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List of ancient Greek and Roman roofs

The list of ancient roofs comprises roof constructions from Greek and Roman architecture ordered by clear span. Roof constructions increased in clear span as Greek and Roman engineering improved. Most buildings in classical Greece were covered by traditional prop-and-lintel constructions, which often needed to include interior colonnades. In Sicily, truss roofs presumably appeared as early as 550 BC.[1] Their potential was fully realized in the Roman period which saw over 30 m wide trussed roofs spanning the rectangular spaces of monumental public buildings such as temples, basilicas, and later churches. Such spans were thrice as large as the widest prop-and-lintel roofs and only superseded by the largest Roman domes.[2]

The truss roof of the 4th-century church Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome. The triangular frame of beams of the main nave is largely self-supporting, since the forces are carried along the beams rather than acting vertically on them.

Greek roofing

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List of ancient Greek monuments by descending largest clear span
ImageMonumentLocationRegionDateType of roofWidth between cella wallsClear span between colonnadesLargest clear span
Temple of Olympian Zeus
(or Olympeion)		AgrigentoSicilyTruss [3]12.851–12.85 [4]
Temple of HeraclesAgrigentoSicily5th century BC, earlyTruss [3]11.841–11.84 [4]
Temple ESelinunteSicily480/70 BCTruss [3]11.701–11.70 [4]
ParthenonAthensGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]19.2011.0511.05 [4]
S. BiagioAgrigentoSicilyTruss [3]10.351–10.35 [4]
AtheneSyracuseSicilyTruss [3]19.821–19.82 [4]
ErechtheionAthensGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]19.801–19.80 [4]
Treasury of GelaOlympiaGreeceTruss [1]19.681–19.68 [4]
Temple of Athena AleaTegeaGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]18.941–18.94 [4]
Temple of ZeusOlympiaGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]13.2618.5218.52 [4]
Temple CSelinunteSicily550 BCTruss [3]18.501–18.50 [4]
MegaronGaggeraSicilyTruss [3]18.471–18.47 [4]
AtheniansDelosGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]18.341–18.34 [4]
Temple DSelinunteSicily540 BCTruss [3]18.201–18.20 [4]
Temple of HeraAgrigentoSicilyTruss [3]17.681–17.68 [4]
Temple of ConcordiaAgrigentoSicilyProp-and-lintel [5]17.551–17.55 [4]
Temple ASelinunteSicilyTruss [3]17.501–17.50 [4]
Temple of ApolloDelphiGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]10.7217.3217.32 [4]
Temple GSelinunteSicilyTruss [3]17.9317.1517.15 [4]
Temple FSelinunteSicily530 BCTruss [3]17.121–17.12 [4]
Temple of IsthmiaIsthmiaGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]11.7~7.0~7.0 [4]
Temple of PoseidonSounionGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]16.531–16.53 [4]
HeraionAt the mouth of the Sele River near PaestumItaly, LowerProp-and-lintel [3]16.141–16.14 [4]
ArtemisKalydonGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]16.141?16.14 [4]
Kardaki TempleCorfuGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]~6.01–~6.0 [4]
Second Temple of HeraPaestumItaly, Lower480/70 BCProp-and-lintel [3]10.8515.915.9 [4]
Temple of Athena/CeresPaestumItaly, LowerProp-and-lintel [3]15.701–15.70 [4]
ApolloDelosGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]15.701–15.70 [4]
BasilicaPaestumItaly, Lower550–10 BCProp-and-lintel [3]11.4415.615.6 [4]
Tavole PalatineMetapontumItaly, Lower15.601–15.60 [4]
Bouleuterion (S)OlympiaGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]11.0715.5315.53 [4]
Bouleuterion (N)OlympiaGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]10.8015.4015.40 [4]
Temple of ApolloBassaeGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]16.8115.2315.23 [4]
RhamnousAtticaGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]15.171–15.17 [4]
MetroonOlympiaGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]15.081–15.08 [4]
Temple of HeraOlympiaGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]18.3714.8414.84 [4]
Temple of Hephaestus
(or Theseion)		AthensGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]16.2414.7414.74 [4]
ArtemisCorcyraGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]17.3714.114.1 [4]
Temple of AsclepiusEpidaurosGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]13.951–13.95 [4]
Temple of AphaiaAeginaGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]16.2813.8513.85 [4]
ApolloSyracuseSicilyTruss [3]19.7013.613.6 [4]
ApolloCorinthGreeceProp-and-lintel [3]18.4713.4513.45 [4]

Roman roofing

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List of Roman monuments by descending clear span
ImageMonumentLocationRegionDateType of roofClear span
Throne room of the Flavian PalaceRomeItaly, Central192 ADTruss [6]31.67 [6]
Roman TheatreAostaItaly, UpperAugustanTruss [6]30.49 [6]
DiribitoriumRomeItaly, Central117 BCTruss [6]29.60? [6]
Coenatio IovisRomeItaly, Central192 ADTruss [6]29.30 [6]
Constantine's BasilicaTrierGermany300 ADTruss [6]26.05 [6]
Odeon of AgrippaAthensGreece115 BCTruss [6]25.75 [6]
Temple of Venus and RomaRomeItaly, Central135 ADTruss [6]25.75 [6]
Basilica UlpiaRomeItaly, Central113 ADTruss [6]25.16 [6]
Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the WallsRomeItaly, Central385 ADTruss [6]24.27 [6]
Old St. Peter's BasilicaRomeItaly, Central330 ADTruss [6]23.68 [6]

See also

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References

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Sources

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  • Hodge, A. Trevor (1960), The Woodwork of Greek Roofs, Cambridge University Press, pp. 38–44
  • Ulrich, Roger B. (2007), Roman Woodworking, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-10341-0

Further reading

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  • Klein, Nancy L. (1998), "Evidence for West Greek Influence on Mainland Greek Roof Construction and the Creation of the Truss in the Archaic Period", Hesperia, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 335–374, JSTOR 148449
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  • Traianus – Technical investigation of Roman public works
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