The following tables give an overview of notable finds of hominin fossils and remains relating to human evolution, beginning with the formation of the tribe Hominini (the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages) in the late Miocene, roughly 7 to 8 million years ago.
As there are thousands of fossils, mostly fragmentary, often consisting of single bones or isolated teeth with complete skulls and skeletons rare, this overview is not complete, but shows some of the most important findings. The fossils are arranged by approximate age as determined by radiometric dating and/or incremental dating and the species name represents current consensus; if there is no clear scientific consensus the other possible classifications are indicated.
The early fossils shown are not considered ancestors to Homo sapiens but are closely related to ancestors and are therefore important to the study of the lineage. After 1.5 million years ago (extinction of Paranthropus), all fossils shown are human (genus Homo). After 11,500 years ago (11.5 ka, beginning of the Holocene), all fossils shown are Homo sapiens (anatomically modern humans), illustrating recent divergence in the formation of modern human sub-populations.
Late Miocene (7.2–5.5 million years old) edit
The chimpanzee–human divergence likely took place during around 10 to 7 million years ago.[1] The list of fossils begins with Graecopithecus, dated some 7.2 million years ago, which may or may not still be ancestral to both the human and the chimpanzee lineage. For the earlier history of the human lineage, see Timeline of human evolution#Hominidae, Hominidae#Phylogeny.
| Image | Name | Age (Ma) | Species | Year discovered | Country | Discovered by | Now located at |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | El Graeco | 7.20[2] | Graecopithecus | 1944, 2017 | Greece, Bulgaria Site:Pyrgos Vassilissis, Azmaka | Böhme (Tübingen), Spassov (BAS) | Met, Athens; Tübingen, Germany |
 | TM 266 (Toumai) | 7.00–6.00[3] | Sahelanthropus tchadensis | 2001 | Chad Site:Djurab Desert | Michel Brunet, Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye | N'Djamena (Chad), BEAC |
 | BAR 1000'00 | 6.1–5.7[4] | Orrorin tugenensis | 2000 | Kenya Site:Lukeino | Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut | |
 | Trachilos footprints | 6.05[5] | Made by hominin or hominin-like primate | 2002 | Greece | Gerard D. Gierliński | |
 | ALA-VP 1/20[6] | 5.65±0.150 | Ardipithecus kadabba | 1997 | Ethiopia Site:Middle Awash | Yohannes Haile-Selassie |
Pliocene (5.3–2.58 million years old) edit
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Pleistocene edit
Lower Paleolithic: 2.58–0.3 million years old edit
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Middle Paleolithic: 300,000–50,000 years old edit
Upper Paleolithic: 50,000–11,500 years old edit
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Holocene (11,500–5,000 years old) edit
| Name | Age (ka) | Culture / association | Year discovered | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Luzia | 11.5[163] | Paleo-Indian | 1975 | Brazil |
| [164] | Cerro Sota 2[165] | 11 | 1936 | Chile | |
| "Satsurblia" | 10 | Caucasian Epipaleolithic (CHG)[158] | Georgia | ||
 | Yaho skull[166] | 10? | 1961 | Chad | |
 | Kow Swamp 1 | 13–9 | 1968 | Australia | |
 | Talgai Skull[167] | 10±1 | 1886 | Australia | |
 | La Brea Woman | 10 (8000 BC) | Paleo-Indian | 1914 | United States |
 | Combe Capelle | 9.6 (7600 BC)[168] | European Mesolithic | 1909 | France |
| Asselar man | Between 9500 BP and 7000 BP, with caution, 6390 BP[169] | Neolithic | 1927 | Mali | |
 | Cheddar Man | 9 (7000 BC) | British Mesolithic | 1903 | UK |
| Kennewick Man | 9 (7000 BC) | Archaic period (North America) | 1996 | United States | |
 | Barum Woman | 8.8 (6800 BC) | European Mesolithic | 1939 | Sweden |
 | Tepexpan man | 8±3 | Paleo-Indian | 1947 | Mexico |
 | Loschbour man[170] | 8 (6000 BC) | European Mesolithic (WHG) | 1935 | Luxembourg |
 | Minnesota Woman | 7.9±0.1 (5900 BC) | Paleo-Indian | 1931 | Minnesota, United States |
| Lothagam 4b (Lo 4b)[171] | 7.5±1.5[172] | 1965–1975 | Kenya | ||
 | Bessé’[173] | 7.3–7.2 | Toalean | 2015 | Sulawesi, Indonesia |
 | Ötzi | 5.3 (3230 BC) | European Neolithic | 1991 | Ötztal Alps, Italy |
Abbreviations used in fossil catalog name edit
- AL – Afar Locality, Ethiopia
- ARA-VP – Aramis Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
- BAR – (Lukeino, Tugen Hills) Baringo District, Kenya
- BOU-VP – Bouri Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
- D – Dmanisi, Georgia
- ER – East (Lake) Rudolf, Kenya
- KGA – Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia
- KNM – Kenya National Museum
- KP – Kanapoi, Kenya
- LB – Liang Bua, Indonesia
- LH – Laetoli Hominid 4, Tanzania
- MH – Malapa Hominin, South Africa
- NG – Ngandong, Indonesia
- OH – Olduvai Hominid, Tanzania
- SK – Swartkrans, South Africa
- Sts, Stw – Sterkfontein, South Africa
- TM – Transvaal Museum, South Africa
- TM – Toros-Menalla, Chad
- WT – West (Lake) Turkana, Kenya
See also edit
Further reading edit
- Gibbons, Ann. The First Human: The Race to Discover our Earliest Ancestor. Anchor Books (2007). ISBN 978-1-4000-7696-3
- Hartwig, Walter Carl (2004) [2002]. Hartwig, Walter (ed.). The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press. Bibcode:2002prfr.book.....H. ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2..
- Johanson, Donald & Wong, Kate. Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. Three Rivers Press (2009). ISBN 978-0-307-39640-2
- Jones, Steve; Martin, Robert D.; Pilbeam, David R, eds. (1994). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46786-5. (Note: this book contains very useful, information dense chapters on primate evolution in general, and human evolution in particular, including fossil history).
- Leakey, Richard & Lewin, Roger. Origins Reconsidered: In Search of What Makes us Human. Little, Brown and Company (1992). ISBN 0-316-90298-5
- Lewin, Roger. Bones of Contention: Controversies in the Search for Human Origins. Penguin Books (1987). ISBN 0-14-022638-9
- Morwood, Mike & van Oosterzee, Penny. A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the 'Hobbits' of Flores, Indonesia. Smithsonian Books (2007). ISBN 978-0-06-089908-0
- Oppenheimer, Stephen. Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World. Constable (2003). ISBN 1-84119-697-5
- Roberts, Alice. The Incredible Human Journey: The Story of how we Colonised the Planet. Bloomsbury (2009). ISBN 978-0-7475-9839-8
- Shreeve, James. The Neanderthal Enigma: Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins. Viking (1996). ISBN 0-670-86638-5
- Stringer, Chris. The Origin of Our Species. Allen Lane (2011). ISBN 978-1-84614-140-9
- Stringer, Chris & Andrews, Peter. The Complete World of Human Evolution. Thames & Hudson (2005). ISBN 0-500-05132-1
- Stringer, Chris & McKie, Robin. African Exodus: The Origins of Modern Humanity. Jonathan Cape (1996). ISBN 0-224-03771-4
- van Oosterzee, Penny. The Story of Peking Man. Allen & Unwin (1999). ISBN 1-86508-632-0
- Walker, Allan & Shipman, Pat. The Wisdom of the Bones: In Search of Human Origins. Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1996). ISBN 0-297-81670-5
- Wade, Nicholas. Before the Dawn: Recovering the Lost History of our Ancestors. Penguin Press (2006). ISBN 978-0-7156-3658-9
- Weiss, M.L.; Mann, A.E. (1985). 'Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective (4th ed.). Boston: Little Brown. ISBN 978-0-673-39013-4. (Note: this book contains very accessible descriptions of human and non-human primates, their evolution, and fossil history).
- Wells, Spencer (2004). The Journey of Man : A Genetic Odyssey. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8129-7146-0.
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Bibliography edit
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External links edit
- Interactive map of primate fossil finds around the world Archived 2012-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
- Informative lecture on Australopithecines
- The Age of Homo sapiens – Interactive Map of Human Evolution Fossils
- Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).
