This is a list of the heads of state of Ghana, from the independence of Ghana in 1957 to the present day.[1]
From 1957 to 1960 the head of state under the Constitution of 1957 was the Queen of Ghana, Elizabeth II, who was also the Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms.[2] The monarch was represented in Ghana by a governor-general.[3] Ghana became a republic within the Commonwealth under the Constitution of 1960 and the monarch and governor-general were replaced by an executive president.[4]
Monarch (1957–1960) edit
The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Reign | Royal House | Prime minister | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reign start | Reign end | Duration | |||||
| 1 | _(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg) | Queen Elizabeth II (1926–2022) | 6 March 1957 | 1 July 1960 | 3 years, 117 days | Windsor | Nkrumah |
Governor-general edit
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The governor-general was the representative of the monarch in Ghana and exercised most of the powers of the monarch.[5] The governor-general was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the monarch. Since Ghana was granted independence by the Ghana Independence Act 1957, rather than being first established as a semi-autonomous Dominion and later promoted to independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931,[6] the governor-general was to be always appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of Ghana without the involvement of the British government, with the sole exception of Charles Arden-Clarke, the former colonial governor, who served as governor-general temporarily until he was replaced by William Hare.[7] In the event of a vacancy the chief justice served as officer administering the government.[8]
- Status
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Monarch | Prime minister | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
| 1 |  | Sir Charles Arden-Clarke (1898–1962) | 6 March 1957 | 14 May 1957 | 69 days | Elizabeth II | Nkrumah |
| — |  | Sir Kobina Arku Korsah (1894–1967) | 14 May 1957 | 13 November 1957 | 183 days | ||
| 2 |  | The Earl of Listowel (1906–1997) | 13 November 1957 | 1 July 1960 | 2 years, 231 days | ||
Republic (1960–present) edit
- Political parties
- Other factions
- Status
- Symbols
C Constitutional referendum
† Died in office
First Republic (1960–1966) edit
Under the Constitution of 1960, the first constitution of the Republic of Ghana, the president replaced the monarch as executive head of state.[9] The president was elected by Parliament for a 5-year term. In the event of a vacancy three members of the Cabinet served jointly as acting president.
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Political party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
| 1 |  | Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972) | 1960 1964[C] | 1 July 1960 | 26 February 1966 (Deposed in a coup) | 5 years, 240 days | CPP |
Military rule (1966–1969) edit
Lieutenant-General Joseph Arthur Ankrah led a coup d'état which overthrew President Nkrumah and his government, all political parties and Parliament were also dissolved.
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Political party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
| 2 | .jpg) | Lieutenant-General Joseph Arthur Ankrah (1915–1992) Chairman of the NLC | 24 February 1966 | 2 April 1969 (Resigned) | 3 years, 37 days | Military |
| 3 | | Brigadier Akwasi Afrifa (1936–1979) Chairman of the NLC | 2 April 1969 | 3 September 1969 | 154 days | |
Second Republic (1969–1972) edit
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Political party | Prime minister | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
| (3) | | Brigadier Akwasi Afrifa (1936–1979) Chairman of the Presidential Commission | — | 3 September 1969 | 7 August 1970 | 338 days | Military | Busia |
| — | | Nii Amaa Ollennu (1906–1986) | — | 7 August 1970 | 31 August 1970 | 24 days | Independent | |
| 4 | | Edward Akufo-Addo (1906–1979) | — | 31 August 1970 | 13 January 1972 (Deposed in a coup) | 1 year, 135 days | Independent | |
Military rule (1972–1979) edit
General Ignatius Kutu Acheampong led a coup d'état which overthrew President Akufo-Addo, Prime Minister Abrefa Busia and his government, all political parties, and Parliament were also dissolved.[10]
Lieutenant General Fred Akuffo led a palace coup which overthrew General Acheampong,[11] then Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings led a coup d'état which overthrown the Supreme Military Council.[12]
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Political party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
| 5 | | General Ignatius Kutu Acheampong (1931–1979) Chairman of the NRC | 13 January 1972 | 5 July 1978 (Deposed in a coup) | 6 years, 173 days | Military |
| Chairman of the SMC from 9 October 1975 | ||||||
| 6 | | Lieutenant-General Fred Akuffo (1937–1979) Chairman of the SMC | 5 July 1978 | 4 June 1979 (Deposed in a coup) | 334 days | |
| 7 | .jpg) | Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings (1947–2020) Chairman of the AFRC | 4 June 1979 | 24 September 1979 | 112 days | |
Third Republic (1979–1981)[13] edit
Under the Constitution of 1979 the president was head of both state and government. The president was directly elected and served a four-year term that expired at the next general election; a president might serve a maximum of two terms.[14] In the event of a vacancy the vice-president served as acting president.[13]
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Political party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
| 8 |  | Hilla Limann (1934–1998) | 1979 | 24 September 1979 | 31 December 1981 (Deposed in a coup) | 2 years, 98 days | PNP |
Military rule (1981–1993) edit
Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings led a coup d'état which overthrew President Limann and his government, all political parties and Parliament were also dissolved.[15][16]
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Political party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
| (7) | | Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings (1947–2020) Chairman of the PNDC | 31 December 1981 | 7 January 1993 | 11 years, 7 days | Military |
Fourth Republic (1993–present) edit
Under the current Constitution the president is head of both state and government.[13][17] The president is directly elected and serves a four-year term that expires at the next general election; a president may serve a maximum of two terms. In the event of a vacancy, the vice-president serves the remaining time as the president.[18]
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Political party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
| (7) | | Jerry Rawlings (1947–2020) | 1992 1996 | 7 January 1993 | 7 January 2001 | 8 years | NDC |
| 8 |  | John Kufuor (born 1938) | 2000 2004 | 7 January 2001 | 7 January 2009 | 8 years | NPP |
| 9 |  | John Atta Mills (1944–2012) | 2008 | 7 January 2009 | 24 July 2012[†] | 3 years, 199 days | NDC |
| 10 | .jpg) | John Mahama (born 1958) | 2012 | 24 July 2012 | 7 January 2017 | 4 years, 167 days | NDC |
| 11 |  | Nana Akufo-Addo (born 1944) | 2016 2020 | 7 January 2017 | Incumbent | 7 years, 147 days | NPP |
Timeline since 1960 edit
Demographics edit
| Head of state | Ethnicity | Religious affiliation |
| Kwame Nkrumah | Nzema (Akan) | Roman Catholic (later Nondenominational Christian)[19] |
| Joseph Ankrah | Ga | Methodist |
| Akwasi Afrifa | Ashanti (Akan) | Anglican |
| Nii Amaa Ollennu | Ga | Presbyterian |
| Edward Akufo-Addo | Akuapem (Akan) | Presbyterian |
| Kofi Abrefa Busia | Bono (Akan) | Methodist |
| Ignatius Kutu Acheampong | Ashanti (Akan) | Roman Catholic |
| Fred Akuffo | Akuapem (Akan) | Presbyterian |
| Hilla Limann | Sissala | Roman Catholic |
| Jerry John Rawlings | Scottish/Anlo Ewe | Roman Catholic |
| John Agyekum Kufuor | Ashanti (Akan) | Roman Catholic |
| John Atta Mills | Fante (Akan) | Methodist |
| John Dramani Mahama | Gonja | Assemblies of God (raised Presbyterian) |
| Nana Akufo-Addo | Akuapem/Akyem (Akan) | Anglican (raised Presbyterian) |
Standards edit
Governor-General's standard
Presidential standard
References edit
- ^ "Independence, Coups, and the Republic, 1957–present", The Ghana Reader, Duke University Press, pp. 299–300, 2016, doi:10.1215/9780822374961-060, ISBN 978-0-8223-7496-1
- ^ "Magnum Photos". pro.magnumphotos.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Magnum Photos". pro.magnumphotos.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Ghana – INDEPENDENT GHANA". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ Vandrei, Martha (19 July 2018). "That ubiquitous monarch". Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198816720.003.0007.
- ^ Ibingira, Grace Stuart (30 April 2019), "Ghana", African Upheavals Since Independence, Routledge, pp. 51–59, doi:10.4324/9780429052002-4, ISBN 978-0-429-05200-2, S2CID 240905963
- ^ "Lewis, Sir Allen (Montgomery), (26 Oct. 1909–18 Feb. 1993), Governor-General of St Lucia, 1982–87 (first Governor-General, 1979–80; Governor, 1974–79)", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u173811
- ^ Prempeh, H. Kwasi (30 July 2013). "Constitutional autochthony and the invention and survival of "absolute presidentialism" in postcolonial Africa". Order from Transfer: 209–234. doi:10.4337/9781781952115.00020. ISBN 9781781952115.
- ^ Todd E, Pettys (9 February 2018). "Part Two The Iowa Constitution and Commentary, Art.IV Executive Department". The Iowa State Constitution. doi:10.1093/law/9780190490836.003.0007.
- ^ "Busia, Dr. Kofi Abrefa, (11 July 1913–28 Aug. 1978), Prime Minister of Ghana, 1969–72", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/WW/9780199540884.013.u152838
- ^ Rich, Jeremy (8 December 2011), "Akuffo, Fred", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.48197, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1
- ^ Shillington, Kevin. (1992). Ghana and the Rawlings factor. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-56845-1. OCLC 28182404.
- ^ a b c Nketia, J.H. Kwabena (2001), Ghana, Republic of, Oxford Music Online, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11009
- ^ Yankson-Mensah, Marian. (2020). Transitional justice in Ghana an appraisal of the National Reconciliation Commission. T.M.C. Asser Press. ISBN 978-94-6265-379-5. OCLC 1151190908.
- ^ Gyimah-Boadi, E. (1993). Ghana under the PNDC rule. CODESRIA. ISBN 2-86978-018-4. OCLC 475366719.
- ^ Isaacs, Anita (1993), "Development and Reform under Military Rule", Military Rule and Transition in Ecuador, 1972–92, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 35–65, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-08922-2_3, ISBN 978-1-349-08924-6
- ^ "Ghana - Constitution & Politics". doi:10.1163/2213-2996_flg_com_081034.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Ghana - Constitution & Politics". doi:10.1163/2213-2996_flg_com_081034.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Miller, Jon (22 May 2014). Missionary Zeal and Institutional Control: Organizational Contradictions in the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast 1828-1917. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-136-87625-7.