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List of sovereign states by research and development spending

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This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms, based on data published by World Bank, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

World map by Research & development spending, according to Our World in Data[1]
World map of sovereign states by research and development spending per capita, according to OECD[2]
  $2000-$2249
  $1750-$1999
  $1500-$1749
  $1250-$1499
  $1000-$1249
  $750-$999
  $500-$749
  $250-$499
  $0-$249
  No data

According to World Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″[3]

According to United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ″Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product (GDP).″[4]

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy.″[2]

List

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The following table provides information on R&D spending, based on data published by World Bank,[5] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,[6] and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.[2] The indicator is measured in USD constant prices using 2015 base year and Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) by OECD and as percentage of GDP.

Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.

Country/Territory/Region/GroupPopulationWBUNECEOECD
Source: UN or official state figuresYear% of GDPYear% of GDPYear% of GDPYearMil. USDYearUSD per capita
 Angola34,094,07720230.03%2016
 Albania2,761,78520230.15%2008
 United Arab Emirates9,282,41020201.50%2021
 Argentina46,654,58120230.52%20210.52%20214288.02202192
 Armenia2,981,20020230.21%20210.21%2021
 American Samoa49,71020200.40%2006
 Australia26,461,91220231.83%20191.80%201921738.742019822
 Austria9,159,99320243.26%20213.19%20203.26%202114885.4020211,625
 Azerbaijan10,151,51720230.21%20210.21%2021
 Burundi12,837,74020220.21%2018
 Belgium11,810,01820233.43%20213.46%20203.43%202119249.3620211,630
 Burkina Faso22,752,31520230.25%2021
 Bulgaria6,447,71020220.77%20210.85%2020
 Bahrain1,577,05920230.10%2014
 Bosnia and Herzegovina3,277,08220220.19%20210.19%2021
 Belarus9,200,61720230.46%20210.47%2021
 Bermuda64,05520210.23%2020
 Bolivia12,006,03120220.16%2009
 Brazil203,080,75620221.15%2020
 Brunei445,40020220.28%2018
 Botswana2,410,33820210.56%2013
 Canada40,528,39620231.70%20211.70%20201.55%202229313.562022723
 Switzerland8,931,30620233.36%20213.19%20193.36%202119885.5720212,227
 Chile19,960,88920230.33%20200.33%20201377.39202069
 China1,409,670,00020232.43%20212.43%2021620103.382021440
 Ivory Coast29,389,15020210.07%2016
 DR Congo95,370,00020190.41%2015
 Colombia52,215,50320230.29%20200.29%20201835.89202035
 Cape Verde491,23320210.07%2011
 Costa Rica5,262,22520230.28%20210.28%2021276.19202152
 Cuba11,089,51120220.52%2020
 Cyprus918,10020210.83%20210.81%2020
 Czech Republic10,882,23520232.00%20211.99%20202.00%20218007.912021736
 Germany84,607,01620233.14%20213.11%20203.13%2021129348.4520211,529
 Denmark5,961,24920242.81%20212.97%20202.76%20218818.4020211,479
 Algeria45,400,00020220.53%2017
 Ecuador16,938,98620220.44%2014
 Egypt104,462,54520230.91%2021
 Spain48,592,90920241.43%20211.41%20201.43%202124006.512021494
 Estonia1,366,49120241.75%20211.75%20201.75%2021848.702021621
 Ethiopia107,334,00020230.27%2017
 Finland5,574,01120232.99%20212.91%20202.99%20217607.1020211,365
 France68,373,00020242.22%20212.35%20202.22%202163751.582021932
 Faroe Islands54,54720230.85%2003
 Gabon2,233,27220210.58%2009
 United Kingdom67,026,29220212.91%20211.72%20192.91%202183706.9220211,249
 Georgia3,736,40020230.25%20210.25%2021
 Ghana30,832,01920210.38%2010
 Gambia2,417,47120220.07%2018
 Greece10,413,98220231.46%20211.50%20201.46%20214336.302021416
 Greenland56,86520230.65%2004
 Guatemala17,602,43120230.06%2021
 Guam153,83620200.26%2005
 Hong Kong7,498,10020230.97%2021
 Honduras9,745,14920230.06%2019
 Croatia3,855,64120221.24%20211.24%2020
 Hungary9,597,08520231.64%20211.59%20201.64%20215219.982021544
 Indonesia279,118,86620230.28%2020
 India1,392,329,00020230.65%202042
 Ireland5,281,60020231.13%20211.23%20201.11%20215636.9420211,067
 Iran84,055,00020220.79%2019
 Iraq43,324,00020230.04%2021
 Iceland396,96020232.81%20212.47%20202.81%2021522.6720211,317
 Israel9,842,00020235.56%20215.35%20205.56%202121031.6520212,137
 Italy58,919,34520231.45%20211.53%20201.45%202133135.882021562
 Jamaica2,825,54420190.06%2002
 Jordan11,302,00020220.70%2016
 Japan124,090,00020243.30%20213.30%2021172062.4920211,387
 Kazakhstan20,033,54620240.13%20210.13%2021
 Kenya51,526,00020230.69%2010
 Kyrgyzstan7,100,00020230.08%20210.09%2020
 Cambodia17,091,46420230.12%2015
 South Korea51,439,03820224.93%20214.93%2021110148.0820212,141
 Kuwait4,670,71320200.19%2020
 Laos7,443,00020220.04%2002
 Saint Lucia178,69620180.27%1999
 Sri Lanka22,037,00020230.12%2020
 Lesotho2,306,00020230.05%2015
 Lithuania2,886,51520241.11%20211.15%20201.11%20211146.702021397
 Luxembourg672,05020231.04%20211.12%20201.04%2021735.3720211,113
 Latvia1,872,50020240.74%20210.69%20200.74%2021420.072021224
 Macau681,30020230.38%2021
 Morocco37,022,00020230.66%2010
 Monaco39,05020220.04%2005
 Moldova2,512,75820230.23%20210.23%2021
 Madagascar26,923,35320210.01%2017
 Mexico129,406,73620230.30%20200.33%20177673.49201759
 North Macedonia1,832,69620210.38%20210.38%2021
 Mali22,395,48920220.17%2021
 Malta519,56220210.67%20210.67%2020
 Myanmar55,770,23220220.15%2021
 Montenegro616,69520230.36%20190.36%2019
 Mongolia3,457,54820220.13%2020
 Mozambique32,419,74720220.31%2015
 Mauritania4,475,68320230.01%2018
 Mauritius1,261,04120230.37%2021
 Malaysia33,379,50020230.95%2020
 Namibia2,641,85720230.35%2014
 Nigeria216,783,38120220.13%2007
 Nicaragua6,733,76320220.11%2015
 Netherlands17,947,68420232.31%20212.30%20202.27%202121650.6220211,206
 Norway5,550,20320231.94%20212.28%20201.94%20217008.9020211,263
 Nepal29,164,57820210.30%2010
 New Zealand5,305,60020231.45%20211.47%20213060.202021577
 Oman5,113,07120230.29%2021
 Pakistan241,499,43120230.16%2021
 Panama4,337,40620210.16%2021
 Peru33,396,69820220.17%2020
 Philippines112,892,78120230.32%2018
 Papua New Guinea11,781,55920210.03%2016
 Poland37,653,00020231.44%20211.39%20201.43%202118309.582021486
 Puerto Rico3,205,69120230.43%2015
 Portugal10,467,36620221.68%20211.61%20201.73%20226110.542022584
 Paraguay6,109,64420220.16%2020
 Palestine5,483,45020230.45%2013
 Qatar2,656,03220230.68%2021
 Romania19,051,56220230.47%20210.47%20200.47%20212531.102021133
 Russia146,424,72920231.09%20201.09%20201.10%202040322.302020275
 Rwanda13,246,39420220.76%2019
 Saudi Arabia32,175,22420220.45%2021
 Sudan41,984,50020180.22%2005
 Senegal18,275,74320230.58%2015
 Singapore5,917,60020232.16%20202.22%202011435.9120201,933
 El Salvador6,884,88820220.16%2020
 Serbia6,641,19720230.99%20210.99%2021
 Slovakia5,426,46820230.92%20210.90%20200.92%20211692.632021312
 Slovenia2,123,10320232.13%20212.14%20202.13%20211683.492021793
 Sweden10,551,70720233.42%20213.49%20203.40%202118504.3320211,754
 Eswatini1,223,36220230.27%2015
 Seychelles100,44720220.22%2016
 Syria22,923,00020210.02%2015
 Chad17,414,71720220.30%2016
 Togo8,095,49820220.20%2014
 Thailand68,263,02220211.33%2020
 Tajikistan10,077,60020230.09%20200.09%2020
 Trinidad and Tobago1,367,51020230.06%2020
 Tunisia11,850,23220230.75%2019
 Turkey85,372,37720231.40%20211.09%20201.40%202137144.002021435
 Taiwan23,420,44220233.77%202151229.8820212,187
 Tanzania61,741,12020220.51%2013
 Uganda45,562,00020230.14%2014
 Ukraine36,700,00020230.29%20210.29%2021
 Uruguay3,444,26320230.45%2020
 United States335,893,23820243.46%20213.42%20203.46%2021709712.9020212,113
 Uzbekistan36,599,76420230.13%20210.13%2021
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines110,87220220.11%2002
 Venezuela28,302,00020190.34%2014
 U.S. Virgin Islands87,14620200.03%2007
 Vietnam100,300,00020230.43%2021
 South Africa62,027,50320220.60%20200.60%20204457.37202072
 Zambia19,610,76920220.28%2008
WORLD8,091,885,00020242.71%2021
Low & middle income (WB)1.64%2020
Low-income (WB)
Middle-income (WB)1.64%2020
Lower middle income (WB)0.58%2017
Upper middle income (WB)2.24%2021
High-income (WB)2.94%2021
European Union447,319,91620202.28%20212.16%2021400168.502021895
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development)1,376,606,82020223.01%20212.72%20211618857.4820211,176

References

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  1. ^ Our World in Data. "Research & development spending as a share of GDP". ourworldindata.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  2. ^ a b c Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  3. ^ World Bank. "Metadata Glossary | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  4. ^ United Nations. "Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  5. ^ World Bank. "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  6. ^ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. "Indicator 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". w3.unece.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.

See also

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