr, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[1]: 19  Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix);[7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[8]Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)[1]: 19 
Mo1500Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae)Alpine pennycressCd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)phytoextraction[1]: 19, 891, 898 [31][32][33][34]
NaphthaleneFestuca arundinaceaTall FescueIncreases catabolic genes and the mineralization of naphthalene.[41]
NaphthaleneTrifolium hirtumPink clover, rose cloverDecreases catabolic genes and the mineralization of naphthalene.[41]
PbA-Agrostis castellana'Highland Bent GrassAl(A), As(H), Mn(A), Zn(A)Origin Portugal.[1]: 898 
PbAmbrosia artemisiifoliaRagweed[6]
PbArmeria maritimaSeapink Thrift[6]
PbAthyrium yokoscense(Japanese false spleenwort?)Cd(A), Cu(H), Zn(H)Origin Japan.[1]: 898 
PbA-Azolla filiculoidesPacific mosquitofernCu(A), Ni(A), Mn(A)Origin Africa. Floating plant.[1]: 898 
PbA-Bacopa monnieriSmooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiolaCd(H), Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A)Origin India. Aquatic emergent species.[1]: 898 [19]
PbH-Brassica junceaIndian mustardCd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H)79 recorded plants. Phytoextraction[1]: 19, 891, 898 [6][20][31][33][34][42]
PbBrassica napusRapeseed plantAg, Cr, Hg, Se, ZnPhytoextraction[1]: 19 [6]
PbBrassica oleraceaOrnamental Kale and Cabbage, Broccoli[6]
PbH-Vallisneria americanaTape GrassCd(H), Cr(A), Cu(H)Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade.[1]: 898 
PbEichhornia crassipesWater HyacinthCd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U,[23] and pesticides.[24]Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'.[1]: 898 
PbFestuca ovinaBlue Sheep Fescue[6]
PbIpomoea trifidaMorning gloryPhytoextraction and rhizofiltration[1]: 19, 898 [6][7][42]
PbH-Hydrilla verticillataHydrillaCd(H), Cr(A), Hg(H)[1]: 898 
PbH-Lemna minorDuckweedCd(H), Cu(H), Zn(H)Native to North America and widespread worldwide.[1]: 898 
PbSalix viminalisCommon OsierCd, U, Zn,[7] Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (S. spp.);[1]: 19  Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[8]Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)[7]
PbH-Salvinia molestaKariba weeds or water fernsCr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A)Origin India.[1]: 898 
PbSpirodela polyrhizaGiant DuckweedCd(H), Cr(H), Ni(H), Zn(A)Native to North America.[1]: 891, 898 [28]
PbThlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae)Alpine pennycress, Alpine pennygrassCd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo(H), Ni(H), Zn(H)Phytoextraction.[1]: 19, 891, 898 [31][32][33][34]
PbThlaspi rotundifoliumRound-leaved Pennycress[6]
PbTriticum aestivumCommon Wheat[6]
Se.012-20Amanita muscariaFly agaricCap contains higher concentrations than stalks[43]
SeBrassica junceaIndian mustardRhizosphere bacteria enhance accumulation.[44][1]: 19 
SeBrassica napusRapeseed plantAg, Cr, Hg, Pb, ZnPhytoextraction.[1]: 19 [6]
SeLow rates of selenium volatilization from selenate-supplied Muskgrass (10-fold less than from selenite) may be due to a major rate limitation in the reduction of selenate to organic forms of selenium in Muskgrass.Chara canescens Desv. & LoisMuskgrassMuskgrass treated with selenite contains 91% of the total Se in organic forms (selenoethers and diselenides), compared with 47% in Muskgrass treated with selenate.[45] 1.9% of the total Se input is accumulated in its tissues; 0.5% is removed via biological volatilization.[46][47]
SeBassia scoparia
(a.k.a. Kochia scoparia)		burningbush, ragweed, summer cypress, fireball, belvedere and Mexican firebrush, Mexican fireweedU,[7] Cr, Pb, Hg, Ag, ZnPerchlorate (wetland halophytes). Phytoextraction.[1]: 19, 898 
SeSalix spp.Osier spp.Ag, Cr, Hg, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[1]: 19  Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[8]Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes).[1]: 19 
ZnA-Agrostis castellanaHighland Bent GrassAl(A), As(H), Mn(A), Pb(A)Origin Portugal.[1]: 898 
ZnAthyrium yokoscense(Japanese false spleenwort?)Cd(A), Cu(H), Pb(H)Origin Japan.[1]: 898 
ZnBrassicaceaeMustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or cabbage familyCd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H)Phytoextraction[1]: 19 
ZnBrassica juncea L.Indian mustardCd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A).Larvae of Pieris brassicae do not even sample its high-Zn leaves. (Pollard and Baker, 1997)[1]: 19, 898 [20]
ZnBrassica napusRapeseed plantAg, Cr, Hg, Pb, SePhytoextraction[1]: 19 [6]
ZnHelianthus annuusSunflowerPhytoextraction and rhizofiltration[1]: 19 [7]
ZnEichhornia crassipesWater HyacinthCd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb(H). Also Cs, Sr, U,[23] and pesticides.[24]Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'.[1]: 898 
ZnSalix viminalisCommon OsierAg, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[1]: 19  Cd, Pb, U (S. viminalis);[7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[8]Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes).[7]
ZnA-Salvinia molestaKariba weeds or water fernsCr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A)Origin India.[1]: 898 
Zn1400Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (Caryophyllaceae)Bladder campionErnst et al. (1990)
ZnSpirodela polyrhizaGiant DuckweedCd(H), Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H)Native to North America.[1]: 891, 898 [28]
ZnH-10,000Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae)Alpine pennycressCd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H)48 records of plants. May acidify its own rhizosphere, which would facilitate absorption by solubilization of the metal[31][1]: 19, 891, 898 [32][33][34][42]
ZnTrifolium pratenseRed CloverNonmetal accumulator.Its rhizosphere is denser in bacteria than that of Thlaspi caerulescens, but T. caerulescens has relatively more metal-resistant bacteria.[31]

Cs-137 activity was much smaller in leaves of larch and sycamore maple than of spruce: spruce > larch > sycamore maple.

References

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  32. ^ a b c d e Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad (2005). "Nickelophilous plants and their significance in phytotechnologies". Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 17 (1): 113–128. doi:10.1590/s1677-04202005000100010.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Baker, Alan J. M.; Brooks, Robert R. (1989). "Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements: A review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry". Biorecovery. 1: 81–126. ISSN 0269-7572.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g Lombi, Enzo; Zhao, Fang-Jie; Dunham, Sarah J.; McGrath, Steve P. (2001). "Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal, Contaminated Soils, Natural Hyperaccumulation versus Chemically Enhanced Phytoextraction". Journal of Environmental Quality. 30 (6): 1919–1926. Bibcode:2001JEnvQ..30.1919L. doi:10.2134/jeq2001.1919. PMID 11789997.
  35. ^ Morrison, Richard S.; Brooks, Robert R.; Reeves, Roger D.; Malaisse, François (1979). "Copper and cobalt uptake by metallophytes from Zaïre" (PDF). Plant and Soil. 53 (4). Kluwer: 535–539. Bibcode:1979PlSoi..53..535M. doi:10.1007/bf02140724. hdl:2268/266081. S2CID 42737843.
  36. ^ Brooks, Robert R. (1977). "Copper and cobalt uptake by Haumaniustrum species". Plant and Soil. 48 (2): 541–544. Bibcode:1977PlSoi..48..541B. doi:10.1007/BF02187261. S2CID 12181174.
  37. ^ Howard-Williams, Clive (1970). "The ecology of Becium homblei in Central Africa with special reference to metalliferous soils". Journal of Ecology. 58 (3): 745–763. Bibcode:1970JEcol..58..745H. doi:10.2307/2258533. JSTOR 2258533.
  38. ^ Mizuno, Takafumi; Emori, Kanae; Ito, Shin-ichiro (2013). "Manganese hyperaccumulation from non-contaminated soil in Chengiopanax sciadophylloides Franch. and Sav. and its correlation with calcium accumulation". Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 59 (4): 591–602. Bibcode:2013SSPN...59..591M. doi:10.1080/00380768.2013.807213. S2CID 97458219.
  39. ^ Baker, Alan J. M.; Walker, Philip L. (1990). "Ecophysiology of Metal Uptake by Tolerant Plants". In Shaw, A. Jonathan (ed.). Heavy metal tolerance in plants: evolutionary aspects. Boca Raton, FL.: CRC Press. pp. 155–177. ISBN 0-8493-6852-9.
  40. ^ Atri 1983
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  42. ^ a b c Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance and Decision Trees, Revised (PDF) (Technical report). Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council. 2009. PHYTO-3.
  43. ^ Stijve, Tjakko (September 1977). "Selenium content of mushrooms". Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung A. 164 (3): 201–3. doi:10.1007/BF01263031. PMID 562040. S2CID 31058569.
  44. ^ de Souza, Mark P.; Chu, Dara; Zhao, May; Zayed, Adel M.; Ruzin, Steven E.; Schichnes, Denise; Terry, Norman (1999). "Rhizosphere Bacteria Enhance Selenium Accumulation and Volatilization by Indian mustard". Plant Physiology. 119 (2): 565–574. doi:10.1104/pp.119.2.565. PMC 32133. PMID 9952452.
  45. ^ X-ray absorption spectroscopy speciation analysis.
  46. ^ Average Se concentration of 22 μg/L supplied over a 24-d experimental period.
  47. ^ Z.-Q. Lin; M.P. de Souza; I. J. Pickering; N. Terry (2002). "Evaluation of the Macroalga, Muskgrass, for the Phytoremediation of Selenium-Contaminated Agricultural Drainage Water by Microcosms". Journal of Environmental Quality. 31 (6): 2104–10. Bibcode:2002JEnvQ..31.2104L. doi:10.2134/jeq2002.2104. PMID 12469862.
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