List of electoral systems by country

This is a list of electoral systems by country in alphabetical order. An electoral system is used to elect national legislatures and heads of state.

Maps

Head of state

Lower (or unicameral) house

Upper house

Single-winner system / single-member constituencies (non-proportional)

First past the post/single member plurality (FPTP/SMP)

Two-round system (TRS)

Instant-runoff voting (IRV)

Multi-member constituencies, majoritarian (non-proportional)

Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV

Party block voting (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV

Multi-member constituencies, semi-proportional

Limited voting (LV) or cumulative voting

Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV

Modified Borda count

Multi-member constituencies, proportional

Party-list proportional representation (list PR)

Single transferable vote (STV)

Mixed non-compensatory (semi-proportional)

Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM): parallel voting (FPTP and list PR)

Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM): parallel voting (TRS and list PR)

Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM): parallel voting (BV/PBV and list PR)

List PR with plurality bonus (MBS)

Parallel voting (SNTV and list PR)

Mixed compensatory (proportional or semi-proportional)

Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) with compensation / scorporo

Additional member system / semi-proportional MMP

Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP)

Majority jackpot (majority of seats reserved for largest party/coalition)

Indirect election

Election by legislature

Election by electoral college or local legislatures

Partly elected by electoral college or local legislatures, partly appointed by head of state

Other

No election (e.g. Monarchy)

Appointed by head of state

Varies by federal states or constituencies

No information/Unicameral legislature

Electoral systems by country

Key

Type of system

Type of representation:

Number of winners in a contest—whether single or multiple (more than one)

single winner (single office at-large such as mayor, or chamber filled by single winner contests in districts dividing electorate. System used is usually one of FPTP, TRS, instant-runoff voting.

multiple winners (block voting, STV, limited voting)

Type of electoral method

Type of elections

direct elections

indirect (by legislature(s) and/or electoral college),

no election (chosen by a single person, or other rules e.g. hereditary)

Winning formula:

majoritarian/plurality (body elected in winner-take-all districts e.g. FPTP, TRS, block voting),

majoritarian (Instant-runoff voting, TRS),

proportional (body elected by STV or party-list PR),

semi-proportional (e.g. SNTV, LV).

Mixed systems use two or more of these methods, and produce chamber where different members are elected through two or more different election methods. (Mixed Member Proportional elects members through both first past the post and proportional.) Parallel voting systems, such as used in Egypt, are examples of mixed systems.

Seats per district or contest: Some elections fill all the seats in the chamber (Netherlands, Israel). Most times the electorate is split into a number of electoral districts where all the district members are elected at one time. In some elections, there is one person elected per district. In others, there are many people elected per district (sometimes all districts have same number of seats; other systems use districts with varying number of seats.) (Proportional representation and STV depends on use of a contest that fills multiple seats at one time.) Electoral districts can have different names, see list of electoral districts by nation. Some election systems see half or a third of the members elected at one time (staggered terms).:

Election systems can use one or more layers.

First past the post elections use just one layer. : MMP (an example of a mixed system listed above) uses both district elections and overall pooling of votes, usually where voters cast both a district vote and a party vote. In Demark's mixed member system, a single vote is used both for election of the district member and of an at-large party seat.: Some city election systems, such as City of Thunder Bay (Canada) and Nelson (New Zealand), use both ward elections and at-large district to elect members of city council. At-large contests elect multiple members so make either list, PR, STV or block voting possible. As well, multi-member wards, such as used in Nelson, make either list PR, STV or block voting possible. Single-winner ward contests usually use the first past the post, instant-runoff voting or the two-round system.[1]:
Total number of seats: the number of representatives elected to the body in total. (general rule is number of members in the lower house is the cube root of the total population.)^[1]
Electoral threshold: see Electoral threshold

Type of vote used

First past the post uses single X voting.

Block voting uses multiple X voting, same as number of seats to fill.

STV and Instant-runoff voting use ranked votes.

List PR uses X voting.

Limited voting uses multiple X voting, not as many as number of seats to fill.

List

Country	Body or office	Type of body or offices	Type of electoral system		Seats per district (if applicable)	Total seats	Electoral threshold (if applicable)	Notes
Afghanistan	Supreme Leader of the Islamic Emirate	Head of State	election by unelected body	Elected by the Leadership Council through consensus^[2]^[3]^[4]				Autocrat with life tenure^[5]
Albania	President of the Republic	Head of State	indirect	Elected by the Parliament through a secret vote.^[6]			A three-fifths majority of all members in the first three rounds, absolute majority (50% +1 vote) in the next two rounds	If no candidate has attained the necessary majority in five rounds, the Parliament will be dissolved and a general election must occur within 60 days.^[7]
Albania	Parliament (Kuvendi)	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists, D'Hondt method^[8]	3–36	140^[9]	1%
Algeria	President of the People's Democratic Republic	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system^[10]
	Council of the Nation	Upper chamber of legislature	indirect	Partly, indirect election (2/3), partly appointed by the president	96 (indirect election), 48 (appointed)	144
	People's National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists, Largest remainder method (Hare quota)^[10]^[11]	5–37, 2 (districts representing people abroad)^{[citation needed]}	407^[11]	5% of votes in respective district^[11]	Electoral districts correspond to wilayas (provinces)
Andorra	Co-Princes	Heads of State	no election	President of France (elected directly in France) and the Bishop of Urgell (appointed by the Holy See)		2
Andorra	General Council of the Valleys	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: party block voting (local) + list PR (nationwide)	2 (local districts) / 14 (nationwide constituency)	28
Angola	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	First-past-the-post between the top candidates on party lists for National Assembly elections				(Double simultaneous vote)
Angola	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Closed lists, D'Hondt method	5 per province, 130 across country, + 3 representatives from abroad	233		(Double simultaneous vote)
Antigua and Barbuda	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	no election	Appointed by the Governor-General		17		On advice: 11 (Prime Minister), 4 (leader of the opposition), 1 (Barbuda Council); At discretion: 1
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	17
Argentina	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Modified Two-round system			To win in the 1st round, 45%, or 40% and a 10% lead over the second candidate is needed
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	semi-proportional	Limited voting with party-lists: 2 seats to most voted party or coalition in each province, 1 seat to second most voted party or coalition (limited vote with closed lists)	3	72
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Closed lists, D'Hondt method	5–70 (Renewed by halves)	257	3% of registered voters
Armenia	President	Head of State	single winner	Since 2018, the President is elected by members of parliament.
Armenia	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR / optional runoff with majority jackpot or minority jackpot: Largest remainder. Nationwide Closed list and an Open list in each of 13 election districts.		at least 101	5% (parties), 7% (blocs)	Party lists run-off FPTP to ensure stable majority of 54% if it is not achieved either immediately or through building a coalition (majority jackpot) or a party wins more than 2/3 of seats (minority jackpot).^[12]^[13]
Australia	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	proportional	Single transferable vote (STV)	6 (12 per state, renewed by halves), 2 per territory ^[14]	76		In the event of a double dissolution, all 12 seats in each state are up for election.
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Instant runoff voting (IRV)	1	151
Austria	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
	Federal Council (Bundesrat)	Upper chamber of legislature	indirect	Proportional to the distribution of seats in the state parliaments (indirect Party list PR)	3–12 votes	61 votes
	National Council (Nationalrat)	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota) at district and regional levels, D'Hondt method for remaining votes at national level		183	4%
Azerbaijan	President of the Republic	Head of State	single winner	First-past-the-post
Azerbaijan	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	125
Bahamas	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	no election	Appointed by the Governor-General		16		On advice: 9 (prime minister), 4 (leader of the opposition), 3 (prime minister after consultation with the leader of the opposition)
	House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	39^{[citation needed]}
Bahrain	King	Head of State and Government	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	Consultative Council	Upper chamber of legislature	no election	Appointed by the King		40
	Council of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Two-round system	1	40
Bangladesh	President of the People's Republic	Head of State	indirect	Elected by the Parliament
Bangladesh	Parliament (Jatiyo Sangshad)	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	350 (300 directly elected + 50 seats reserved for women)
Barbados	President	Head of State	indirect	Elected by the Parliament			A 2/3 majority of valid votes in each house is required
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	no election	Appointed by the President		21		On advice: 12 (Prime Minister), 2 (Leader of the Opposition); At discrection: 7
	House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	30
Belarus	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system^[15]^[16]			50% of registered voters to win
	Council of Republic	Upper chamber of legislature	indirect	56 elected by local councilors of each oblast (six) and the city of Minsk (the national capital), 8 appointed by president	8	64
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	110
Belgium	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	indirect	50 Senators elected by the community/regional parliaments 10 Senators co-opted by the other senators		60
	Chamber of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR (flexible lists): D'Hondt method	3–22	150	5%
Belize	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	no election	Appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister (6), the Leader of the Opposition (3), and other organisations (4)		13
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	31^{[citation needed]}
Benin	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
Benin	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Largest remainder (24 districts)	2–5 (average 35)	83
Bhutan	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	National Council	Upper chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	25 (20 directly elected + 5 appointed)^{[citation needed]}
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Two-round system variant, only top two parties enter second round.^[17]	1	47
Bolivia	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Modified Two-round system (Double simultaneous) (winner with 50% of votes or 40% and a 10% lead over the second)^[18]				Both the senate, and the proportional part of the Chamber of Deputies is elected based on the vote for the presidential candidates.
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method^[19]	4	36
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	mixed	MMP: FPTP (70 seats) / Party-list proportional representation: Closed lists: D'Hondt method (60 seats)^[19]	1 / 5–29^[20]	130	3%
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Heads of State	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	3 (one each of the three major ethnic groups)
	House of Peoples	Upper chamber of legislature	indirect	Members nominated by legislatures of two federal units	5, 10	15
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Sainte-Laguë method	14, 28	42
Botswana	President	Head of State and Government	indirect	Elected by the National Assembly
Botswana	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	65 (57 directly elected + 6 members appointed by the governing party + 2 members ex officio: the President and the Attorney General)
Brazil	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Plurality block voting (BV) and First-past-the-post	1 or 2 (alternates each election)	81
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists D'Hondt method	8–70	513	2% (starting from 2026, will be 2.5%)^[21]
Brunei	Sultan	Head of State and Government	no election	Hereditary monarchy				Absolute monarchy
Bulgaria	President of the Republic	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Bulgaria	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method^[22]	4–14^[22]	240	4%
Burkina Faso	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Burkina Faso	National Assembly of Burkina Faso	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota)	2–16	127
Burundi	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	4–11	100 + 18–21 co-opted	2%
Cambodia	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
Cambodia	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP + Party list PR: D'Hondt method	1–18	123
Cameroon	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Mixed-member majoritarian representation First-past-the-post in single-member constituencies, in multi-member constituencies party with over 50% of vote gets all seats (party block voting), otherwise highest party gets half, rest distributed by largest remainder (Hare quota)	1–7	180	5%
Canada	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	no election	Appointed by the Governor-General on advice of the Prime Minister^[23]	1–24	105
	House of Commons	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	338
Cape Verde	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Cape Verde	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	2–15	72
Central African Republic	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Two-round system	1	140^{[citation needed]}
Chad	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Chad	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post party with over 50% of vote gets all seats in multi-member constituencies (party block voting), otherwise List PR (largest remainder, closed list)^[24]		188
Chile	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method^[25]^[26]	2–5	50^[25]
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method^[25]^[26]	3–8	155
China	President	Head of State	single winner	Indirect election by the National People's Congress
China	National People's Congress	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Block approval voting: Direct election of local People's Congresses and indirect election of all higher levels of People's Congresses^{[citation needed]}		2987		Voters may vote for or against each candidate.^{[citation needed]}
Colombia	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	100 + 2 (indigenous)	102
	Chamber of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	2–18	162
Comoros	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
Comoros	Assembly of the Union	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Two-round system	1	33 (24 directly elected + 9 elected by lsland assemblies)
Democratic Republic of the Congo	President	Head of State	single winner	First-past-the-post^[27]
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	indirect	Indirect election by provincial assemblies^[28]	8 for Kinshasa, 4 for all other provinces	108
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	mixed	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: First-past-the-post in single-member districts and List PR in multi-member districts (Largest remainder)	1–17	500
Republic of the Congo	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system^[29]
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Two-round system		151^{[citation needed]}
Costa Rica	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Modified Two-round system: 40% of votes needed to win in first round
Costa Rica	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Largest remainder method	4–20	57
Croatia	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Croatia	Sabor	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method, plus some reserved for minorities and Croatians living abroad	14	153	5%
Cuba	President	Head of State	indirect	Elected by the National Assembly of People's Power
Cuba	National Assembly of People's Power	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Two-round system, Endorsement of selected candidates	1	470
Cyprus	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
Cyprus	House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists (Hare quota): Largest remainder (with remainder allocated at national level)	3–20	80 (56 for Greek-Cypriots; 24 for Turkish-Cypriots (currently vacant)) and 3 observers from religious minorities	3.6% (parties), 10% (coalitions of 2 parties), 20% (coalitions of at least 3 parties), 7.2% (remaining seats distributed to parties after countrywide remainders are allocated proportionally) (lists which do not reach the threshold can receive seats in individual constituencies where they reach the quota)
Czech Republic	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Two-round system	1	27^{[citation needed]}
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists (Imperiali quota and Hagenbach-Bischoff quota)^[30]	5–25	200	5% (party), 8/11% (coalition of 2/3+ parties),
Denmark	Folketinget	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR MMP: D'Hondt method (135 constituency seats elected in districts varying from 1 to 23 seats each), Sainte-Laguë method (40 leveling seats)		179	2%
Djibouti	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
Djibouti	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Fusion / majority jackpot: 80% of seats (rounded to the nearest integer) in each constituency are awarded to the party receiving the most votes (party block voting), remaining seats are allocated proportionally to other parties receiving over 10% (closed list, D'Hondt method)	3–28^{[citation needed]}	65
Dominica	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	21 + 9 appointed + Speaker + 1 ex officio^{[citation needed]}
Dominican Republic	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	32 (21 directly elected, 9 appointed + Speaker + 1 ex officio)^{[citation needed]}
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	2–36	150
East Timor	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
East Timor	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Largest remainder		65
Ecuador	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
Ecuador	National Congress	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Closed lists: Sainte-Laguë method	2–18	100
Egypt	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Egypt	House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting[citation needed]: Two-round system (448 seats) + Party list PR (120 seats)^[31]		596 (568 directly elected + 28 appointed)
El Salvador	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
El Salvador	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	3–20	84
Equatorial Guinea	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	FPTP^[32]
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
	Chamber of People's Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list		80
Eritrea	President	Head of State and Government	no election					Eritrea has never had a national election.
Eritrea	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post^{[citation needed]}
Estonia	President	Head of State	single winner	Elected by the parliament (Riigikogu) or by special electoral body
Estonia	Riigikogu	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method (12 districts)	5–14 (average 8.4)	101	5%
Eswatini	Ngwenyama	Head of State and Government	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	indirect	Partly appointed by the Ngwenyama (2/3), partly elected by the House of Assembly^[33]		30
	House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post,^[34] with 10 members appointed by the Ngwenyama	1	66
Ethiopia	President	Head of State	indirect	Elected by a 2/3 supermajority in the Federal Parliamentary Assembly
	House of Federation	Upper chamber of legislature	indirect	Elected by regional councils^[35]		112
	House of People's Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	546^[35]
Fiji	House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method^[36]	50	50	5%
Finland	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Finland	Eduskunta (and MEPs)	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method (12 districts + 1 seat Åland FPTP)	7–35 (average 16.6) (+1 seat Åland)	200
France	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature		Elected indirectly by approximately 150,000 officials ("grands électeurs"), including regional councilors, department councilors, mayors, city councilors in large towns, and members of the National Assembly	1	348
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Two-round system	1	577
Gabon	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	FPTP
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Two-round system		143^{[citation needed]}
Gambia	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	FPTP
Gambia	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	58 (53 directly elected)^{[citation needed]}
Georgia	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Georgia	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): Two-round system + Party-list PR (closed list)	120 / 1	150	5%
Germany	President	Head of State	single winner	Federal Convention Half the member are the Bundestag, the other half is appointed by state legislatures
	Federal Council (Bundesrat)	Upper chamber of legislature		Appointed by the 16 State Governments respectively	3–6 votes	69 votes
	Federal Diet (Bundestag)	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	MMP: Sainte-Laguë using regional fixed lists / FPTP	299 (lists) / 1 (district)	630 seats	5% ^[37]
Ghana	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
Ghana	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	275^{[citation needed]}
Gibraltar	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Plurality block voting	17^[38]	17
Greece	President	Head of State	single winner	Elected by the parliament
Greece	Hellenic Parliament	Unicameral legislature	proportional (2023), semi-proportional (after 2023)	Party-list proportional representation: all 300 seats proportionally divided via several allocations (for 2023 elections) Majority bonus system (MBS): 250 seats proportionally divided via several allocations; between 20 and 50 bonus seats to the party placing first (after 2023 elections)^[39]	1–18 (5 on average)	300	3%
Grenada	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	FPTP	1	15
Guatemala	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
Guatemala	Congress of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	29 / 1	158
Guinea	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Guinea	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: 38 FPTP + 76 Party list PR (Hare quota)	76 / 1	114
Guinea-Bissau	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Guinea-Bissau	National People's Assembly	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list (closed lists) (27 districts)	3.7 (average)	100
Guyana	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	FPTP (Double simultaneous)
Guyana	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Mixed member party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder (Hare quota)	1-7 (districts) / 40 (national top-up)	65
Haiti	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature		Two-round system	1	99^{[citation needed]}
Honduras	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	FPTP
Honduras	National Congress	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota)	1–23	128
Hong Kong	Legislative Council	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Parallel voting Geographical Constituencies by popular vote: single non-transferable vote Functional Constituencies and the Election Committee Constituency: FPTP and Bloc voting	2 (Geographical constituencies) / 1–3 (Functional constituencies)/ 40 (Election Committee)	90
Hungary	President	Head of State	single winner	Elected by the National Assembly
Hungary	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Mixed-member majoritarian: 106 FPTP + 93 national list-PR (combination of partially compensatory system and mixed single vote)^[40]	1	199	5% for parties (10% for two-party coalitions, 15% for larger coalitions), 0.27% for minority lists
Iceland	President	Head of State	single winner	FPTP
Iceland	Alþing	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	8–13	63 (54 district seats, 9 levelling seats)	5%
India	President	Head of State	single winner	elected by an Electoral College using IRV
	Rajya Sabha (Council of States)	Upper chamber of the legislature	indirect	elected by each state legislative assembly using STV	1-31 per state, 1 per election	245 (233 elected + 12 nominated by the president)
	Lok Sabha (House of the People)	Lower chamber of the legislature	majoritarian	FPTP	1	543
Indonesia	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
	Regional Representatives Council	Upper chamber of legislature	semi-proportional	Single non-transferable vote (SNTV)	4	136
	People's Representative Council	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: Webster/Sainte-Laguë method	3–10	575	4% nationally
Iran	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
	Majlis of Iran		majoritarian	Two-round block voting (25% of votes in 1st round)	1–30^{[citation needed]}	290
	Assembly of Experts		majoritarian	Block voting	1–16	88
Iraq	Council of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	semi-proportional	Single non-transferable vote (SNTV)^[41]	7–69	329	1 seat	One-quarter of total seats are reserved for women in the constituencies, while nine are reserved for minorities
Ireland	President	Head of State	single winner	Instant runoff voting (IRV)
	Seanad Éireann	Upper chamber of legislature		Indirect election: – 11 nominated by the Taoiseach – 6 elected by the graduates of certain Irish universities: 3 by graduates of Dublin University 3 by graduates of the National University – 43 elected from five special panels of nominees (known as vocational panels) by an electorate consisting of TDs (member of Dáil Éireann), outgoing senators and members of city and county councils		60
	Dáil Éireann	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Single transferable vote (STV)	3–5	158^[42]
Israel	President	Head of State	single winner	Elected by the Knesset
Israel	Knesset	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method	120	120	3.25%^[43]
Italy	President	Head of State	single winner	Elected by the Parliament
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: 116 FPTP seats + 199 (including citizens abroad) Party list PR seats (largest remainder and Hare quota), no panachage allowed in parallel voting	1/49	315	3%
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: 232 FPTP seats + 398 (including citizens abroad) Party list PR seats (largest remainder and Hare quota), no panachage allowed in parallel voting	2/8	630	3%
Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	FPTP	1	225
Jamaica	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
Jamaica	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	FPTP	1	60^{[citation needed]}
Japan	Emperor	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	House of Councillors	Upper chamber of legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: SNTV (73 seats) + Party list PR (Open list) D'Hondt method (96 seats)	1-5 / 48 (Per election)	242 (Half of the seats are up each election.)
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (295 seats)^[44] + Party list PR (Closed list) D'Hondt method (180 seats)	6-29 / 1	475
Jordan	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: each voter has one vote for one candidate in one subdistrict of his choice in the district he lives in (like SNTV), one winner per subdistrict (like FPTP) (108 seats in 45 districts including 12 seats reserved for minorities) + 15 seats reserved for women (best losers) + Party list PR (closed lists) (27 seats)	2.4 (average) / 27	150
Kazakhstan	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	indirect	40 senators elected by regional legislatures, 10 appointed by president	2	50
	Assembly of People (Mazhilis)	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party-list		98 + 9 members elected by electoral college	7%
Kenya	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two round vote			>50% in national tally + >25% votes in more than 24 counties
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Plurality: 47 FPTP + 20 List proportional to seats won		47 elected county senators + 16 nominated female senators + 2 youths + 2 PLWD^[45]
	National Assembly of Kenya	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Plurality: 337 FPTP + 12 List proportional to seats won^[46]	1	290 single member constituencies + 47 female representatives (1 per county) + 12 nominated by parties	5% to nominate additional members
Kiribati	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	FPTP
Kiribati	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Modified Two-round block voting^{[citation needed]}	1-3	44 + 1 delegate from Banaba Island and 1 ex officio		In the first round a candidate is elected if they receive more than 50% of the ballots cast. When not all seats are filled, a second round is held with the number of candidates being equal to the number of seats remaining to be filled plus two, with those who received the fewest votes in the first round being eliminated.
Kuwait	Emir	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
Kuwait	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	semi-proportional	Single non-transferable vote (1 vote for 10 seats)	10	50
Kyrgyzstan	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
Kyrgyzstan	Supreme Council	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (36 seats) + Party list PR (54 seats)		90	5%
Laos	President	Head of State	indirect	Elected by the National Assembly
Laos	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Bloc voting		115^{[citation needed]}
Latvia	Saeima	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Sainte-Laguë method	14–28	100	5%
Lebanon	Chamber of Deputies	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR (open list): D'Hondt method	5-13	128
Lesotho	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
Lesotho	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	MMP using mixed single vote: (40 party list seats / 80 FPTP seats)		120	None
Liberia	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	majoritarian	FPTP	2 per county, 1 per election	30
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	FPTP	1	73
Liechtenstein	Prince	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
Liechtenstein	Diet	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota)	10, 15	25	8%
Lithuania	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Lithuania	Seimas	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: Two-round system (71 seats) + Party list PR (70 seats, Largest remainder)	70 / 1	141	5% (parties), 7% (coalitions)
Luxembourg	Chamber of Deputies	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR:Open lists:D'Hondt method	7-23	60
Macau	Legislative Council	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	12	29
Madagascar	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system^[47]
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Parallel voting: FPTP (87 seats) + Party list PR (Closed list, highest averages method; 64 seats)^[47]^[48]	1 / 2	151
Malawi	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	First-past-the-post
Malawi	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	194^{[citation needed]}
Malaysia	Yang di-Pertuan Agong	Head of State	no election	rotation among 9 members of the Conference of Rulers				By convention and informal agreement, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected based on seniority in the first cycle (which lasts from 1957 to 1994)
	Senate (Dewan Negara)	Upper chamber of legislature	indirect	Indirect elections for 26 seats (each two seats are determined by the State Legislative Assemblies) + 44 seats appointed by the Yand di-Pertuan Agong (of which 4 of the seats are reserved to the Federal Territories members)
	House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	222
Maldives	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
Maldives	Majlis	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	77^{[citation needed]}
Mali	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Mali	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Two-round system		160^{[citation needed]}
Malta	House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Single transferable vote (STV) modified with gender corrective seats	5	65 + up to 12 levelling seats (gender)		Since the 2022 election, if the number of candidates elected from a gender (male/female) is less than 40%, up to 12 additional seats are added to achieve correction. Levelling seats are awarded on party-parity basis, 1-1 correction seats at a time for both parties. If more than 2 parties gain seats, the gender corrective mechanism is not used.^[49]
Marshall Islands	President	Head of State and Government	indirect	Elected by the Legislature
Marshall Islands	Legislature	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (19 seats) + Bloc voting (14 seats)	1 / 2-5	33
Mauritania	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Mauritania	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: 106 in 46 districts; in districts with 1-2 seats : Two-round system, in larger districts: List-PR (simple quota largest remainder; closed-list) + twice 20 nationally (one set of 20 reserved for women): List-PR (simple quota largest remainder; closed-list)		146
Mauritius	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Bloc voting	2–3	62 + 8 'best losers' appointed
Mexico	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: Largest remainder (Hare quota) + winner takes 2, second takes 1 (limited (party) block voting with closed lists)	32 / 3	128	2%
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (300 seats) + Largest remainder (Hare quota) (200 seats)	40 / 1	500	2%
Federated States of Micronesia	President	Head of State and Government	indirect	Elected by the Congress
Federated States of Micronesia	Congress	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	14
Moldova	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system^[50]
Moldova	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	101	101	4%
Monaco	Prince	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
Monaco	National Council	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: Plurality-at-large voting in single nationwide constituency (16 seats) + D'Hondt method (8 seats)^[51]		24	5% (For proportional seats)^[51]
Mongolia	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system^[52]
Mongolia	State Great Khural	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Plurality-at-large voting (76 seats, 1-3 per district) Candidates have to get at least 28% of the votes in a district to get elected. If there are unfilled seat, a runoff is held with twice the number of candidates as there are unfilled seats.^[53]	1–3, 28	76
Montenegro	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Montenegro	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method	5, 76	81	3%
Montserrat	Legislative Council	Unicameral legislature			9	9
Morocco	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	House of Councillors	Upper chamber of legislature
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: Largest remainder (295 seats) + list of women (30 seats)		325
Mozambique	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Mozambique	Assembly of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	250	250	5%
Myanmar (Burma)	People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw)	Upper chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	12 per region or state	440 (25% appointed by military)
Myanmar (Burma)	National Assembly (Amyotha Hluttaw)	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1 per township	224 (25% appointed by military)
Namibia	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
	National Council	Upper chamber of legislature
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Hare quota + 6 appointed	72	78
Nauru		Head of State and Government
Nauru	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	semi-proportional	Modified Borda Count (Dowdall system, First ranked candidate gets 1 point, second 1/2, third 1/3 and so on.)^[54]	2-4^[54]	19^[55]
Nepal	House of Representatives(Pratinidhi Sabha)	Lower chamber of legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (165 seats)^[56]^[57] + Party list PR: Closed lists: Modified Sainte-Laguë method (110 seats)	1-10	165 FPTP and 110 PR	(3% of total votes for PR or at least one seat in FPTP)
Nepal	National Assembly (Rastriya Sabha)	Upper chamber of legislature
Kingdom of the Netherlands	Senate (Eerste Kamer)	Upper chamber of legislature	proportional	Elected by members of states-provincial using Party list PR	75	75
	House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer)	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method	150	150	0.67%
	Aruba Parliament	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method^[58]	21^[59]	21	4,76% (One quota)
New Zealand	House of Representatives (Parliament)	Unicameral legislature	proportional	MMP: Sainte-Laguë method (48+ seats) / FPTP (72 district seats which also includes 7 seats reserved for Maori)		120 + overhang seats	5% or 1 district seat
Nicaragua	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	First-past-the-post
Nicaragua	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	1-20	90 + 2 (former president and presidential runner-up)
Niger	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Niger	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list (105 seats) + 8 from FPTP		113
Nigeria	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	mixed	First-past-the-post	3 per state (plus one for the federal capital)	109
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	mixed	First-past-the-post	1 per federal constituency (5 - 24 per state, plus 2 for the federal capital)	360
Niue	Assembly	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (14 seats) + Bloc voting (6 seats)	1 / 6	20
Northern Cyprus	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
Northern Cyprus	Assembly of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists^[60]	2–16	50	5% (parties)
North Korea	Supreme People's Assembly	Unicameral legislature	single winner	First-past-the-post, endorsement of selected candidates	1	687
North Macedonia	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
North Macedonia	Assembly	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	20	120
Norway	Storting	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: Modified Sainte-Laguë method^[61]	4–19	150 + 19 leveling seats	4% for leveling seats
Oman	Sultan	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy				Absolute monarchy
	Council of State (Majlis al-Dawla)	Upper chamber of legislature
	Consultative Assembly (Majlis al-Shura)	Lower chamber of legislature
Pakistan	President	Head of State	single winner	Electoral college Electors consist of National Assembly, Senate and provincial assemblies
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	FPTP (272 seats) (+ 70 members appointed by parties proportional with seats already won)	1	272 elected + 70 appointed (60 women + 10 non-Muslim)
Palau	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Plurality block voting	13	13
	House of Delegates	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	16
Palestine	President	Head of State	single winner	First-past-the-post
Palestine	Legislative Council	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: Bloc voting or FPTP (66 seats) + Party list PR (Sainte-Laguë method; closed list; 66 seats)	66 / 1–9	132	2%
Panama	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	First-past-the-post
Panama	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Single-member constituencies: FPTP; multi-member: Saripolo or Sartori method (Largest remainder, but remainders only for those with no seats)	1–7	78
Papua New Guinea	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
Papua New Guinea	National Parliament	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Instant runoff voting (IRV)	1	109
Paraguay	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	FPTP^[62]
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	45	45
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	1-19	80
Peru	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
Peru	Congress of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Largest remainder	1-35	130
Philippines	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Bloc voting	12 / 1	24
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (229 districts in 2010, 232 in 2013, 238 in 2016, 243 in 2019) + Party list (closed lists; modified Hare quota with 3-seat cap and no remainders; 57 seats in 2010, 58 in 2013, 59 in 2016, 61 in 2019)	57 / 1 (2010), 58 / 1 (2013), 59 / 1 (2016), 61 / 1 (2019)	286 (2010), 292 (2013), 297 (2016), 304 (2019)	2%; parties with less than 2% of the vote may win seats if the list seats haven't been completely distributed.
Poland	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	100
	Diet (Sejm)	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	7–20	460	5% (8% for coalitions, 0% for national minorities)
Portugal	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Portugal	Assembly of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method	2–47	230
Qatar	Emir	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
Qatar	Consultative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	single winner	First-past-the-post	1	45
Romania	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method^[63]	2–13^[64]	136 (out of which 2 seats for the Romanians living abroad)^[64]	5% on national level or 20% in at least 4 constituencies (parties), 8-10% (coalitions)^[65]
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method^[63]	4–29^[64] + 1 seat for each national minority	330 (out of which 18 seats for the national minorities, 4 for the Romanians living abroad)^[64]	5% on national level or 20% in at least 4 constituencies (parties), 8-10% (coalitions)^[65]
Russia	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
	Federation Council	Upper chamber of legislature	indirect	89 senators elected by regional parliaments, 89 appointed by governors	2	178
	State Duma	Lower chamber of legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (225 seats)^[66] + Party list (225 seats)	1, 225	450	5%
Rwanda	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	FPTP^[67]
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Largest remainder	53	53 + 24 elected by provincial councils + 3 appointed	5%
Saint Kitts and Nevis	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
Saint Kitts and Nevis	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	11 + 3 appointed + 1 ex officio
Saint Lucia	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
	House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	17
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	15 + 6 appointed
Samoa	Fono	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Parallel voting: FPTP (35 seats) + Bloc voting (14 seats)	1 / 2	49
San Marino	Captains Regent	Head of State	indirect	Elected by the Grand and General Council
San Marino	Grand and General Council	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list using a D'Hondt method with, if no government is formed, second round with only 2 largest parties (national majority bonus/jackpot)		60
São Tomé and Príncipe	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
São Tomé and Príncipe	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list: closed lists (7 districts)	7.9 (average)	55
Senegal	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
Senegal	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: 105 seats by First-past-the-post or Party Bloc vote + 60 seats by Proportional Representation		150
Serbia	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Serbia	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method	250	250	5% (0.4% for minorities)
Seychelles	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	First-past-the-post
Seychelles	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (25 seats) + Party list PR (Hare quota, 8 seats)	9 / 1	34
Sierra Leone	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system^[68]
Sierra Leone	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR^[69]		132 + 12 Paramount chiefs
Singapore	President	Head of State	single winner	First-past-the-post
Singapore	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Parallel voting: Party bloc voting (79 seats) + FPTP (14 seats)^[70]	4 or 5 / 1	93 elected^[71] + 11 appointed (9 NMP + 2 NCMP)
Slovakia	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
Slovakia	National Council of the Slovak Republic	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: flexible lists: variant of Hagenbach-Bischoff system^[72]	150	150	5% / 7% (coalitions of 2-3 parties) / 10% (coalitions of at least 4 parties)
Slovenia	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
	National Council	Upper chamber of legislature
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method (88 seats) + 2 seats by Borda Count	11/8 + 2 single-seat constituencies	90	4%
Solomon Islands	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
Solomon Islands	National Parliament	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	50
Somalia	President	Head of State	single winner	indirect election by the Federal Parliament of Somalia
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature
	House of The People	Lower chamber of legislature
Somaliland	House of Elders	Upper chamber of legislature
Somaliland	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature
South Africa	President	Head of State and Government	indirect	Elected by the National Assembly (candidates must be a member of the National Assembly at the time of election)^[73]
	National Council of Provinces	Upper chamber of legislature	elected by provicial parliaments	proportional	10	90
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Closed lists: Droop quota	10 districts 9 provincial districts 5 - 48 one at large district 200	400
South Korea	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	FPTP
South Korea	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Combination of parallel voting and additional member system: FPTP (253 seats) / AMS party list (30 seats) / parallel party list (closed lists: modified Hare quota largest remainder method) (17 seats)		300	PR: 5 FPTP seats / 3%
South Sudan	President	Head of State and Government				South Sudan has never had a national election. See 2024 South Sudanese general election
	Council of States	Upper chamber of legislature
	National Legislative Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature
Spain	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	semi-proportional	Limited vote (3 votes for 4 seats) (208 members), appointment by regional legislatures (variable)	2–4	208 + variable number
Spain	Congress of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method	1–35	350	3%
Sri Lanka	President	Head of State	single winner	Sri Lankan contingent vote
Sri Lanka	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: Largest remainder (Hare quota)	4-20	225
Suriname	President	Head of State and Government	indirect	Elected by a 2/3 supermajority in the National Assembly^[74]
Suriname	National Assembly of Suriname	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: (10 districts)	2-17	51
Sweden	Riksdag	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: Modified Sainte-Laguë	2-38	349	4% (or 12% in a constituency)
Switzerland	President	Head of State and Government	indirect	rotation among 7 members of Federal Council				elected by the Federal Assembly, only "primus inter pares"
	Council of States	Upper chamber of legislature	varies	Two-round system (42 seats), Proportional representation (4 seats: Neuchâtel and Jura)	1–2	46
	National Council	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method	1-34	200
Syria	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system^[75]
Syria	People's Council	Unicameral legislature
Taiwan (Republic of China)	President	Head of State	single winner	First-past-the-post
Taiwan (Republic of China)	Legislative Yuan	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (73 seats) + Party-list PR (Hare quota) (34 seats) Aboriginal seats: SNTV (6 seats)	1 Aboriginal constituencies: 3	113	5%
Tajikistan	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	First-past-the-post
	National Assembly	Upper chamber of legislature
	Assembly of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: Two-round system single-member constituencies (41 seats) + Party list (22 seats)		63	5%
Tanzania	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system^[76]
Tanzania	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (264 seats) + 5 Elected Indirectly by Zanzibar's Legislature + 5 Appointed by the President + 1 Ex-officio^[77] + Party list (113 seats)	113/1/5/6	393
Thailand	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	indirect	Indirect Limited voting (LV) with self-nomination		200
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (400 seats) ^[78] + party list (100 seats with mixed single vote)	100/1	500	None^[79]
Togo	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
Togo	National Assembly of Togo	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	List PR in multi-member districts [2]		81
Tonga	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
Tonga	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Two-round system		9 + 9 elected by nobles + 10 members of Privy Council + 2 governors
Trinidad and Tobago	President	Head of State	indirect	Electoral college consisting of senators and representatives
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	no election	Appointed by president		31		16 appointed on advice of the prime minister, 6 on advice of the opposition leader, 9 at President's discretion
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	41
Tunisia	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system^[80]^[81]
Tunisia	Assembly of the Representatives of the People	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party-list PR: Closed list: Largest remainder method (Hare Quota) ^[82]^[83]	4-10 (Seats in Tunisia), 1-5 (Seats for Tunisians abroad)	217
Turkey	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
Turkey	Grand National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list	1-35	600	7%
Turkmenistan	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
	People's Council	Upper chamber of legislature
	Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	Two-round system		50
Tuvalu	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
Tuvalu	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	plurality bloc voting	2	16
Uganda	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	First-past-the-post
Uganda	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	214 + 78 from various groups
Ukraine	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system.^[84]
Ukraine	Verkhovna Rada	Unicameral legislature	proportional	Party list PR: open regional lists ^[85]	450	450	5%
United Kingdom	King	Head of State	no election	Hereditary monarchy
	House of Lords	Upper chamber of legislature	no election	26 Lords Spiritual appointed as bishops by the Church of England, 92 Lords Temporal elected from the 806 hereditary peers by hereditary peers (or the entire House for 15 peers), and an unlimited number of Life Peers appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister (currently 670)^[86]		784^[87]
	House of Commons	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	650
	Northern Ireland Assembly	Devolved regional legislature	proportional	Single transferable vote (STV)	5	90
	Scotland Parliament	Devolved regional legislature	mixed
	Wales Senedd	Devolved regional legislature	mixed
	Anguilla House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post
	Bermuda House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	36
	Cayman Islands Parliament	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	18 + 2 ex officio^[88]
United States	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Electoral college members chosen in block on basis of state-wide plurality on a per state basis, except in Maine and Nebraska, where two electors are chosen on a statewide basis, and one elector is chosen from each Congressional district on a per district basis. 48 states, including Nebraska, use plurality basis to choose electoral college members for presidential general elections. Alaska and Maine use IRV. Party nominees chosen by delegates allocated in state primaries with varying methods by state and party.
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	majoritarian	FPTP in 46 states.^{[note 1]} Elsewhere: Instant-runoff voting in Alaska and Maine, Two-round system in Georgia and Mississippi	2 per state, 1 per election	100
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	FPTP for all seats in 41 states. Elsewhere: Two-round system in Georgia, Mississippi^[89]^[90]^[91] and Texas,^{[note 2]}^[92] Nonpartisan blanket primary in Alaska, California, Louisiana^[93] and Washington,^{[note 3]}^{[note 4]} and IRV in Alaska and Maine.^[94]^[95]^[96]^[97]	1	435 + 6 non-voting members
Uruguay	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system				Double simultaneous vote
	Chamber of Senators	Upper chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list	30	31 (30 directly elected + the vice-president)
	Chamber of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list	2-42	99
Uzbekistan	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	indirect	84 elected by regional legislatures, 16 appointed by president	6	100
	Legislative Chamber	Lower chamber of legislature	single winner	Two-round system	1	150
Vanuatu	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	semi-proportional mixed	Single non-transferable vote (SNTV)/First past the post	8 one-seat districts; ten districts with 2-7 seats	52
Vatican City	Pope	Head of State and Government	election by unelected body	Elected by the College of Cardinals: Exhaustive ballot (2/3 majority required)
Venezuela	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	First-past-the-post
Venezuela	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP or bloc voting, and FPTP in districts reserved for indigenous peoples (113 seats) + Regional party list (closed list; D'Hondt method) (52 seats)	2 (20 states)-3 (4) / 1 (68 districts), 2 (15), and 3 (4); at least 1 district per state. The three indigenous' districts comprise some whole states	165
Vietnam	President	Head of State	indirect	Elected by the National Assembly
Vietnam	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	Two-round system		498
Yemen	President	Head of State	single winner	Two-round system
	Shura Council	Upper chamber of legislature
	Assembly of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	301
Zambia	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system^[98]
Zambia	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	majoritarian	First-past-the-post	1	150
Zimbabwe	President	Head of State and Government	single winner	Two-round system^[99]
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	proportional	Party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder method (Hare quota) (60 seats, 6 for each province, based on vote for national assembly). Additionally the senate consists of 2 seats for each non-metropolitan district of Zimbabwe elected by each provincial assembly of chiefs using SNTV,^[100] 1 seat each for the president and deputy president of the National Council of Chiefs, 1 male and 1 female seat for people with disabilities elected on separate ballots using FPTP by an electoral college designated by the National Disability Board.^[101]^[102]	6 (directly elected seats)	60 directly elected + 20
	National Assembly of Zimbabwe	Lower chamber of legislature	mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (210 seats) + Party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder method (Hare quota) (60 seats, 6 for each province, reserved for women, and based on vote in the districts)^[101]^[102]^{[note 5]}	1, 6 (Women's lists)	210 + 60 reserved for women

Notes

^ California and Washington additionally utilize a nonpartisan blanket primary, and Louisiana uses a Louisiana primary, for their respective primary elections.
^ U.S. House and Senate general and special elections in Texas require majority votes.
^ Louisiana uses a variant of the blanket primary with the primary at the day of the general election, with a runoff if no candidate receives a majority, while California and Washington has a primary before the general election with the top-two candidates facing off in the general election regardless of whether one has a majority or not. Similarly, Alaska has a variant where instead of having two candidates being the finalists, it has four candidates to be its finalists to facing off. Several states use runoff voting in the partisan primaries.
^ Elections in the United States commonly feature partisan primary elections run by the state (as opposed to by the parties); see Primary election#Primaries in the United States.
^ The constitution specifies the extra 60 seats for women only for the two first parliaments. The first parliament elected with this constitution was in 2013^[103]

References

Much of the data on Bulgaria from Central electoral committee - "Methods for determining the number of mandates in constituencies and the results of the vote" (in Bulgarian); A mathematical analysis of the system

Much of the data regarding which voting system is used is drawn from this 2002 report from the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA).

Much of the data regarding the size of the parliaments comes from this 1997 report from the same Institute.

Some of the data has been updated since then.

External links

ACE Electoral Knowledge Network Expert site providing encyclopedia on Electoral Systems and Management, country by country data, a library of electoral materials, latest election news, the opportunity to submit questions to a network of electoral experts, and a forum to discuss all of the above.
A Handbook of Electoral System Design from International IDEA
Electoral Design Reference Materials from the ACE Project
PARLINE database from the Inter-Parliamentary Union
Political Database of the Americas - Georgetown University
Project for Global Democracy and Human Rights This page links to a table and a world map that is color-coded by the primary electoral system used by each country.

[89] California and Washington additionally utilize a nonpartisan blanket primary, and Louisiana uses a Louisiana primary, for their respective primary elections.

[93] U.S. House and Senate general and special elections in Texas require majority votes.

[fn_1-96] Louisiana uses a variant of the blanket primary with the primary at the day of the general election, with a runoff if no candidate receives a majority, while California and Washington has a primary before the general election with the top-two candidates facing off in the general election regardless of whether one has a majority or not. Similarly, Alaska has a variant where instead of having two candidates being the finalists, it has four candidates to be its finalists to facing off. Several states use runoff voting in the partisan primaries.

[prim-97] Elections in the United States commonly feature partisan primary elections run by the state (as opposed to by the parties); see Primary election#Primaries in the United States.

[108] The constitution specifies the extra 60 seats for women only for the two first parliaments. The first parliament elected with this constitution was in 2013^[103]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[note 1]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[note 2]

[92]

[93]

[note 3]

[note 4]

[94]

[95]

[96]