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List of WLAN channels

Wireless LAN (WLAN) channels are frequently accessed using IEEE 802.11 protocols. The 802.11 standard provides several radio frequency bands for use in Wi-Fi communications, each divided into a multitude of channels numbered at 5 MHz spacing (except in the 45/60 GHz band, where they are 0.54/1.08/2.16 GHz apart) between the centre frequency of the channel. The standards allow for channels to be bonded together into wider channels for faster throughput.

860/900 MHz (802.11ah) edit

802.11ah operates in sub-gigahertz unlicensed bands. Each world region supports different sub-bands, and the channels number depends on the starting frequency on the sub-band it belongs to. Therefore there is no global channels numbering plan, and the channels numbers are incompatible between world regions (and even between sub-bands of a same world region).

The following sub-bands are defined in the 802.11ah specifications:

RegionSubband
(MHz)		Bandwidths
(MHz)		Channel
count
Australia915–9281, 2, 4, 813, 6, 3, 1
China(755–787)[a](1, 2, 4, 8)[a]—
Europe863–8681, (2)[a]05, —
917.4–919.4102
Japan916.5–927.5111
Korea917.5–923.51, 2, 406, 3, 1
New Zealand915–9281, 2, 4, 813, 6, 3, 1
Singapore866–8691, 203, 1
920–9251, 2, 405, 2, 1
Taiwan(839–848.5)[a](1, 2, 4)[a]—
United States[1]902–9281, 2, 4, 8, 1626, 13, 6, 3, 1
Indonesia920-923250 kHz—

2.4 GHz (802.11b/g/n/ax/be) edit

See also: Electromagnetic interference at 2.4 GHz § Wi-Fi

14 channels are designated in the 2.4 GHz range, spaced 5 MHz apart from each other except for a 12 MHz space before channel 14.[2] The abbreviation F0 designates each channel's fundamental frequency.

#F0
(MHz)		DSSSOFDMMost of
world
[3][4][5][6]
[7][8][9][10]		North
America
[3]
Japan
[3]
Frequency
range
(MHz)		Channel
22 MHz		Frequency
range
(MHz)		Channel
20 MHz		Center frequency index
40 MHz
0124122401–24230102
 		03——2402–24220102
 		03—03

 		—4
 		—5———YesYesYes
0224172406–242842407–2427046
0324222411–2433052412–2432057
0424272416–2438062417–2437068
0524322421–2443072422–2442079
0624372426–2448082427–24470810
0724422431–245392432–245209
11
0824472436–2458102437–245710—
0924522441–2463112442–246211—
1024572446–2468122447–246712—
1124622451–247313
 		2452–247213—
1224672456–2478—2457–2477——avoidedB
1324722461–2483—2462–2482——
1424842473–249514—NoNo11b onlyC
Notes:

^A In the 2.4 GHz bands bonded 40 MHz channels are uniquely named by the primary and secondary 20 MHz channels, e.g. 9+13. In the 5 GHz bands they are denoted by the center of the wider band and the primary 20 MHz channel e.g. 42[40]

^B In the US, 802.11 operation on channels 12 and 13 is allowed under low power conditions. The 2.4 GHz Part 15 band in the US allows spread-spectrum operation as long as the 50 dB bandwidth of the signal is within the range of 2,400–2,483.5 MHz[11] which fully encompasses channels 1 through 13.A Federal Communications Commission (FCC) document clarifies that only channel 14 is forbidden and that low-power transmitters with low-gain antennas may operate legally in channels 12 and 13.[12] Channels 12 and 13 are nevertheless not normally used in order to avoid any potential interference in the adjacent restricted frequency band, 2,483.5–2,500 MHz,[13] which is subject to strict emission limits set out in 47 CFR § 15.205.[14] Per recent FCC Order 16–181, "an authorized access point device can only operate in the 2483.5–2495 MHz band when it is operating under the control of a Globalstar Network Operating Center and that a client device can only operate in the 2483.5–2495 MHz band when it is operating under the control of an authorized access point"[15]

^C Channel 14 is valid only for DSSS and CCK modes (Clause 18 a.k.a. 802.11b) in Japan. OFDM (i.e., 802.11g) may not be used. (IEEE 802.11-2007 § 19.4.2)

Nations apply their own RF emission regulations to the allowable channels, allowed users and maximum power levels within these frequency ranges. Network operators should consult their local authorities as these regulations may be out of date as they are subject to change at any time. Most of the world will allow the first thirteen channels in the spectrum.

Interference happens when two networks try to operate in the same band, or when their bands overlap. The two modulation methods used have different characteristics of band usage and therefore occupy different widths:

  • The DSSS method used by legacy 802.11 and 802.11b (and the 11b-compatible rates of 11 g) use 22 MHz of bandwidth. This is from the 11 MHz chip rate used by the coding system. No guard band is prescribed;[16] the channel definition provides 3 MHz between 1, 6, and 11.
  • The OFDM method used by 802.11a/b/g/n occupies a bandwidth of 16.25 MHz. The nameplate bandwidth is set to be 20 MHz, rounding up to a multiple of channel width and providing some guard band for signal to attenuate along the edge of the band.[17] This guardband is mainly used to accommodate older routers with modem chipsets prone to full channel occupancy, as most modern Wi‑Fi routers are not prone to excessive channel occupancy.
Graphical representation of Wireless LAN channels in 2.4 GHz band. Channels 12 and 13 are customarily unused in the United States. As a result, the usual 20 MHz allocation becomes 1/6/11, the same as 11b.

While overlapping frequencies can be configured at a location and will usually work, it can cause interference resulting in slowdowns, sometimes severe, particularly in heavy use. Certain subsets of frequencies can be used simultaneously at any one location without interference (see diagrams for typical allocations). The consideration of spacing stems from both the basic bandwidth occupation (described above), which depends on the protocol, and from attenuation of interfering signals over distance. In the worst case, using every fourth or fifth channel by leaving three or four channels clear between used channels causes minimal interference, and narrower spacing still can be used at further distances.[18][19] The "interference" is usually not actual bit-errors, but the wireless transmitters making space for each other. Interference resulting in bit-error is rare.[19] The requirement of the standard is for a transmitter to yield when it decodes another at a level of 3 dB above the noise floor,[20] or when the non-decoded noise level is higher than a threshold Pth which, for Wi-Fi 5 and earlier, is between -76 and -80 dBm.[19]

As shown in the diagram, bonding two 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz channel is permitted in the 2.4 GHz bands. These are generally referred to by the centres of the primary 20 MHz channel and the adjacent secondary 20 MHz channel (e.g. 1+5, 9+13, 13–9, 5–1). The primary 20 MHz channel is used for signalling and backwards compatibility, the secondary is only used when sending data at full speed.

3.65 GHz (802.11y) edit

Except where noted, all information taken from Annex J of IEEE 802.11y-2008

This range is documented as only being allowed as a licensed band in the United States. However, not in the original specification, under newer frequency allocations from the FCC, it falls under the 3.55–3.7 GHz Citizens Broadband Radio Service band. This allows for unlicensed use, under Tier 3 GAA rules, provided that the user doesn't cause harmful interference to Incumbent Access users or Priority Access Licensees and accepts all interference from these users,[21] and also follows of all the technical requirements in CFR 47 Part 96 Subpart E.

A 40 MHz band is available from 3655 to 3695 MHz. It may be divided into eight 5 MHz channels, four 10 MHz channels, or two 20 MHz channels.

The division into 5 MHz channels consumes all eight possible channel numbers, and so (unlike other bands) it is not possible to infer the width of a channel from its number. Instead each wider channel shares its channel number with the 5 MHz channel just above its mid frequency:

  • channel 132 can be either 3660-3665 or 3655-3665;
  • channel 133 can be either 3665-3670 or 3655-3675;

and so on.

ChannelSpan
5 MHz10 MHz20 MHz
1313655–3660
(F₀=3657.5)		3655–3665
(F₀=3660)		3655–3675
(F₀=3665)
132
3660–3665
(F₀=3662.5)
133
3665–3670
(F₀=3667.5)		3665–3675
(F₀=3670)
134
3670–3675
(F₀=3672.5)
135
3675–3680
(F₀=3677.5)		3675–3685
(F₀=3680)		3675–3695
(F₀=3685)
136
3680–3685
(F₀=3682.5)
137
3685–3690
(F₀=3687.5)		3685–3695
(F₀=3690)
138
3690–3695
(F₀=3692.5)

4.9–5.0 GHz (802.11j) WLAN edit

ChannelCenter
frequency
(MHz)		Frequency
range
(MHz)		ChannelJapanUnited
States
10
MHz		20
MHz		40
MHz
18449204910–4930183, 184, 185184184+188
188-184		Registration
required		—
18849404930–4950187, 188, 189188
19249604950–4970—192192+196
196-192
19649804970–4990196
(191)49554945–496511, 13, 1521 —Yes
(195)49754965–498515, 17, 1925
850405030–50507, 8, 98 Revoked—
1250605050–507011, —12
1650805070–5090—16

In Japan since 2002, 80 MHz of spectrum from 4910 to 4990 MHz has been available for both indoor and outdoor use, once registered.

Until 2017, an additional 60 MHz of spectrum from 5030 to 5090 MHz was available for registered use, however it has since been re-purposed and can no longer be used.[22]

50 MHz of spectrum from 4940 to 4990 MHz (WLAN channels 20–26) are in use by public safety entities in the United States. Within this spectrum there are two non-overlapping channels allocated, each 20 MHz wide. The most commonly used channels are 22 and 26.

5 GHz (802.11a/h/n/ac/ax/be) edit

Ch. 20 MHzF0
(MHz)		Frequency
range
(MHz)		F0 indexUS FCC
U-NII band(s)		Australia
[8]		United
States
[23]		Canada
[24][25]		United
Kingdom
[26]		Europe
[27][28][29][30][31][32]		Russia
[33]		Japan
[34][35][36]		India
[37][38][39]		Singa-
pore
[40][41]		China
[42][43]		Israel
[7]		Korea
[44][45]		Turkey
[46]		South Africa
[47]		Brazil
[4][48]		Taiwan
[49]		New
Zealand
[50]		Bahrain
[51]		Vietnam
[52]		Indonesia
[53]		Philippines
[54]
40
MHz		80
MHz		160
MHz
03251605150–5170 U-NII-1IndoorsYesIndoorsIndoors/TPC or [note 1] [note 2]Indoors/TPC or [note 1] [note 2]Indoors/TPC [note 3]IndoorsYesYesIndoorsIndoorsIndoorsIndoorsUn­knownIndoors/TPCYesIndoorsIndoorsIndoorsIndoorsIndoors
03651805170–5190384250Indoors/DFS/
TPC
04052005190–5210
04452205210–523046
04852405230–5250Indoors[note 4]
05252605250–52705458U-NII-2AIndoors/DFS/
TPC or[note 5]		DFS/TPC or [note 6]DFS/TPC or [note 6]Indoors/DFS
/TPC or [note 1] [note 2]		Indoors/DFS
/TPC or [note 1] [note 2]		Indoors/DFS/
TPC		IndoorsDFS/TPC or [note 5]DFS/TPCIndoors/DFS/
TPC or[note 5]		DFS/TPCIndoors/DFS/
TPC		Indoors/DFS/
TPC		DFSDFS/TPC or [note 5]Indoors/DFS/
TPC or[note 5]		DFS/TPC or [note 5]
05652805270–5290
06053005290–531062
06453205310–5330
06853405330–5350707482Indoors/DFS/TPCUn­known
07253605350–5370U-NII-2BUnused
07653805370–539078
08054005390–5410
08454205410–54308690
08854405430–5450
09254605450–547094
09654805470–5490U-NII-2CDFS/TPC or [note 6]DFS/TPC or [note 6]DFS/TPC or [note 6]DFS/TPC or [note 7] [note 8]DFS/TPC or [note 7] [note 8]NoDFS/TPCYesDFS/TPCNoIndoors/DFS/
TPC or[note 6][note 9]		DFS/TPCDFS/TPCUn­knownDFS/TPCDFSDFS/TPC or [note 6]NoDFS/TPC or [note 6]NoIndoors
10055005490–5510102106114Yes
10455205510–5530DFS/TPC or [note 10]
10855405530–5550110
11255605550–5570
11655805570–5590118122
12056005590–5610NoNo
12456205610–5630126
12856405630–5650
13256605650–5670134138 DFS/TPC or [note 6]DFS/TPC or [note 6]DFS/SRD ch 138 & 142; DFS/TPC otherwiseIndoors/TPC [note 3]
13656805670–5690
14057005690–5710142
14457205710–5730U-NII-2C/3SRD [note 11]Indoors[note 12]NoNo
5730–5735—U-NII-3Un­knownUn­known
14957455735–5755151155163YesYesYesSRD (200 mW)NoIndoorsYesYesIndoors[note 12]YesNoNoYesYesYesDFS/TPC/
Fixed		YesYes
15357655755–5775
15757855775–5795159
16158055795–5815
16558255815–5835167171No
16958455835–5855U-NII-3/4Indoors[55]NoSRD (25 mW) [note 11]YesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
17358655855–5875175U-NII-4NoNo
17758855875–5895NoNoNoNoNo
Ch. 20 MHzF0
(MHz)		Frequency
range
(MHz)		40
MHz		80
MHz		160
MHz		US FCC
U-NII band(s)		AustraliaUnited StatesCanadaUnited KingdomEuropeRussiaJapanIndiaSingaporeChinaIsraelKoreaTurkeySouth AfricaBrazilTaiwanNew ZealandBahrainVietnamIndonesiaPhilippines
Notes:
  1. ^ a b c d Transmit power / Power density: Max. 200 mW e.i.r.p. Max. 10 mW/MHz e.i.r.p. density in any 1 MHz band. WAS/RLANs operating in the band 5250–5350 MHz shall either employ transmitter power control (TPC), which provides, on average, a mitigation factor of at least 3 dB on the maximum permitted output power of the systems; or if transmitter power control is not in use, the maximum permitted e.i.r.p. and the corresponding e.i.r.p. density limits shall be reduced by 3 dB.Type of Antenna: integral or dedicated.Max. 25 mW e.i.r.p. (5150–5250 MHz) inside cars for RLAN use. RLAN use inside cars (passenger cars, lorries, buses) in the band 5150–5250 MHz is allowed at a maximum e.i.r.p. of 25 mW.EN 301 893 / ECC/DEC/(04)08 / ERC/REC 70-03, Annex A.
  2. ^ a b c d Channel access and occupation rules: WAS/RLANs operating in the band 5250–5350 MHz shall use mitigation techniques that give at least the same protection as the detection, operational and response requirements described in EN 301 893 to ensure compatible operation with radiodetermination systems (radars). Such mitigation techniques shall equalise the probability of selecting a specific channel for all available channels so as to ensure, on average, a near-uniform spread of spectrum loading.The equipment shall implement an adequate spectrum sharing mechanism in order to facilitate sharing between the various technologies and applications. The adequate spectrum sharing mechanism can be e.g. LBT (Listen Before Talk), DAA (Detect And Avoid) or any other mechanism providing a similar level of mitigation.EN 301 893 / ECC/DEC/(04)08 / ERC/REC 70-03, Annex A.
  3. ^ a b limited to 200 mW
  4. ^ limited to power density of 2.5 mW/MHz
  5. ^ a b c d e f limited to 100 mW instead of 200 mW without TPC
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j limited to 500 mW instead of 1 W without TPC
  7. ^ a b Transmit power / Power density: Max. 1 W e.i.r.p. Max. 50 mW/MHz e.i.r.p. density in any 1 MHz band. WAS/RLANs operating in the band 5470–5725 MHz shall either employ transmitter power control (TPC), which provides, on average, a mitigation factor of at least 3 dB on the maximum permitted output power of the systems; or if transmitter power control is not in use, the maximum permitted e.i.r.p. and the corresponding e.i.r.p. density limits shall be reduced by 3 dB.Type of Antenna: integral or dedicated.EN 301 893 / ECC/DEC/(04)08 /-.
  8. ^ a b Channel access and occupation rules: WAS/RLANs operating in the bands 5470–5725 MHz shall use mitigation techniques that give at least the same protection as the detection, operational and response requirements described in EN 301 893 to ensure compatible operation with radiodetermination systems (radars). Such mitigation techniques shall equalise the probability of selecting a specific channel for all available channels so as to ensure, on average, a near-uniform spread of spectrum loading.The equipment shall implement an adequate spectrum sharing mechanism in order to facilitate sharing between the various technologies and applications. The adequate spectrum sharing mechanism can be e.g. LBT (Listen Before Talk), DAA (Detect And Avoid) or any other mechanism providing a similar level of mitigation.EN 301 893 / ECC/DEC/(04)08 /-.
  9. ^ limited to power density of 14 dBm/MHz instead of 17 dBm/MHz without TPC
  10. ^ Transmit power control mechanism may not be required for systems with an e.i.r.p. of less than 500 mW. Ref- section 3 (iv) G.S.R. 1048(E). dt 18 October 2018
  11. ^ a b short range devices limited to 25 mW EIRP"Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)". ECC. 13 October 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  12. ^ a b limited to power density of 10 dBm/MHz, limited to 25 mW
Caption
TextMeaning
YesCompliant equipment may emit in this band without special restrictions.
NoEquipment shall not emit in this band.
IndoorsEquipment emitting in this band shall not be used outdoors.
DFSEquipment must comply with DFS restrictions.
SRDEquipment must comply with SRD restrictions.
Indoors/DFSEquipment must comply with DFS restrictions and shall not be used outdoors.
Indoors/TPCEquipment must comply with TPC restrictions and shall not be used outdoors.
DFS/TPCEquipment must comply with DFS and TPC restrictions.
DFS/TPC + SRDEquipment must comply with DFS, TPC, and SRD restrictions.
Indoors/DFS/TPCEquipment must comply with DFS and TPC restrictions and shall not be used outdoors.
Registration requiredUsers must register with the applicable regulatory authority before using this band.
Un­knownInformation regarding regulations in this band is not available.
Notes: Bradner, Scott O. (March 1997), Key Words for Use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels, RFC 2119

Country-specific information edit

United States edit

Source:[56]

In 2007, the FCC (United States) began requiring that devices operating in the bands of 5.250–5.350 GHz and 5.470–5.725 GHz must employ dynamic frequency selection (DFS) and transmit power control (TPC) capabilities. This is to avoid interference with weather-radar and military applications.[57] In 2010, the FCC further clarified the use of channels in the 5.470–5.725 GHz band to avoid interference with TDWR, a type of weather radar system.[58] In FCC parlance, these restrictions are now referred to collectively as the Old Rules. On 10 June 2015, the FCC approved a new ruleset for 5 GHz device operation (called the New Rules), which adds 160 and 80 MHz channel identifiers, and re-enables previously prohibited DFS channels, in Publication Number 905462.[59] This FCC publication eliminates the ability for manufacturers to have devices approved or modified under the Old Rules in phases; the New Rules apply in all circumstances as of 2 June 2016.[59]

Source:[60]"To help meet the increasing demand for Wi-Fi and other unlicensed services, the FCC's new rules will make 45 megahertz of the 5.9 GHz band available for unlicensed use. This spectrum's impact will be further amplified by the fact that it is adjacent to an existing Wi-Fi band which, when combined with the 45 megahertz made available today, will support cutting edge broadband applications. These high-throughput channels—up to 160 megahertz wide—will enable gigabit Wi-Fi connectivity for schools, hospitals, small businesses, and other consumers. The Report and Order adopts technical rules to enable full-power indoor unlicensed operations in the lower 45 megahertz portion of the band immediately, as well as opportunities for outdoor unlicensed use on a coordinated basis under certain circumstances. Under the new rules, ITS services will be required to vacate the lower 45 megahertz of the band within one year."

United Kingdom edit

The UK's Ofcom regulations for unlicensed use of the 5 GHz band is similar to Europe, except that DFS is not required for the frequency range 5.725–5.850 GHz and the SRD maximum mean e.i.r.p is 200 mW instead of 25 mW.[61]

Additionally, 5.925–6.425 GHz is also available for unlicensed use, as long as it is used indoors with an SRD of 250 mW.

Germany edit

Germany requires DFS and TPC capabilities on 5.250–5.350 GHz and 5.470–5.725 GHz as well; in addition, the frequency range 5.150–5.350 GHz is allowed only for indoor use, leaving only 5.470–5.725 GHz for outdoor and indoor use.[62]

Since this is the German implementation of EU Rule 2005/513/EC, similar regulations must be expected throughout the European Union.[63][64]

European standard EN 301 893 covers 5.15–5.725 GHz operation, and as of 23 May 2017 v2.1.1 has been adopted.[65]6 GHz can now be used.[66]

Austria edit

Austria adopted Decision 2005/513/EC directly into national law.[67] The same restrictions as in Germany apply, only 5.470–5.725 GHz is allowed to be used outdoors and indoors.[citation needed]

Japan edit

Japan's use of 10 and 20 MHz-wide 5 GHz wireless channels is codified by Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) document STD-T71, Broadband Mobile Access Communication System (CSMA).[68] Additional rule specifications relating to 40, 80, and 160 MHz channel allocation has been taken on by Japan's Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC).[69]

Argentina edit

In Riobama 451 caba gran buenosaires, the use of TPC is required in the 5.150–5.350 GHz and 5.470–5.725 GHz bands is required, but devices without TPC are allowed with a reduction of 3 dB.[70] DFS is required in the 5.250–5.350 GHz and 5.470–5.725 GHz bands, and optional in the 5.150–5.250 GHz band.[71]

Australia edit

As of 2015, some of the Australian channels require DFS to be utilised (a significant change from the 2000 regulations, which allowed lower power operation without DFS).[8] As per AS/NZS 4268 B1 and B2, transmitters designed to operate in any part of 5250–5350 MHz and 5470–5725 MHz bands shall implement DFS in accordance with sections 4.7 and 5.3.8 and Annex D of ETSI EN 301 893 or alternatively in accordance with FCC paragraph 15.407(h)(2). Also as per AS/NZS 4268 B3 and B4, transmitters designed to operate in any part of 5250–5350 MHz and 5470–5725 MHz bands shall implement TPC in accordance with sections 4.4 and 5.3.4 of ETSI EN 301 893 or alternatively in accordance with FCC paragraph 15.407(h)(1).

New Zealand edit

New Zealand regulation differs from Australian.[72]

Philippines edit

In the Philippines, the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) allows the use of 5150 MHz to 5350 MHz and 5470 MHz to 5850 MHz frequency bands indoors with an effective radiated power (ERP) not exceeding 250 mW. Indoor Wireless Data Network (WDN) equipment and devices shall not use external antenna. All outdoor equipment/radio station whether for private WDN or public WDN shall be covered by appropriate permits and licenses required under existing rules and regulations.[73]

Singapore edit

Singapore regulation requires DFS and TPC to be used in the 5.250–5.350 GHz band to transmit more than 100 mW effective radiated power (EIRP), but no more than 200 mW, and requires DFS capability on 5.250–5.350 GHz below or equal to 100 mW EIRP, and requires DFS and TPC capabilities on 5.470–5.725 below or equal to 1000 mW EIRP. Operating 5.725–5.850 GHz above 1000 mW and below or equal to 4000 mW EIRP shall be approved on exceptional basis.[41]

South Korea edit

In South Korea, the Ministry of Science and ICT has public notices. 신고하지 아니하고 개설할 수 있는 무선국용 무선설비의 기술기준, Technical standard for radio equipment for radio stations that can be opened without reporting. They allowed 160 MHz channel bandwidth from 2018 to 2016–27.[74]

China edit

China MIIT expanded allowed channels as of 31 December 2012 to add UNII-1, 5150–5250 MHz, UNII-2, 5250–5350 MHz (DFS/TPC), similar to European standards EN 301.893 V1.7.1.[75]China MIIT expanded allowed channels as of 3 July 2017 to add UNII-3, 5725–5850 MHz.[76]

Indonesia edit

Indonesia allows use of the band 5150–5350 MHz with maximum EIRP of 200 mW (23 dBm) and maximum bandwidth of 160 MHz, and the band 5725–5825 MHz with the same maximum EIRP and maximum bandwidth of 80 MHz for indoor use. Outdoors, use of the band 5725–5825 MHz with maximum EIRP of 4 W (36 dBm) is allowed, with a maximum bandwidth of 20 MHz.[77][78]

India edit

In exercise of the powers conferred by sections 4 and 7 of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 (13 of 1885) and sections 4 and 10 of the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933 (17 of 1933) and in supersession of notification under G.S.R. 46(E), dated 28 January 2005 and notification under G.S.R. 36(E), dated 10 January 2007 and notification under G.S.R. 38(E), dated 19 January 2007, the Central Government made the rules, called the Use of Wireless Access System including Radio Local Area Network in 5 GHz band (Exemption from Licensing Requirement) Rules, 2018. The rules include criteria like 26 dB bandwidth[dubious – discuss] of the modulated signal measured relative to the maximum level of the modulated carrier, the maximum power within the specified measurement bandwidth, within the device operating band; measurements in the 5725–5875 MHz band are made over a bandwidth of 500 kHz; measurements in the 5150–5250 MHz, 5250–5350 MHz, and 5470–5725 MHz bands are made over a bandwidth of 1 MHz or 26 dB emission bandwidth of the device. No licence shall be required under indoor and outdoor environment to establish, maintain, work, possess or deal in any wireless equipment for the purpose of low power wireless access systems. Transmitters operating in 5725–5875 MHz, all emissions within the frequency range from the band edge to 10 MHz above or below the band edge shall not exceed an EIRP of −17 dBm/MHz; for frequencies 10 MHz or greater above or below the band edge, emission shall not exceed an EIRP of −27 dBm/MHz.[79][80]

5.9 GHz (802.11p) edit

The 802.11p amendment published on 15 July 2010, specifies WLAN in the licensed band of 5.9 GHz (5.850–5.925 GHz).

ChannelCenter
frequency
(MHz)		Frequency
range
(MHz)		10
MHz		20
MHz		Band
name		United
States		United
Kingdom		EuropeJapan
17258605855–586510—DSRCUn­knownYesUn­known
17458705865–587510
17658805875–588510
17858905885–589510
18059005895–590510
18259105905–591510C-V2XNoNoNoRegistration
required
183 (proposed)59155905–592520
18459205915–592510Indoors/SRD
(250 mW)
18759355930–594010—
18859405930–595020
18959455940–595010
19259605950–597020
19659805970–599020

6 GHz (802.11ax and 802.11be) edit

The Wi-Fi Alliance has introduced the term Wi‑Fi 6E to identify and certify IEEE 802.11ax devices that support this new band, which is also used by Wi-Fi 7 (IEEE 802.11be).

Ch.
20 MHz		F0
(MHz)		Frequency
range
(MHz)		Center Frequency IndexUnited
States
FCC
U-NII band(s)		United StatesCanadaEurope,
Japan,
Russia,
New Zealand[81]		Australia,
Greenland,
United Arab Emirates,
United Kingdom,
Mexico		Brazil[82],
Chile,
Costa Rica,
Guatemala,
Honduras,
Peru,
Saudi Arabia,
South Korea		Colombia,
Jordan,
Qatar		Singapore, Hong Kong,[83] Macao
40
MHz		80
MHz		160
MHz		320
MHz
259355925–5945—U-NII-5Standard
/LPI		Standard
/LPI/VLP		LPI/VLP[84]YesYesProposedYes
159555945–5965371531 LPI/VLP
559755965–5985
959955985–600511
1360156005–6025
1760356025–60451923
2160556045–6065
2560756065–608527
2960956085–6105
3361156105–612535394763
3761356125–6145
4161556145–616543
4561756165–6185
4961956185–62055155
5362156205–6225
5762356225–624559
6162556245–6265
6562756265–628567717995
6962956285–6305
7363156305–632575
7763356325–6345
8163556345–63658387
8563756365–6385
8963956385–640591
9364156405–6425
9764356425–644599103111127U-NII-6LPIStandard
/LPI/VLP		NoNoYesProposedNo
10164556445–6465
10564756465–6485107
10964956485–6505
11365156505–6525115119
11765356525–6545U-NII-7Standard
/LPI
12165556545–6565123
12565756565–6585
12965956585–6605131135143159
13366156605–6625
13766356625–6645139
14166556645–6665
14566756665–6685147151
14966956685–6705
15367156705–6725155
15767356725–6745
16167556745–6765163167175191
16567756765–6785
16967956785–6805171
17368156805–6825
17768356825–6845179183
18168556845–6865
18568756865–6885187U-NII-7/8LPILPI/VLP
18968956885–6905U-NII-8
19369156905–6925195199207
19769356925–6945
20169556945–6965203
20569756965–6985
20969956985–7005211215
21370157005–7025
21770357025–7045219
22170557045–7065
22570757065–7085227
22970957085–7105
23371157105–7125
Ch.F0
(MHz)		Frequency
range
(MHz)		40
MHz		80
MHz		160
MHz		320
MHz		United States
FCC
U-NII band(s)		United StatesCanadaEurope,
Japan,
Russia,
New Zealand		Australia,
Greenland,
United Arab Emirates,
United Kingdom,
Mexico
Brazil,
Chile,
Costa Rica,
Guatemala,
Honduras,
Peru,
Saudi Arabia,
South Korea		Colombia,
Jordan,
Qatar		Singapore, Hong Kong, Macao

Initialisms (precise definition below):

  • LPI: low-power indoor
  • VLP: very-low-power

United States edit

On 23 April 2020, the FCC voted on and ratified a Report and Order[85][86] to allocate 1.2 GHz of unlicensed spectrum in the 6 GHz band (5.925–7.125 GHz) for Wi-Fi use.

Standard power edit

USA 6 GHz standard-power channels
Band20 MHz40 MHz80 MHz160 MHz
U-NII-5241263
U-NII-6Not allowed
U-NII-717831
U-NII-8Not Allowed
TOTAL412094

Standard-power access points are permitted indoors and outdoors at a maximum EIRP of 36 dBm in the U-NII-5 and U-NII-7 sub-bands with automatic frequency coordination (AFC).

Low-power indoor (LPI) operation edit

USA 6 GHz low-power indoor channels
Band20 MHz40 MHz80 MHz160 MHz320 MHz
U-NII-52412631.5
U-NII-652.51.250.50.25
U-NII-717.58.754.252.251.125
U-NII-812.55.752.51.250.125
TOTAL59291473

Note: Partial channels indicate channels that span UNII boundaries, which is permitted in 6 GHz LPI operation. Under the proposed channel numbers, the U-NII-7/U-NII-8 boundary is spanned by channels 185 (20 MHz), 187 (40 MHz), 183 (80 MHz), and 175 (160 MHz). The U-NII-6/U-NII-7 boundary is spanned by channels 115 (40 MHz), 119 (80 MHz), and channel 111 (160 MHz).

For use in indoor environments, access points are limited to a maximum EIRP of 30 dBm and a maximum power spectral density of 5 dBm/MHz. They can operate in this mode on all four U-NII bands (5,6,7,8) without the use of automatic frequency coordination. To help ensure they are used only indoors, these types of access points are not permitted to be connectorized for external antennas, weather-resistant, or run on battery power.[86]: 41 

Very-low-power devices edit

The FCC may issue a ruling in the future on a third class of very low power devices such as hotspots and short-range applications.

Canada edit

In November 2020, the Innovation, Science and Economic Development (ISED) of Canada published "Consultation on the Technical and Policy Framework for Licence-Exempt Use in the 6 GHz Band".[87] They proposed to allow licence-exempt operations in the 6 GHz spectrum for three classes of radio local area networks (RLANs):

Standard power edit

For indoor and outdoor use. Maximum EIRP of 36 dBm and maximum power spectral density (PSD) of 23 dBm/MHz. Should employ Automated Frequency Coordination (AFC) control.

Low-power indoor (LPI) edit

For indoor use only. Maximum EIRP of 30 dBm and maximum PSD of 5 dBm/MHz.

Very-low-power (VLP) edit

For indoor and outdoor use. Maximum EIRP of 14 dBm and maximum PSD of -8 dBm/MHz.

Europe edit

ECC Decision (20)01 from 20 November 2020[88] allocated the frequency band from 5925 to 6425 MHz (corresponding to the US U-NII-5 band) for use by low-power indoor and very-low-power devices for Wireless Access Systems/Radio Local Area Networks (WAS/RLAN), with a portion specifically reserved for rail networks and intelligent transport systems.[89]

EU 6 GHz Channels
Band20 MHz40 MHz80 MHz160 MHz
5925–6425 MHz241263

United Kingdom edit

Since July 2020, the UK's Ofcom permitted unlicensed use of the lower 6 GHz band (5925 to 6425 MHz, corresponding to the US U-NII-5 band) by Low Power indoor and Very Low Power indoor and mobile Outdoor devices.[90][91]

Australia edit

In April 2021, Australia's ACMA opened consultations for the 6 GHz band. The lower 6 GHz band (5925 to 6425 MHz, corresponding to the US U-NII-5 band) was approved for 250 mW EIRP indoors and 25 mW outdoors on March 4, 2022.[92] Further consideration is also being given to releasing the upper 6 GHz band (6425 to 7125 MHz) for WLAN use as well, although nothing has been officially proposed at this time.

Japan edit

In September 2022, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications announced amendments to the ministerial order and notices related to the Radio Act.[93]

Low-power indoor (LPI) edit

For indoor use only. Maximum EIRP of 200 mW.

Very-low-power (VLP) edit

For indoor and outdoor use. Maximum EIRP of 25 mW.

Russia edit

In December 2022, Russian State Commission for Radio Frequencies authorised 6 GHz operation for low-power indoor (LPI) use with transmitter power control (TPC) limited to maximum EIRP of 200 mW and maximum PSD of 10 mW/MHz, and very low power (VLP) indoor and mobile outdoor use with maximum EIRP of 25 mW and maximum PSD of 1.3 mW/MHz.[94]

Singapore[95] edit

In May 2023, Singapore's IMDA will amend its Regulations to allocate the radio frequency spectrum 5,925 MHz – 6,425 MHz for Wi-Fi use in Singapore.

Philippines edit

On May 23, 2024, the Philippines' National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) is considering the use of 5925 MHz to 6425 MHz frequency bands indoors with an effective radiated power (ERP) not exceeding 250 mW and outdoors with an effective radiated power not exceeding 25 mW.[96]

45 GHz (802.11aj) edit

The 802.11aj standards, also known as WiGig, operate in the 45 GHz spectrum.

45 GHz WiGig channels
ChannelFrequency (GHz)ChannelFrequency (GHz)
CenterMin.Max.BWCenterMin.Max.BW
142.6642.3942.930.541142.9342.3943.471.08
243.2042.9343.47
343.7443.4744.011244.0143.4744.55
444.2844.0144.55
544.8244.5545.091345.0944.5545.63
645.3645.0945.63
745.9045.6346.171446.1745.6346.71
846.4446.1746.71
947.5247.2547.791547.7947.2548.33
1048.0647.7948.33

60 GHz (802.11ad/aj/ay) edit

The 802.11ad/aj/ay standards, also known as WiGig, operate in the 60 GHz V band unlicensed ISM band spectrum.

60 GHz WiGig channels
Channel
2.16 GHz		Frequency (GHz)Channel
4.32 GHz		Channel
6.48 GHz		Channel
8.64 GHz		Channel
1.08 GHz		Frequency (GHz)
CenterMin.Max.CenterMin.Max.
158.3257.2459.409—17——25———3357.7857.2458.32
260.4859.4061.561018263458.8658.3259.40
362.6461.5663.721119273559.9459.4060.48
464.8063.7265.881220283661.0260.4861.56
566.9665.8868.041321293762.1061.5662.64
669.1268.0470.201422—3863.1862.6463.72
771.2870.2072.3615——3964.2663.7264.80
873.4472.3674.52———4065.3464.8065.88

Indonesia edit

Indonesia allows the use of the band 57–64 GHz with maximum EIRP of 10 W (40 dBm), and maximum bandwidth of 2.16 GHz, for indoor use.[97][98]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c d e obsolete

References edit

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  3. ^ a b c IEEE 802.11-2007 — Table 18-9
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Further reading edit

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