List of Italian concentration camps

Italian concentration camps include camps from the Italian colonial wars in Africa as well as camps for the civilian population from areas occupied by Italy during World War II. Memory of both camps were subjected to "historical amnesia". The repression of memory led to historical revisionism in Italy^[1] and in 2003 the Italian media published Silvio Berlusconi's statement that Benito Mussolini only "used to send people on vacation".^[2]^[3]

Colonial wars

There were numerous war crimes conducted by the Italian Army in the colonies. In Cyrenaica alone between 1929 and 1933 over 40,000 people were killed and 80,000 locked up in concentration camps,^[4] out of a total population of just 193,000. According to the historian Ilan Pappé, the fascist regime between 1928 and 1932 killed half the Bedouin population either directly or by starvation in the fields.^[5] According to the historian Angelo Del Boca, in 1933, of the approximately 100,000 Libyans deported from Jebel Achdar and Marmarica, more than 40,000 died in the camps.^[6]

Name of the camp	Location of camp	Present-day country	Date of establishment	Date of disestablishment	Estimated number of prisoners	Estimated number of deaths
Nocra	Nocra	Eritrea	1930s	1941		1,500^[7]
Abyar	Abyar	Libya	1930	1933	3,123^[8]
Agedabia	Ajdabiya	Libya	1930	1933	10,000^[8]	1,500^[9]
El Agheila	El Agheila	Libya	1930	1933	10,900^[8]
Marsa Brega	Brega	Libya	1930	1933	21,117^[8]
Sid Ahmed el Maghrun	El Magrun	Libya	1930	1933	13,050^[8]	4,500^[9]
Soluch	Suluq	Libya	1930	1933	20,123^[8]	5,500^[9]
Derna	Derna	Libya	1930	1933	145^[8]
Apollonia	Apollonia	Libya	1930	1933	1,354^[8]
Barce	Barce	Libya	1930	1933	538^[8]
Driana	Driana	Libya	1930	1933	225^[8]
Nufilia	Nufilia	Libya	1930	1933	375^[8]
Danane	Mogadishu	Somalia	1935	1941	6,000^[8]	3,175^[10]
Total						~44 675^[11]

World War II

Name of the camp	Location of locality	Present-day country	Date of establishment	Date of disestablishment	Estimated number of prisoners	Estimated number of deaths
Bakar	Bakar	Croatia	31 December 1942	1 July 1943	893^[12]	100–120^[13]
Bolzano	South Tyrol	Italy	September 8, 1943	April 29 and May 3, 1945	11,000
Campagna	Salerno	Italy	15 June 1940	19 September 1943
Chiesanuova	Padua	Italy	June 1942
Ferramonti di Tarsia	Cosenza	Italy	summer 1940	4 September 1943	3,800
Giado	Jadu, Libya	Libya	January 1942	24 January 1943	3,146^[14]	564
Gonars	Palmanova	Italy	March 1942	8 September 1943	7,000	453; >500
Mamula	Mamula island	Montenegro	30 May 1942	14 September 1943	2,322	200^[15]
Monigo	Treviso	Italy	1 July 1942	May 1945	10,000	187–225
Molat	Molat	Croatia	28 June 1942	8 September 1943	20,000^[16]	c. 1,000^[16]
Pisticci	Southeast of Pisticci in Camporotondo^[17]	Italy^[17]	1939^[17]	September 13, 1943^[17]	Capacity of 1,000^[17]	Not stated^[17]
Rab, separate camps for Slovenes/Croats and Jews	Rab (Arbe) island	Croatia	July 1942	11 September 1943	10,000; 15,000	2,000; >3,500; 4,000
Renicci di Anghiari	Arezzo	Italy	October 1942		10,000	159
Risiera di San Sabba^[18]	Trieste	Italy	October 1943	April 1945	> 11,500	4,000–5,000^[19]
Visco	Palmanova	Italy	winter 1942
Zlarin	Zlarin	Croatia	March 1943	June 1943	2,500	26
Campo di Fossoli	Carpi	Italy	May 1942	March 1944

References

^ Alessandra Kersevan 2008: (Editor) Foibe – Revisionismo di stato e amnesie della repubblica. Kappa Vu. Udine.
^ Survivors of war camp lament Italy's amnesia Archived 2008-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, 2003, International Herald Tribune
^ Di Sante, Costantino (2005) Italiani senza onore: I crimini in Jugoslavia e i processi negati (1941–1951), Ombre Corte, Milano. (Archived by WebCite®)
^ L'Africa del Duce: i crimini fascisti in Africa
^ Ilan Pappé, The Modern Middle East. Routledge, 2005, ISBN 0-415-21409-2, p. 26.
^ Del Boca, Angelo (11 January 2011). Italiani, brava gente. Neri Pozza Editore. ISBN 9788854504950. Gli ultimi lager sarebbero stati smantellati nel settembre 1933. Dei 100.000 libici che erano partiti dal Gebel Achdar e dalla Marmarica, ne sarebbero tornati a casa 60.000.
^ Ottolenghi, Gustavo (1997). Gli italiani e il colonialismo: i campi di detenzione italiani in Africa. p. 174. ISBN 9788871983974.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Michael R. Ebner. Geoff Simons. Ordinary Violence in Mussolini's Italy. New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2011. P. 261.
^ ^a ^b ^c "I campi concentramento per i civili nell'Africa italiana". criminidiguerra.it. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12.
^ Donatella Strangio. The Reasons for Underdevelopment: The Case of Decolonisation in Somaliland. Springer, 2012. P. 5.
^ Sum among the estimates of the deaths in the Danane camp (source Donatella Strangio), the deaths of all the camps in Italian Libya (source Angelo Del Boca), and the deaths in the Nocra camp (source Gustavo Ottolenghi).
^ Bakar concentration camp, Online Research project
^ "Talijanski koncentracioni logor Bakar 1941-1943". Retrieved 7 July 2022.
^ Maurice M. Roumani: The Jews of Libya. Sussex Academic Press 2007, ISBN 978-1-84519-137-5, p 34.
^ Dizdar, Zdravko (2005). "Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War". Hrvatski institut za povijest. p. 196.
^ ^a ^b Bašić 2008, pp. 196.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 (PDF). Vol. 3. Indiana University Press. pp. 448–449. doi:10.2307/j.ctt22zmbr7.9. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
^ "English - Risiera di San Sabba – Monumento Nazionale – Comune di Trieste". risierasansabba.it. Archived from the original on 2014-02-03.
^ "Trieste ebraica » La Risiera di San Sabba". moked.it.

Works cited

Bašić, Josip-Bepo (2008). MOLAT U DRUGOM SVJETSKOM RATU 1941.-1945 - tragovima događaja. Zadar: Hrvatska udruga logoraša antifašista u talijanskom koncentracijskom logoru Molat.

External links

campifascisti.it, Online Research project
"The Last Witnesses", 2013 Exhibition at National Museum for Contemporary History (Slovenia) documenting photos and interviews with survivors

[revisionism-1] Alessandra Kersevan 2008: (Editor) Foibe – Revisionismo di stato e amnesie della repubblica. Kappa Vu. Udine.

[IHT-2] Survivors of war camp lament Italy's amnesia Archived 2008-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, 2003, International Herald Tribune

[3] Di Sante, Costantino (2005) Italiani senza onore: I crimini in Jugoslavia e i processi negati (1941–1951), Ombre Corte, Milano. (Archived by WebCite®)

[4] L'Africa del Duce: i crimini fascisti in Africa

[5] Ilan Pappé, The Modern Middle East. Routledge, 2005, ISBN 0-415-21409-2, p. 26.

[6] Del Boca, Angelo (11 January 2011). Italiani, brava gente. Neri Pozza Editore. ISBN 9788854504950. Gli ultimi lager sarebbero stati smantellati nel settembre 1933. Dei 100.000 libici che erano partiti dal Gebel Achdar e dalla Marmarica, ne sarebbero tornati a casa 60.000.

[7] Ottolenghi, Gustavo (1997). Gli italiani e il colonialismo: i campi di detenzione italiani in Africa. p. 174. ISBN 9788871983974.

[Ebner&Simons-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Michael R. Ebner. Geoff Simons. Ordinary Violence in Mussolini's Italy. New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2011. P. 261.

[criminiDiGuerra-9] "I campi concentramento per i civili nell'Africa italiana". criminidiguerra.it. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12.

[10] Donatella Strangio. The Reasons for Underdevelopment: The Case of Decolonisation in Somaliland. Springer, 2012. P. 5.

[11] Sum among the estimates of the deaths in the Danane camp (source Donatella Strangio), the deaths of all the camps in Italian Libya (source Angelo Del Boca), and the deaths in the Nocra camp (source Gustavo Ottolenghi).

[12] Bakar concentration camp, Online Research project

[13] "Talijanski koncentracioni logor Bakar 1941-1943". Retrieved 7 July 2022.

[14] Maurice M. Roumani: The Jews of Libya. Sussex Academic Press 2007, ISBN 978-1-84519-137-5, p 34.

[15] Dizdar, Zdravko (2005). "Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War". Hrvatski institut za povijest. p. 196.

[FOOTNOTEBašić2008196-16] Bašić 2008, pp. 196.

[Pisticci-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 (PDF). Vol. 3. Indiana University Press. pp. 448–449. doi:10.2307/j.ctt22zmbr7.9. Retrieved 2024-01-23.

[18] "English - Risiera di San Sabba – Monumento Nazionale – Comune di Trieste". risierasansabba.it. Archived from the original on 2014-02-03.

[19] "Trieste ebraica » La Risiera di San Sabba". moked.it.

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