List of aviation, avionics, aerospace and aeronautical abbreviations

Below are abbreviations used in aviation, avionics, aerospace and aeronautics.

A edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
A/AAir to air TACAN function
A/CAircraft[1]
ACAltocumulusCloud type
ACCAltocumulus CastellanusCloud type
ACCArea Control Centre
A/DAerodrome
A/FAutofeather
A/FDAirport/Facility Directory
A/PAutopilot
AAEAbove aerodrome elevation[1]In aviation, above aerodrome level (AAL), or above aerodrome elevation (AAE), denotes that an altitude is given above the nearest aerodrome or airport.
AAIBAir Accidents Investigation BranchUnited Kingdom
AAIMAircraft Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
AAOAssumed adverse obstacle
AASAirport advisory service[1]
ACAdvisory circular[2]Information and guidance publication
ACAMAircraft continuous airworthiness monitoring
ACARSAircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System
ACASAirborne collision avoidance system
ACCArea control centre[1]
ACCActive clearance controlTurbine engine system
ACCAccessoryIn gas turbine engine
ACEActuator control electronics
ACFTAircraft[3]
ACIAirports Council International
ACLSAutomatic carrier landing systemAircraft carrier operations
ACMAir cycle machinePart of A/C air conditioning system
ACMSAircraft condition monitoring system
ACPAudio Control Panel
ACRAvionic Communication Router
ACS1Airman Certification Standards[4]FAA pilot testing
ACS2Audio control system
ACU1Air condition unit
ACU2Alternator control unit[2]Protection from alternator over-voltage.
ADAirworthiness Directive
ADAAdvisory area
ADAHRSAir data attitude heading reference system
ADCAir data computer
ADDAcceptable deferred defect
ADFAutomatic direction finderNavigation equipment
ADIAttitude Director Indicator
ADIRSAir Data Inertial Reference System
ADIRUAir Data Inertial Reference Unit
ADIZAir defense identification zone
ADJAdjustmentMechanical term
ADM1Aeronautical decision-makingPiloting term of judgment
ADM2Air data module
ADNAircraft Data NetworkEthernet derivative for Commercial Aircraft
ADS1Air data system
ADS2Automatic dependent surveillance
ADS-AAutomatic dependent surveillance – address
ADS-BAutomatic dependent surveillance – broadcast
ADS-CAutomatic dependent surveillance – contract
ADVArbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Verkehrsflughäfen"German Airports Association"
AEAAssociation of European Airlines
AESAActive electronically scanned array
AFCSautomatic flight control system
AFDAutopilot flight director
AFDCAutopilot flight director computer
AFDSAutopilot flight director system
AFDXAvionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet
AFEAbove field elevation
AFISAirborne flight information systemAlso called automatic flight information service
AFMAircraft flight manual
AFSAeronautical fixed service
AFTAft The direction against the aircraft movement
AFTNAeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network
AGACSAutomatic ground–air communications systemAlso known as ATCSS or data link
AGBAccessory gear boxMainly used in turbine engine
AGCautomatic gain control
AGDLair–ground data link
AGLabove ground level
AHCattitude heading control
AHRSAttitude and heading reference system
AIDSAircraft integrated data system
AIMAeronautical Information Manual
AIPAeronautical Information Publication
AIRACAeronautical information regulation and control
AIRMETAir-mission's Meteorological Advisory[5]In-flight advisory given over 126.7
AIXMAeronautical information exchange model
ALCAutomatic level control
ALIAirworthiness Limitation Item
ALNAAirline network architecture
ALSApproach lighting system
ALT1Alternate
ALT2Altimeter
ALT3Altitude
ALT holdAltitude hold mode
ALTSAltitude select
ALUMAluminum
AMCAcceptable Means of Compliance (EASA)
AMEAircraft Maintenance Engineer
AMEAviation Medical Examiner
AMLCDActive-matrix liquid-crystal display
AMMAircraft Maintenance Manual
AMOApproved Maintenance Organization
AMSAir management system
AMSLAbove mean sea level
AMPAircraft maintenance program
AMTAircraft Maintenance Technician
ANCActive noise cancellation
ANDAircraft Nose Down
ANNAnnunciator panelCaution warning system normally containing visual and audio alerts to the pilot
ANPTAeronautical national pipe taper
ANRActive noise reduction
ANSP1Air navigation service provider
ANSP2Authorization of Aircraft Network Security Program (FAA)
ANTAntenna (radio)
ANSOGAirport Network Security Operator Guidance (Boeing)
A/OAir oilIn turbine engines
AOAAngle of attack
AOC1Air operator's certificate
AOC2Aeronautical operational control
AOGAircraft on ground
AOM1Aircraft operations manual
AOM2Airport/aerodrome operating minima
AOPAirport operating plan
APAutopilot
A/PAirplane (US), Aeroplane (ICAO)
APARSAutomatic pressure altitude reporting system
APCAuto pilot computer
APIRSAttitude and positioning inertial reference system
APOAAirport of arrival
APODAirport of departure
APMAircraft personality module
APPAppendix
APPLApplication
APPROXApproximately
APSAuto pilot system
APTAirport
APUAuxiliary power unit
APVApproach procedure with vertical guidanceInstrumental approach
AQPAdvanced Qualification ProgramFAA training and testing
ARAirworthiness review
ARauthorization required
ARAs required
ARCAirworthiness review certificate
ARINCAeronautical Radio Inc.
AROAirport reservation office
ARPAerodrome reference point
ARTCCAir route traffic control centers
ASASAirborne Separation Assurance System
ASDAircraft situation display
ASDAAccelerate Stop Distance Available
ASDLAeronautical satellite data link
ASIAirspeed indicator
ASLAbove sea level[1]
ASLOAircraft Security Logging Overview
ASMAirspace management
ASMAvailable seat miles
A-SMGCSAdvanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System
assyAssembly
A/SAnti-Skid
ASRAirport surveillance radar
ASUAvionics switching unit
A/TAutothrottleAlso 'AT'
A/THRAutothrust
ATAAir Transport Association
ATAGAir Transport Action GroupA coalition of aviation industry experts focusing on sustainable development issues.
ATCAir traffic control
ATCCAir traffic control centre
ATCTAirport traffic control tower
ATCRBSAir traffic control radar beacon system
ATCSSAir traffic control signalling system
ATDActual time of departureEquivalent to off-block time[6]
ATEAdvanced Technology Engine
ATFAerodrome traffic frequency
ATFMAir traffic flow management
ATISAutomatic Terminal Information Service
ATMAir traffic management
ATNAeronautical Telecommunication Network
ATOApproved Training Organisation
ATPLAirline Transport Pilot Licence
ATQPAlternative Training and Qualification Programme
ATR1 1Air transportable racking
ATR2Automatic thrust restoration
ATSAir traffic service
ATSAWAirborne traffic situational awareness
ATSUAir traffic services unitAvionics LRU for ACARS
ATTAttitude
ATTCSAutomatic Take-off Thrust Control System
AUPRTAAirplane Upset Prevention & Recovery Training Aid
AVAILAvailable
AvionicsAviation electronics
AVSA"Adjust vertical speed adjust"TCAS Voice command to adjust traffic separation
AWACSAirborne Warning and Control SystemAirborne early warning and control (AEW&C) or Boeing E-3 Sentry
AWBSAviation weather briefing service[5]Available at designated FSS's
AWGAmerican Wire GageThe larger the size number, the smaller the wire diameter.
AWISAviation weather information service[5]Available at FSS
AWOAll weather operations
AWOSAutomated weather observation system[5]Automated METAR reporting system
AWWSAviation weather web site[7]In Canada

B edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
B RNAVBasic area navigation
BAROBarometric indication, setting or pressure
baro-VNAVBarometric vertical navigation
BCback courseOr 'BCRS'
BCAABelgian Civil Aviation Authority
BDCbottom dead centre[1]Piston engine
BDIbearing distance indicator
BFLbalanced field length
BFRbiennial flight review
BGANBroadcast Global Area Network
BERbeyond economic repairHull loss
BHPbrake horsepower[1]
BITEBuilt-In Test Equipment
BLButt Line
BMEBridge Mounted Equipment
B/PBlue Print
BPRbypass ratio
BOMbill of material
BTVBrake-to-Vacate SystemA new feature introduced by Airbus A380
BWCbird watch condition
BVIDBarely Visible Impact Damage
BVRBeyond Visual Range

C edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
C2command and control
CACaptain
CAACivil Aviation Authority
CACTCSCabin Air Conditioning and Temperature Control System(Pronounced "Cactus")
CAICaution Advisory PanelSometimes spelled "caution-advisory" or "caution/advisory". Also known as annunciator panel or Centralized Warning Panel (CWP)
CAMcockpit area microphonePart of a cockpit voice recorder
CAMEContinuing Airworthiness Management Exposition
CAMOContinuing Airworthiness Management Organisation
CAMPContinuous Airworthiness Maintenance Program (FAA)
CAN busController Area Network
CANSOCivil Air Navigation Services Organisation
CAPcabin attendant panel
CARcivil aviation regulation
CARscivil aviation regulations[8][9]
CARSCanadian Aviation Regulations
CAScalibrated airspeed
CASSCommercial Air Service Standards
CASScontinuing analysis and surveillance system
CAT (I–IIIc)Operational performance CategoryCAT I: Operational performance Category 1

CAT I Enhanced: Allows for lower minimums than CAT I in some cases to CAT 2 minimums
CAT II: Operational performance Category II
CAT IIIa: Operational performance Category IIIa
CAT IIIb: Operational performance Category IIIb
CAT IIIc: Operational performance Category IIIc

CAT1clear air turbulence[1]
CAT2Commercial Air Transport
CAVOKCeiling and Visibility OK[10]Visibility is at least 10 kilometres and no clouds below 5000 feet with no forecasted significant weather change such as precipitation.
CAVUCeiling and Visibility Unlimited
CAWcontinuing airworthiness (EASA)
CBCumulonimbus cloud
CBTcomputer-based training
CCRsclosed circuit mixed gas rebreathers
CCRsconstant current regulators
CDAContinuous descent approach
CDCCLcritical design configuration control limitation
CDIcourse deviation indicator
CDUControl Display Unit
CDFAContinuous Descent Final Approach
NUO
CDTICockpit display of traffic information
CDLconfiguration deviation list
CDUcontrol/display unit
CFITcontrolled flight into terrain
CFGconstant frequency generator
CFRCode of Federal RegulationsIn the United States
CGcenter of gravity
CHCourse Heading
CHDOcertificate-holding district office (FAA)
CHPCourse Heading Panel
CHTCylinder Head Temperature (Piston engine aviation)
CIcost index
CIDCustomer induced damage
C/LCentre line
CLchecklistA flight deck manual, usually part of a Quick Reference Handbook
CLRClearSeen on GFA and is used for sky coverage
CMCcentral maintenance computer
CMMcomponent maintenance manual
CMOCertificate Management OfficeFAA
CMVconverted meteorological visibility
CMPAcomplex motor-powered aircraft
CMUCommunications Management Unit
CNSCommunication, navigation and surveillance
CNS/ATMCommunication, navigation and surveillance / Air traffic management[11]
CODECCoder/decoder
CofACertificate of airworthiness
COMM or COMCommunications transceiver, Communications receiver, or Communications radio transmitterNow, normally: either VHF or UHF; HF communications avionics are usually abbreviated simply HF
CORSIACarbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation
COTSCommercial off-the-shelf
CPAClosest point of approach
CPDLCcontroller–pilot data link communications
CPRChanged product ruleEASA
CPSCycles per second
CRDComment-response document (EASA)Part of rule making process
CRESCorrosion resistant steel
CRMCrew resource management
CRTCathode ray tube
CScertification specification (EASA)
CSDconstant speed drive
CSDBCommercial Standard Digital Bus
CSDBCollins Standard Digital Bus
CSNCycles since newNormally measured in FC or EFC for an aircraft, engine or component
CSOcycles since overhaul
CSScabin services system
CSUconstant speed unit
CSCTConfiguration Item Signer Crater ToolBoeing
CTAFcommon traffic advisory frequency
CTRcontrolled traffic region/control zone
CV/DFDRCockpit voice and digital flight data recorderSee Flight recorder
CVRcockpit voice recorderSee Flight recorder
CWScontrol wheel steering

D edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
DCompass Deviation
DA/Hdecision altitude/height (rel. to THR)See instrument landing system
DA1Decision AltitudePrecision approach or vertical guidance
DA2density altitude
DA3Drift angle
DAHdesign approval holder (EASA)
DAPsDownlink of aircraft parameters
DBERdamaged beyond economic repairHull loss
DCDUDatalink control and display unit
DCLDeparture Clearance via CPDLC
DCPDisplay control panel
DDGDispatch deviation guidehttps://fsims.faa.gov/WDocs/8400.10%20Air%20Transp%20Ops%20Insp%20Handbk/Volume%204.%20AIRCRAFT%20EQUIPMENT%20AND%20OPERATIONAL%20AUTHORIZATIONS/Vol%204-Chap%204-Sec%203.htm
DEFDARSDigital Expandable Flight Data Acquisition and Recording System
DERdeparture end of runway
DERDesignated Engineering Representative
DEUdisplay electronic unit
DFDRDigital Flight Data RecorderSee flight recorder
DFMCDual Frequency Multiple Constellation
DGdirectional gyro
DGPSdifferential GPS[1]
DGRDangerous Goods Regulation
DHDecision heightPrecision approach, referred to threshold elevation
DIAdiameter
DLRdatalink recorder
DLRGerman Aerospace Center / Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.
DMEdistance measuring equipment
DMEDesignated Mechanic Examiner[2]A person appointed by the FAA
DMIdeferred maintenance item
DNCDirect noise canceling
DOdesign organization
DOAdesign organization approvalEASA
DODARdiagnose, options, decide, act/assign, review
DOMdesign organization manual
DOWdry operational weight
DPDeparture Procedures
DPUDisplay Processor Unit
DRdead reckoning
DRMCDirect Reading Magnetic Compass
DSPDigital signal processing
DTOdeclared training organisation
DTUData transfer unit
DUATSDirect User Access Terminal Service
DVEDegraded Visual Environment

E edit

AbbreviationTerm
EAengineering authorisation
EADIElectronic Attitude Direction Indicator
EASequivalent airspeed[1]
EASAEuropean Aviation Safety Agency
EATexpected approach time[1]
EBOMengineering Bill of Material
EBUengine build-up
ECengineering control (also E/C)
ECAMelectronic centralised aircraft monitor
ECETend of civil evening twilight
ECREngineering Change Request
ECSEnvironmental control system
ECUEngine Control Unit (=EEC)
EDRengineering data record
EDTOextended diversion time operations
EECelectronic engine control
EETestimated elapsed time
EFBelectronic flight bag
EFC1Engine Flight Cycle
EFC2expect further clearance
EFDElectronic flight display
EFFRAengine failure flap retraction altitude
EFISelectronic flight instrument system
EFHEngine Flight Hour
EFPengine failure procedure
EFSelevator feel shift
EFTOengine failure on take-off
EFVSEnhanced flight visual system
EGPWSenhanced ground proximity warning system
EGIEmbedded GPS Inertial
EGNOSEuropean Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
EGTexhaust gas temperature
EHMengine health monitoring
EHSEnhanced surveillance
EHSIElectronic Horizontal Situation Indicator
EICASengine-indicating and crew-alerting system
EISElectronic Instrument System
E-LSAexperimental light-sport aircraft
ELACelevator and aileron computer
ELOSEquivalent Level of Safety
ELTemergency locator transmitter
EMASengineered materials arresting system
EMDPelectric motor driven pump
ENCElectronic noise canceling
ENCASIAEuropean Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
ENGengine
ENRElectronic noise reduction
EOBTestimated off-blocktime
EPAEuropean part approval (EASA)
EPRengine pressure ratio
EPUEmergency Power Unit
ERAMEn Route Automation Modernization
ERMengineering request for maintenance
ESAemergency safe altitude
ETAestimated time of arrival
ETDestimated time of departure[1]
ETEestimated time en route[1]
ETLeffective translational lift
ETOPSExtended-range Twin-engine Operation Performance Standards
ETSOEuropean Technical Standard Order, issued by EASA; see TSO
EUROCAEEuropean Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
EVASEmergency Vision Assurance System
EVSIEnhanced Vision Systems Instrument
EVSEnhanced Vision Systems
EWEmpty Weight

F edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
FAAFederal Aviation AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation agency
FACFinal approach course
FACFfinal approach course fixPoint at which the final approach descent is begun
FADECfull authority digital engine controlEngine equipment
FACFlight Augmentation computerAvionics
FAFfinal approach fix
FAFfirst available flightAirline operations
FALSfull approach lighting system
FANSFuture Air Navigation SystemAvionics
FAPfinal approach point
FAPforward attendant panelAircraft equipment
FARFederal Aviation RegulationFAA regulation
FAR/AIMFederal Aviation Regulation /
Aeronautical Information Manual
Bundle of FAA regulations and Aeronautical Manual[12]
FAROSfinal approach runway occupancy signal
FASfinal approach segment
FATFree air temperature
FATOfinal approach and take off
FBWinds aloftWorld Meteorological Organization abbrev. see also FD
FBOfixed-base operatorAirfield operations
FBSfixed base simulatorFlight crew training
FBWfly-by-wire
FCCFlight Control Computer
FCflight crew
FCFfunctional flight checkCheck functionality after maintenance
FCMCFuel Control & Monitoring Computer
FCOMflight crew operating manualAircraft operations
FCSflight control system
FCTMflight crew training manual
FCUfuel control unitIn turbine engines
FDflight directorAvionics
FDupper winds and temperature forecast[1]US and Canada abbrev. See also FB
FDAUflight-data acquisition unit
FDMflight data monitoringOperations planning
FDPflight duty period
FDPSflight plan data processing systemFlight planning
FDRflight data recorderAvionics. Also known as 'black box'.
FDRSflight data recorder systemAvionics
FDTLflight duty time limitations
FDUflux detector unit
FEPfinal end point
FFfuel flow
FFDZfree fall drop zone (parachutists)
FFSfull flight simulatorFlight crew training
FGFlight Guidance
FICflight information centre
FIDOFog Investigation and Dispersal OperationAirfield operations
FIKIFlight Into Known IcingAircraft operations
FIRflight information regionATC
FISFederal Inspection Services
FIS-BFlight information services – broadcast
FISEflight information service enroute
FLflight levelATC
FLIRForward-looking infra-red
FLTAForward-looking terrain avoidance
FMfrequency modulationExample: FM immunity
FMAflight mode annunciatorEquipment
FMCflight management computer (part of a FMS)Avionics
FMGCFlight management and guidance computerAvionics. Also FMGS: Flight Management & Guidance System
FMSflight management systemAvionics
FOfirst officerFlight crew
FOBFuel On-Board
FODforeign object damageAirfield operations
FOOflight operations officerAirline employee
FOQAflight operational quality assurance
FPAflight path angle
FPLfiled flight planATC
FPMfeet per minute
FQISFuel Quantity Indication System
FREQFrequency
FSDOFlight Standards District Office (FAA)
FSFFlight Safety FoundationU.S.-based nonprofit organisation
FSIMSFlight Standards Information Management System (FAA)
FSSflight service station
FTDflight training deviceFlight crew training
FTLflight time limitations
FVUflux valve unitEquipment
FWSFlight warning system
FYDSFlight director / yaw damper system

G edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
GAgeneral aviation
G/A or GAgo-aroundAborted landing procedure
GASTGBAS Approach Service Type
GBASGround based augmentation system
GCASGround collision avoidance system
GBSTground-based, software toolAirfield operations
GCAGround-controlled approachAirfield operations
GCUgenerator control unit
GDOPGeometric dilution of precision
GEAGround effect area
GGSGlobal positioning system ground station
GHzGigahertz
GLOCg-induced loss of consciousness"g" Is acceleration relevant to the acceleration caused by gravity
GLONASSGlobal Navigation Satellite SystemOr GNSS
GLNSGPS Landing and Navigation System
GLNUGPS Landing and Navigation Unit
GLSGBAS Landing System
GLUGPS landing unit
GMguidance material (EASA)
GMMgeneral maintenance manual
GMTGreenwich Mean Time
GNDgroundAirfield operations
GPglide pathSee instrument landing system
GPPgeneral practices and procedures
GPSGlobal Positioning SystemAvionics
GPUGround Power UnitAerospace Ground Equipment
GPWSground proximity warning systemAvionics
G/SglideslopeAvionics
GSgroundspeed
GSEground support equipmentAerospace ground equipment
GSPTGross shop processing time
GUMPSGas, Undercarriage, Mixture, Propeller, Seat belts/SwitchesMental checklist before landing

H edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
HHeavyWake turbulence category
HHigh
HAAHeight above airport
HATHeight Above Touchdown
HAZMATHazardous Material
HBCSHigh Bandwidth Connectivity System
HDBHorizontal Deviation Bar (GS)
HDGHeadingNavigation
HDG SELHeading selectNavigation
HDIHorizontal Deviation Indicator
HDOPHorizontal dilution of precision
HFHigh frequency
HFEHuman Factors Engineering[13]
HFESHuman Factors and Ergonomics SocietyU.S.-based nonprofit organisation
"HgInch of MercurySymbol for unit of pressure
HHLDHeading holdNavigation
HIGEhover in ground effectHelicopter operations
HIRLHigh Intensity Runway lightingAirfield operations
HIROHigh Intensity Runway OperationAirfield operations
HIRTAHigh Intensity Radio Transmission Area
HIWASHazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service
HLHeight loss
HLDholdMaintain same altitude or speed or direction
HMGhydraulic motor generator
HMDHelmet-mounted display
HMUhydro-mechanical unitIn turbine engine
HOGEhover out of ground effectHelicopter operations
HOTASHands On Throttle And Stick
HPAhuman-powered aircraftAircraft type
HPChigh pressure compressorIn turbine engine
HPRHigh Pressure Rotor
HPThigh pressure turbineIn turbine engines
HPTACChigh pressure turbine active clearance controlMainly used in turbofan engines
HSDHigh-speed data
HSIhorizontal situation indicatorAvionics
HSLHeading select
HUDhead-up displayAvionics
HUMHuman Remains
HUMSHealth and usage monitoring systems
HWheadwind
HYDhydraulicAircraft equipment
HYDIMhydraulic interface module
HzHertzSymbol for unit of frequency

I edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
IACinstrument approach chart
IAFinitial approach fix
IANIntegrated Approach NavigationIAN approaches provide the functions, indications and alerting features similar to an ILS approach (B737 FCTM)
IAPinstrument approach procedure
IASindicated airspeed
IATAInternational Air Transport Association
IBinboard
ICAInstructions for Continuous Airworthiness
ICAOInternational Civil Aviation Organization
ICASInternational Council of the Aeronautical Sciences
ICDinterface control document
ICOidle cut-off
ICTSice-contaminated tailplane stall
IDidentify/identification or identifier
IDENTidentify/identifier
IDGintegrated drive generatorCombination of a CSD and generator in a single case
IDSinformation display systemOr: integrated display system
IDTidentifyXPDR
IEPRintegrated engine pressure ratio
IETMinteractive electronic technical manual
IFintermediate approach fixInstrumental approach
IFAInternational Federation of Airworthiness
IFATCAInternational Federation of Air Traffic Controllers' Associations
IFEin-flight entertainment
IFFidentification friend or foe
IFICSintegrated flight instrument and control systemBritish Aircraft Corporation, now British Aerospace
IFPinstrument flight procedure
IFRinstrument flight rules
IFSDin-flight shutdown
IGVinlet guide vane
ILSinstrument landing system
IMCinstrument meteorological conditions
IMLinside mold line
INDindicator
InHginch of mercury
INSinertial navigation system
IPCillustrated parts catalog (e.g. by Boeing, Airbus)
IRinitial release
IRSinertial reference system
IRTinstrument rating test
IRUinertial reference unit
IRVRinstrumented runway visual range
ISAInternational Standard Atmosphere
ISFDintegrated standby flight display
ISISintegrated standby instrument system
ISPintegrated switching panel
ITARInternational Traffic in Arms Regulations
ITTinterstage turbine temperature
IVSIinstantaneous vertical speed indicator

J edit

AbbreviationTerm
JAAJoint Aviation Authorities
JARJoint Aviation Requirements
JTIDSJoint Tactical Information Distribution System

K edit

AbbreviationTerm
KCASknots calibrated airspeed
KIASknots indicated airspeed
KREkey risk element
KTASknots true airspeed

L edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
LLightWake turbulence category
LAASLocal Area Augmentation System
LADGPSLocal Area Differential GPS
LAHSOLand And Hold Short Operations
LAMElicensed aircraft maintenance engineer
LATlarge air tankerA class of waterbomber
LCClow-cost carrier
LCDliquid crystal display
LCGload classification group
LCNload classification number
LDAlanding distance available
LDAlocalizer type directional aid
LDGPSlocal area differential global positioning satellite
LDRlanding distance required
LEDlight-emitting diode
LHOlive human organs
LHSleft hand seatJargon for captain
LIRLoading Instruction Report
LKPlast known position
LLCLife Limited Component
LLPLife Limited PartEASA, ICAO
LLZlocalizerILS approach
LMland and marine
LMMLocator middle marker
LNAVlateral navigation
LOAletter of authorizationFAA
LOClocalizer
LOCloss of control
LOCIloss of control inflight
LOFTline-oriented flight training
LOMlimitation of movement
LOMlocator outer marker
LOPALocation of Passenger Accommodations
LORANLong-range navigation
LOTCloss of thrust control
LPClow pressure compressorIn turbine engines
LPRLow Pressure Rotor
LPTlow pressure turbine
LPTACClow pressure turbine active clearance controlMainly used in turbofan engines
LPVlocalizer performance with vertical guidance
LRClong range cruise
LRUline-replaceable unit
LSAPloadable software aircraft part (EASA)Introduced in RMP for technical records
LSASlongitudinal stability augmentation system
LTCline training captain
LTELoss of Tail Rotor EffectivenessHelicopters
LTPlanding threshold point
LVPlow visibility proceduresDesignated state of operations at aerodromes where instrument approaches and low-visibility takeoff procedures are used during inclement weather
LWlanding weight
LXLightning
LZlanding zone

M edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
MmediumWake turbulence category
MACmean aerodynamic chord
MACmid-air collision
MAHFMissed Approach Holding FixUsed in RNAV
MANABManual of Word Abbreviations[14]Used in Canada
MAPmanifold absolute pressure
MAPmissed approach pointOr: MAPt. Instrument approach.
MAPSMinimum Aviation Performance Standards
MATSManual of Air Traffic Services
MBMarker beacon
MBCMain Base Check
MCASManeuvering Characteristics Augmentation SystemHeld responsible for Boeing 737 MAX groundings
MCBFMean cycles between failures
MCCMulti-crew cooperation
MCDUmultifunction control display unit
MCHManufacturer Certificate HolderTCCA; see also PAH and POA
MCPmode control panel
MCTmaximum continuous thrust
MCDUmulti control display unit
MDAminimum descent altitudeOr: minimum decision altitude. Non-precision approach.
MDDRmaintenance deferred defect record
MDHminimum descent heightOr: minimum decision height. Non-precision approach.
MDMmulti-disciplinary measureEASA
MEManufacturing Engineer
MEAMinimum En-route Altitude
MEDEVACmedical evacuation
MEFmaximum elevation figure
MMELmaster minimum equipment list
MELminimum equipment list
MEPmulti-engine piston
METARmeteorological aerodrome report
MFMedium frequency
MFDmulti-function display
MFDSmulti-function display system
MFRAminimum flap retraction altitude
MHmagnetic heading
MICMicrophone
MIDSMultifunctional information distribution system
MILSPECMilitary specification
MKPMulti-function Keypad
MKRMarker beacon
MLmaintenance laptop
MLDWmaximum landing weight
MLGMain Landing Gear
MLSmicrowave landing system
MMmiddle marker
MMDMoving map display
MNPSMinimum navigation performance specifications
MOAMilitary operations area
MOCAMinimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude
Mode ATransponder pulse-code reporting
Mode BTransponder code and altitude reporting
Mode CTransponder code, altitude, and TCAS reporting
MOEmaintenance organisation exposition
MOPSMinimum Operational Performance Standard
MORAMinimum Off Route Altitude
MOSArtModular Open System Architecture
MPmanifold pressure
MPLmulti-crew pilot license
MPUMultifunction Processor Unit
MRBMaterial Review Board
MROmaintenance, repair, overhaul
MROmaintenance and repair organization
MROTMinimum Runway Occupancy Time
MRPMaterial Resources Planning
MRWmaximum ramp weight
MSAminimum safe altitude / minimum sector altitude
MSDMinimum Stabilization Distance
MSDSMaterial Safety Data Sheet
MSGMessage
MSLmean sea level
MSLWMax. Structural Landing Weight
MSPModes S-Specific Protocol
MSSSMode S-Specific Services
MSTOWMax. Structural Take-off Weight
MSZFWMax. Structural Zero Fuel Weight
MTBFMean time between failures
MTBSVMean time between shop visit
MTBURMean time between unscheduled removals
MTOWmaximum take-off weight
MTTFMean time to failure
MVAMinimum Vectoring Altitude
MVFRMarginal visual flight rules
MXMaintenance
MZFWMaximum Zero Fuel Weight

N edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
NADPnoise abatement departure procedure
NASNational Airspace SystemUnited States
NAVNavigation receiverNormally VHF navigation receiver for VOR
NavaidNavigational aidOr: aid to navigation (ATON)
NAVCOMMCombination navigation and communications equipmentOr: NAV/COM or NAV-COM. normally VHF navigation receiver integrated with VHF communications transceiver
NAVSTAR-GPSNavigation Satellite Timing And RangingThe space-borne or satellite navigation system
NCATNational Center for Aviation TrainingUS educational facility
NCATTNational Center for Aircraft Technician TrainingUS educational facility
NDNavigation display
NDBnon-directional beacon
NDTnon-destructive testing
NFFNo fault foundOr: no trouble found (NTF) or no defect found (NDF)
NGSnitrogen generation system
NHAnext higher assembly
NISTNational Institute of Standards and Technology
NLGnose landing gear
NLRNetherlands Aerospace Research Centre
NMNautical mileOr: NMI
NNCnon-normal checklist
NNMnon-normal maneuver (Boeing QRH - 737 Flight Crew Operations Manual)
NORADNorth American Aerospace Defense CommandUS-Canadian military security agency
NORDOno radio
NOTAMNotice to air missions[15]
NOTARno tail rotor[2]Helicopter control system
NOZNormal Operating ZoneParallel runways operation
NPAnon-precision approachInstrumental approach
NPAnotice of proposed amendmentEASA
NPRMnotice of proposed rulemakingFAA
NRRnoise reduction ratinghearing protector attenuation
NRTCnonroutine task card
NVDNight-vision deviceOr: Night-vision goggles (NVG)
NTSBNational Transportation Safety BoardU.S. governmental agency
NTZno-transgression zoneParallel runways operation

N numbers (turbines) edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
N#compressor speed[1]N1, N2, etc. refers to the specific compressor spool (in the order that air passes over them). (See: Jet engine)
Nggas generator speed[1]
Nhhigh rotor speed[1]
Nppower turbine speed[1]
Nrrotor speed (helicopters)Np and Nr are typically shown on the same gauge with two needles, both expressed in percent, so that the pilot can tell if the power turbine is driving the rotor or if it is freewheeling.

O edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
OASObstacle Assessment Surface
OAToutside air temperature
OBEovercome by events
OBIOmnibearing indicatorSee CDI
OBSomni-bearing selector
OCAobstacle clearance altitude
OCCOperations control center
OCCMon condition / condition monitored components
OCHobstacle clearance height
OEIone engine inoperative
OEMoriginal equipment manufacturer
OFZObstacle Free Zone
OGVoutlet guide vane
OHMoverhaul manual
OISobstacle identification surfaceInstrumental procedures
OISOperational Information System
OMouter marker
OMLouter mold line
ONSonboard network system
ONATOnboard Network Access Terminal
O/ROn Request
OTSout of service
OPCoperational check
OPS/CHKoperational check
OWoperational weight
OWE/OEWOperating Weight Empty/Operating empty weight

P edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
P(as a prefix:) prohibited airspace
PApressure altitude
PAPublic address system
PAEWPersonnel and equipment working
PAHproduction approval holderFAA; see also POA and MCH
PALPilot Activated Lighting
PANS-OPSprocedures for air navigation services – aircraft operations
PAOGPre Aircraft on Ground
PAPIprecision approach path indicator
PARprecision approach radar
PATWASPilot's Automatic Telephone Weather Answering Service[5]
PAXpassenger
PBCSperformance-based communication and surveillance
PBDplace bearing distanceRNAV waypoint
PBEProtective Breathing Equipment
PBNPerformance-Based Navigation
PCproficiency check
PCLPilot Controlled Lighting
P-CodeGPS precision code
PCNpavement classification number
PDProfile descent
PDAperformance degradation allowance
PDASpublic domain aeronautical software
PDCPre-Departure Clearance
PDGprocedure design gradient
PDMpilot decision making
PDOPPosition dilution of precision
PDUpower drive unitFlap actuation
PETpoint of equal time
PESAPassive electronically scanned array
PFpilot flying
PFAFprecision final approach fix
PFDprimary flight displayOr: primary flight director
PICPilot In Command
PICUSPilot In Command, under supervision[16]
PIOPilot Induced Oscillations
PIPperformance improvement package
PIREPPilot Report
PJAParachute Jumping Area
PJEParachute jumping exercise
PMpilot monitoring
PMAParts Manufacturer Approval
PMIPrincipal Maintenance Inspector
PMCpower management computerTurbine engines
PMGpermanent magnet generator
PNpart numberAlso P/N
PNDprimary navigation display
PNFpilot not flying
PNRpassive noise reduction
PNRPoint of No Return
POAProduction Organisation ApprovalEASA; see also PAH and MHC
POBpersons on board
POFPhase of flight
POFPrinciples Of Flight
POPilot's Operating HandbookSometimes referred to as a POH
POSPosition
PPLprivate pilot licence
PPRprior permission required
PRAPre-recorded announcement
P-RNAV
PSpassenger step
PSAAProduct support and assurance agreement
PSEUProximity Switch Electronic Unit / B737
PSRpoint of safe return
PSRpower supply reset
PSRprimary surveillance radar
PSUpassenger service unit
PTCUpower transfer Control unit
PTFpermit to fly
PTOLpoint take-off and landing
PTRPilot Training Record
PTTpush to talk
PYLDpayload

Q edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
QARquick access recorder
QCMquality and compliance monitoring
QECquick engine change
QFEthe Q-code for: Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation (or at runway threshold)
QNEthe Q-code for pressure altitude
QNHthe Q-code for: Altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain elevation when on the ground, i.e. altitude above MSL
QRAquick reaction alert
QRHquick reference handbook
QTOLquiet take-off and landing[17]

R edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
R(as a prefix:) restricted airspace
RAradio altitude or radar altimeter
RAresolution advisoryIn the context of TCAS
RAASRunway Awareness and Advisory System
RAASremote airport advisory service
Rad AltRadio Altitude
RadarRAdio Detection And Ranging
RAIRadio altimeter indicator
RAIMReceiver Autonomous Integrity MonitoringOr: remote autonomous integrity monitoring
RALTRadar or radio altimeter
RAREPSWeather Radar Reports[5]Provided by Air Traffic Controllers
RASrectified air speed
RA(T)restricted area (temporary)
RATram air turbine
RCOremote communications outlet
RCRReverse current relay
RCVRRadio receiver
RDHreference datum heightFor instrument landing system (ILS)
RDMIRadio distance magnetic indicator
RDPRadar data processing system
RDRRadar
REFReference
REILRunway end identifier lights
RELRelative
REORepair engineering order
RESArunway end safety area
RFRadio frequency
RFFrescue and fire fighting
RFIRadio frequency interference
RFIrecreational flight instructor
RGBreduction gear box
RHSright hand seatJargon for first officer
RHSMreduced horizontal separation minimal
RIAregulatory impact assessment (EASA)
RIIrequired inspection items
RLGRing laser gyroscope
RLTCRemaining Life Time CycleCounter to the limiter especially for LLPs in engines
RLYRelay
RMIradio magnetic indicator
RMPRadio Management Panel
RMTrule making task (EASA)
RNAVarea navigation
RNGRange (aeronautics)
RNPrequired navigation performance
RoCRate of climb
RoDRate of descentOr: sink rate
RPARemotely Piloted AircraftOr: Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
RPASRemotely Piloted Aircraft System
RPLRecreational Pilot Licence
RPLrepetitive flight planning
RPMRevolutions per minute
RPTregular public transport
RQRRequired
RSArunway safety area
RSPReversion switch panel
RSRen-route surveillance radar
RTradiotelephony
RTBreturn to base
RTERoute
RTFradiotelephony
RTLrudder travel limiting
RTORejected takeoff
RTOLReduced take-off and landing
RTOWregulatory take-off weight
RVDTrotary variable differential transformerIn a turbine engine
RVRrunway visual range
RVSMreduced vertical separation minima
RWramp weight
RWYrunway
RXRadio receiver

S edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
SAFSustainable aviation fuel
SAILSpecific assurance and integrity level
SARSearch and rescue
SARSmart ACMS Recorder
SARSurveillance Approach Radar
SASstability augmentation system
SATStatic Air TemperatureOr: Outside air temperature (OAT)
SATCOMSatellite communication
SATNAVSatellite navigation
SBservice bulletin
SBAASSatellite-Based Augmentation SystemOr: SBAS
SCspecial condition
SCAPStandard Computerized Airplane Performance
SCCMsenior cabin crew member
SDSecure digital
SDFSimplified directional facility
SDUSatellite data unit
SELCALSelective calling
SEPSafety and Emergency Procedures
SEPsingle-engine piston
SESARSingle European Sky ATM Research
SESMASpecial Event Search and Master Analysis
SFStratus FractusCloud type
SFCCSlat Flap Control Computer
SFOSenior First Officer
SFPShort Field PerformanceB737 Enhancement program for landing in short runways
SFOCSpecial Flight Operating Certificate
SIDstandard instrument departure
SIGMETSignificant Meteorological Information
SIUSatellite interface unit
SLPCsingle lever power control
SMservice manual
SMMsafety management documentICAO
SMOHSince major overhaul
SMRsurface movement radar
SMSShort Messaging Service
SMTsoftware maintenance tool
SNserial number
SNRsignal-to-noise ratio
SOCstart of climb at missed approach
SODPROsimultaneous opposite direction parallel runway operations
SOFspecial operations forcesMilitary unit
SOGspeed over groundSame as ground speed
SOGSpecial Operations Group
SOPstandard operating procedure
SOWStatement of Work
SPKRSpeaker
SPSStall Protection System
SQSquelchOr: SQL
SRsunrise
SRMstructural repair manual
SRSSpeed Reference System
SSsunset
SSCV/DRSolid-state cockpit voice/data recorderSee flight recorder
SSCVRSolid-state cockpit voice recorderSee flight recorder
SSFDRSolid-state flight data recorderSee flight recorder
SSRSecondary surveillance radar
STARstandard terminal arrival route
STARSStandard Terminal Automation Replacement System
STCsupplemental type certificate
STCAShort-Term Conflict Alert
STOLshort take-off and landing[1]
STPStandard temperature and pressure
STSspeed trim system
SUASpecial use airspace
SVFRSpecial visual flight rules
SVGSSynthetic vision guidance system

T edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
TAtraffic advisorySee TCAS
TAAterminal arrival altitude
TAAterminal arrival area
TACthrust asymmetry compensation
TACANtactical air navigation (system)
TachTachometer
TADTerrain awareness display
TAFterminal aerodrome forecastOr: Terminal area forecast.
TAIthermal anti-ice
TALPATakeoff and Landing Performance Assessment Aviation Rules Committee
TAMtotal airport management
TARterminal approach radar
TAStrue airspeed
TATtotal air temperatureOr: true air temperature
TAWSterrain awareness and warning system
TBOtime between overhaulsOr: time before overhaul
TBVtransient bleed valveIn turbine engines
TCTransport Canada
TCtowering cumulus
TCturn coordinator
TCTrue Course
TCtype certificate
TCAterminal control area (USA/Canada)Europe: terminal manoeuvring area (TMA)
TCAThrottle control assembly
TCAStraffic collision avoidance system
TCCATransport Canada's Civil Aviation
TCDStype certificate data sheet
TCFTerrain clearance floor
TCHthreshold crossing height
TCIthrust computer indicator
TCNTACAN
TCUTelecommunication control unitOr: terminal control unit, or line control unit, used in Air traffic control
TDOPTime dilution of precision
TDRTransponder(In some cases)
TDZtouchdown zone
TERPSterminal instrument proceduresOr: terminal en route procedures
TFCtraffic
TFRtemporary flight restrictionAirspace
TFTThin-film transistor
TGBtransfer gearbox
TGLtemporary guidance leaflet
TGL(S)touch-and-go landing(s)
TGTTarget
TGTTurbine gas temperature
THLDthresholdOr: THR
THTrue HeadingOr: THDG
THRrunway threshold
THStrimmable horizontal stabilizer, see tailplane
TIS–BTraffic information service – broadcast
TITturbine inlet temperature
TKTrack angle
TKETrack-angle error
TLDtime-limited dispatch
TLAThree-letter acronym
TLAThrust lever angle
TLBtechnical logbook (EASA)
TLStransponder landing system
TMAterminal manoeuvring area (Europe)USA/Canada: terminal control area
TMGtouring motor glider
TMLToolbox Mobile Library (Boeing)
TMZtransponder mandatory zone
TOCTop of climbOr: T/C
TODtop of descent (point)Or: T/D
TODAtake-off distance available
TO/GATakeoff/go-around switch / thrustOr: TOGA
TOPtake-off power
TORtake-off runway
TORAtake-off runway available
TOTTurbine outlet temperature
TOWtake-off weight
TOWStake-off warning system
TRtail rotorOr: T/R. Helicopters.
TRthrust reverser(s)Or: T/R
TRtransformer rectifier
TRtransmitter receiver or transceiverOr: T/R
TPturning point at missed approach
TRAtemporary reserved area (airspace)
TRACONterminal radar approach control
TRANStransition
TRANSTransmission (telecommunications)Or: transmit
TREtype rating examiner
TRKTrack
TRPthrust rating panel
TRPMode S transponder
TSOtechnical standard order[2]FAA specification of quality standard.
TSLOVHTime since last overhaulNormally measured in FH or EFH
TSNTime since newNormally measured in FH or EFH for an aircraft, engine or component
TTAFtotal time air frame
TTLTuned to Localizer
TTRTCAS II transmitter/receiver
TTSTime to station
TTSNtotal time since new
TTSOtotal time since overhaul
TVETotal vertical error
TWBTranscribed Weather Broadcasts[5]Abbreviated area forecast
TWCtail wind component
TWDLTwo-way data linkOr: terminal weather data link
TWDRTerminal Doppler Weather Radar
TWIPTerminal weather information for pilots
TWLUTerminal Wireless LAN Unit
TWRAir traffic control tower
TWRTerminal weather radar
TWYtaxiway
TXTransmit

U edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
UACUpper area control
UARTUniversal asynchronous receiver-transmitter
UASUnmanned Aircraft System[18]
UAVUnmanned aerial vehicleCommonly called 'drones', also 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA)'
UHFultra-high frequency
UIRupper information region
ULBunderwater locator beacon
UNLUnlimitedSeen on GFA and is used for visibility
UPRTupset prevention and recovery training
USBUniversal Serial Bus
UTCUniversal Time CoordinatedIndicates time zones

V edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
Vmagnetic variation
VVolts or voltage
V&Vvideo & vision[19]
VARVariation
VASIvisual approach slope indicatorVASIS = visual approach slope indicator system
VBVvariable bleed valveIn turbine engines
VCRvisual control room
VCSvehicle control service
VDFVHF direction-finding
VDLVHF Data Link
VDPvisual descent pointPoint in a direct approach where a 3º normal visual descent can be started to achieve a safe landing and stabilized approach to the RWY - VDP (in distance) = HAT (height over terrain) / 300 (HAT is the height of the MDA read in the approach chart of the AD)
VDRVHF digital radio
VFOVariable-frequency oscillator
VFRvisual flight rules
VGvortex generator
VGAVideo Graphics Array
VG/DGVertical gyroscope/directional gyroscope
VGLSVisual Guidance Lighting SystemsFAA navigation services
VGMvoice generator moduleSee AWOS
VHFvery high frequency
VIDvisible impact damage
VIGVvariable inlet guide vane
V/LVOR/Localizer
VMCvisual meteorological conditions
VMCminimum control speed with critical engine out
VNAVvertical navigationOr: V/NAV
VNCVFR navigation chart
VNENever exceed speed
VNOMaximum structural cruising speed
VNRVHF navigation receiver
VORVHF omni-directional range
VOR/DMEVOR with Distance measuring equipment
VOR/MBVOR marker beacon
VORTACVOR and TACAN combination
VOXVoice transmissionVoice Operated Transmitter
VPAVertical Path Approach
VPATHVertical path
V/RVoltage regulator
VRPVisual point of reference
VRSvortex ring stateHelicopter flight phenomenon
V/SVertical speed
VSCFvariable speed constant frequencyElectricity generation system
VSIvertical speed indicator
VSMVertical separation limit
VSOStall speed in landing configuration
VSVvariable stator vaneIn a turbine engine
VSWRVoltage–standing wave ratio
VTAVFR terminal area chart[1]
VTOLvertical take-off and landing[1]
V/TRKVertical track
VVIvertical velocity indicatorSame as VSI
VXSpeed for best angle of climb
VYSpeed for best rate of climb

V speeds edit

W edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
WAASWide Area Augmentation System
WACWorld Aeronautical Chart
WATweight, altitude, temperatureVariables that affect takeoff performance
W&BWeight & BalanceSometimes referred to as WxB
WCAWind Correction Angle
WDWind directionOr: WINDR
WDMWiring Diagram Manual
WEFwith effect from
WEPWar Emergency Power
WMAWXR waveguide adapter
WMIWXR indicator mount
WMSWide-area master station
WMSCWeather message switching center
WMSCRWeather message switching center replacement
WOCLwindow of circadian low
WOFWweight-off-wheelsIndicates aircraft is off ground since lift off
WONWweight-on-wheelsIndicates aircraft is on ground since touch down
WPTWaypointOr: WYPT
WRTWXR receiver transmitter
WSwind shear
WTCWake Turbulence Category
Wxweather[1]
WXRWeather radar system

X edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
XCcross-country[1]
XCVRTransceiver
XFRTransfer
XMITtransmit
XMSNtransmission
XMTRtransmitter
XPDRtransponder
XPNDRtransponder
XTKCrosstrack
X-StartCross-startUsing the air pressure or electrical power from a working engine

Y edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
Yyaw or yaw angle
Y/Dyaw damperOr: YD

Z edit

AbbreviationTermNotes
ZZulu TimeCoordinated Universal Time (UTC)
ZFTzero-fuel time
ZFWzero-fuel weight
ZULUZulu TimeCoordinated Universal Time (UTC)

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w McDonald, Sandy A.F. From the ground up. Aviation Publishers Co. Ltd. pp. Appendix B.
  2. ^ a b c d e Jeppesen, Boeing. A&P Technician General Textbook. pp. Glossary.
  3. ^ "Definition of ACFT". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  4. ^ FAA Airman Certification Standards
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Nielsen, Dane. PILOT PREP. Canuck West Holdings Inc.
  6. ^ "Actual Off-Block Time - EUROCONTROL ATM Lexicon". ext.eurocontrol.int. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
  7. ^ "AWWS – Forecasts and Observations". flightplanning.navcanada.ca. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
  8. ^ "Airworthiness Directives".
  9. ^ "Current rules". 17 February 2016.
  10. ^ Aviation., Canada. Transport Canada. Canada. Civil (2005). Transport Canada aeronautical information manual : (TC AIM). Transport Canada. OCLC 1083332661.
  11. ^ "CNS/ATM Systems" (PDF). International Civil Aviation Organization.
  12. ^ "FAR/AIM Series". Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc.
  13. ^ "HFE".
  14. ^ Canada, Environment and Climate Change (2012-05-23). "MANAB: Manual of Word Abbreviations - 4th edition". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-12.
  15. ^ Federal Aviation Administration, FAA. "What is a NOTAM?".
  16. ^ "Training requirements". Civil Aviation Authority (UK).
  17. ^ Wragg, David W. (1973). A Dictionary of Aviation (first ed.). Osprey. p. 218. ISBN 9780850451634.
  18. ^ US DoD
  19. ^ V&V – thefreedictionary.com

Sources

External links edit