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List of Roman dynasties

This is a list of the dynasties that ruled the Roman Empire and its two succeeding counterparts, the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. Dynasties of states that had claimed legal succession from the Roman Empire are not included in this list.

List of Roman dynasties

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DynastyPeriod of ruleRulers[a]
StartEndTermFirst to ruleLast to ruleList / Family tree
Dynasties of the Principate
Julio–Claudian dynasty27 BCE[1]68 CE[1]95 yearsAugustusNero(list)
(tree)
Flavian dynasty69 CE[1]96 CE[1]27 yearsVespasianDomitian(list)
(tree)
Nerva–Antonine dynasty[b]96 CE[2]192 CE[2]96 yearsNervaCommodus(list)
(tree)
Severan dynasty193 CE[3]235 CE[3]41 years[c]Septimius SeverusSeverus Alexander(list)
(tree)
Gordian dynasty238 CE[4]244 CE[4]6 yearsGordian IGordian III(list)
(tree)
Decian dynasty249 CE251 CE2 yearsDeciusHostilian(list)
Valerian dynasty253 CE268 CE15 yearsValerianGallienus(list)
Caran dynasty282 CE285 CE3 yearsCarusCarinus(list)
Dynasties of the Dominate
Constantinian dynasty[d]305 CE[5]363 CE[5]58 yearsConstantius Chlorus
(Western)
Constantine I
(Eastern)		Julian
(Western & Eastern)		(list)
(tree)
Valentinianic dynasty364 CE[6]392 CE[6]28 yearsValentinian I
(Western & Eastern)		Valens
(Eastern)
Valentinian II
(Western)		(list)
(tree)
Theodosian dynasty379 CE[7]457 CE[7]78 yearsTheodosius I
(Western & Eastern)		Valentinian III
(Western)
Marcian
(Eastern)		(list W) / (list E)
(tree)
Eastern (Byzantine) dynasties
Leonid dynasty457 CE[8]518 CE[8]61 yearsLeo IAnastasius I(list)
(tree)
Justinian dynasty518 CE[9]602 CE[9]84 yearsJustin IMaurice
and
Theodosius[e]		(list)
(tree)
Heraclian dynasty610 CE[10]711 CE[10]91 years[f]HeracliusJustinian II
and
Tiberius[g]		(list)
(tree)
Isaurian dynasty[h]717 CE[11]802 CE[11]85 yearsLeo IIIIrene of Athens(list)
(tree)
Nikephorian dynasty802 CE813 CE11 yearsNikephoros IMichael I Rangabe
and
Theophylact[i]		(list)
(tree)
Amorian dynasty[j]820 CE[12]867 CE[12]47 yearsMichael IIMichael III(list)
(tree)
Macedonian dynasty867 CE[12]1056 CE[12]189 yearsBasil ITheodora Porphyrogenita(list)
(tree)
Komnenid dynasty[k]1057 CE[13]1185 CE[13]106 years[l]Isaac I KomnenosAndronikos I Komnenos
and
John Komnenos[m]		(list)
(tree)
Doukid dynasty1059 CE[14]1078 CE[14]19 yearsConstantine X DoukasMichael VII Doukas(list)
(tree)
Angelid dynasty1185 CE[15]1204 CE[15]19 yearsIsaac II AngelosAlexios V Doukas(list)
(tree)
Laskarid dynasty[n]1204 CE1261 CE57 yearsTheodore I LaskarisJohn IV Laskaris(list)
(tree)
Palaiologan dynasty1259 CE[18]1453 CE[18]194 yearsMichael VIII PalaiologosConstantine XI Palaiologos(list)
(tree)

Graphical representation

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Palaiologan dynastyLaskarid dynastyAngelid dynastyKomnenid dynastyDoukid dynastyKomnenid dynastyMacedonian dynastyAmorian dynastyNikephorian dynastyIsaurian dynastyHeraclian dynastyHeraclian dynastyJustinian dynastyLeonid dynastyTheodosian dynastyValentinianic dynastyConstantinian dynastyGordian dynastySeveran dynastyNerva–Antonine dynastyFlavian dynastyJulio-Claudian dynasty

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ As adoption was widely practiced by the upper classes, some Roman monarchs were not directly biologically related to their predecessors despite belonging to the same dynasty. For example, the second emperor of the Julio–Claudian dynasty, Tiberius, was in fact an adopted son of the dynastic founder, Augustus.
  2. ^ The Nerva–Antonine dynasty is sometimes subdivided into the Nerva–Trajan dynasty and the Antonine dynasty.
  3. ^ The rule of the Severan dynasty was interrupted between 217 CE and 218 CE. Caracalla was the last ruler before the interregnum. Elagabalus was the first ruler after the interregnum.
  4. ^ The Constantinian dynasty is also known as the "Neo-Flavian dynasty".
  5. ^ Maurice and Theodosius reigned as co-rulers.
  6. ^ The rule of the Heraclian dynasty was interrupted between 695 CE and 705 CE. Justinian II was both the last ruler before the interregnum and the first ruler after the interregnum.
  7. ^ Justinian II and Tiberius reigned as co-rulers.
  8. ^ The Isaurian dynasty is also known as the "Syrian dynasty".
  9. ^ Michael I Rangabe and Theophylact reigned as co-rulers.
  10. ^ The Amorian dynasty is also known as the "Phrygian dynasty".
  11. ^ The Komnenid dynasty ruled the Empire of Trebizond between 1204 CE and 1461 CE.
  12. ^ The rule of the Komnenid dynasty was interrupted between 1059 CE and 1081 CE. Isaac I Komnenos was the last ruler before the interregnum. Alexios I Komnenos was the first ruler after the interregnum.
  13. ^ Andronikos I Komnenos and John Komnenos reigned as co-rulers.
  14. ^ In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, the Laskarid dynasty of the empire of Nicaea is traditionally accepted by historians as the legitimate continuation of the Roman Empire, mostly because in 1261 it recovered Constantinople, New Rome.[16] During the period between 1204–1261, however, there were four competing dynasties—aside from the Laskarids in Nicaea, these were the Latin emperors of the "Flanders dynasty" in Constantinople,[17] the Komnenodoukai of Epirus and the Megalokomnenoi of Trebizond—equally claiming the east Roman emperorship.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Kidner, Frank; Bucur, Maria; Mathisen, Ralph; McKee, Sally; Weeks, Theodore (2013). Making Europe: The Story of the West. p. 161. ISBN 978-1111841317.
  2. ^ a b D'Amato, Raffaele; Frediani, Andrea (2019). Strasbourg AD 357: The victory that saved Gaul. p. 8. ISBN 9781472833969.
  3. ^ a b Ermatinger, James (2018). The Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. p. 233. ISBN 9781440838095.
  4. ^ a b Fomenko, Anatoly (2005). History: Fiction Or Science?. p. 171. ISBN 9782913621060.
  5. ^ a b Cowell, Frank (1961). Everyday Life in Ancient Rome. p. 199.
  6. ^ a b Christ, Karl (1984). The Romans: An Introduction to Their History and Civilisation. p. 184. ISBN 9780520045668.
  7. ^ a b Grig, Lucy; Kelly, Gavin (2015). Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity. p. 186. ISBN 9780190241087.
  8. ^ a b Maas, Michael (2015). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila. p. 106. ISBN 9781107021754.
  9. ^ a b Konstam, Angus (2015). Byzantine Warship vs Arab Warship: 7th–11th centuries. p. 18. ISBN 9781472807588.
  10. ^ a b Flichy, Thomas (2012). Financial Crises and Renewal of Empires. p. 30. ISBN 9781291097337.
  11. ^ a b LePree, James; Djukic, Ljudmila (2019). The Byzantine Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. p. 209. ISBN 9781440851476.
  12. ^ a b c d Tougher, Shaun (2009). The Eunuch in Byzantine History and Society. p. 55. ISBN 9781135235710.
  13. ^ a b Walker, Alicia (2012). The Emperor and the World: Exotic Elements and the Imaging of Middle Byzantine Imperial Power, Ninth to Thirteenth Centuries C.E. p. 11. ISBN 9781107004771.
  14. ^ a b Stacton, David (1965). The World on the Last Day: The Sack of Constantinople by the Turks, May 29, 1453: Its Causes and Consequences. p. 276.
  15. ^ a b LePree & Djukic (2019). p. 305.
  16. ^ Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. p. 734. ISBN 0804726302.
  17. ^ Kanev, Nikolay (2018). Reflections of the Imperial Ideology on the Seals of the Latin Emperor Baldwin II of Courtenay. pp. 56–64.
  18. ^ a b Woodfin, Warren (2012). The Embodied Icon: Liturgical Vestments and Sacramental Power in Byzantium. OUP Oxford. p. xxv. ISBN 9780199592098.
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