Foreign relations of the State of Palestine

The Palestine Liberation Organization was created in 1964 as a paramilitary organization and has sought to conduct foreign relations with states and international organisations since that time.^[1] Initially, the PLO established relations with Arab and communist countries. In 1969 the PLO became a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.^[4][5] In October 1974, the Arab League designated the PLO as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people".^[6] The new status of the PLO was recognised by all Arab League states except Jordan (Jordan recognised that status of the PLO at a later stage). On 22 November 1974, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236 recognised the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, national independence, and sovereignty in Palestine. It also recognised the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people to the United Nations. By Resolution 3237 on the same date, the PLO was granted non-State observer status at the United Nations.^[7][8] In September 1976, the PLO became a non-state member of the Arab League, and in the same year became a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

On 15 November 1988, in support of the First Intifada, the PLO declared the establishment of the State of Palestine, which was widely recognised by many foreign governments,^[9] although often statements made were of an equivocal nature^[10] – at times referring to the PLO or the State of Palestine or one acting on behalf of the other, or by the generic "Palestine". Many countries and organisations "upgraded" representation from the PLO to the new State, though in practice the same PLO offices, personnel and contacts continued to be used. In February 1989 at the United Nations Security Council, the PLO representative claimed recognition from 94 states.^[11][12] Since then, additional states have publicly extended recognition.

The PNA was established by the PLO in 1994 following the Oslo Accords and the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement. The Israeli government transferred certain powers and responsibilities of self-government to the PNA, which are in effect in parts of the West Bank, and used to be effective in the Gaza Strip before its takeover by Hamas. The Foreign Affairs Minister of the Palestinian National Authority, who since July 2007 has been Riyad Al-Maliki, is responsible for the foreign relations of the PNA. States maintain official relations with the PNA through offices in the Palestinian territories, and the representation of the PNA abroad is accomplished by the missions of the PLO, who represents it there.

Both the PLO (representing itself, the State of Palestine, or the PNA) and the PNA now maintain an extensive network of diplomatic relations,^[13] and participate in multiple international organisations with status of member state, observer, associate, or affiliate. The designation "Palestine", adopted in 1988 by the UN for the PLO,^[14] is currently also used as reference to the PNA and the State of Palestine by states and international organisations, in many cases regardless of the level of recognition and relations they have with any of these entities.

List of countries which maintain diplomatic relations with the State of Palestine by date:

#	Country	Date
1	Czech Republic	9 November 1988[15]
2	United Arab Emirates	17 November 1988[16]
3	Vietnam	19 November 1988[17]
4	China	20 November 1988[18]
5	Algeria	16 December 1988[19]
6	Bulgaria	December 1988[20]
7	Saudi Arabia	1 January 1989[21]
8	Bahrain	3 January 1989[22]
9	Kuwait	3 January 1989[22]
10	Jordan	7 January 1989[23]
11	Qatar	7 January 1989[23]
12	Malaysia	12 January 1989[24]
13	Niger	18 January 1989[25]
14	Pakistan	18 January 1989[26]
15	Oman	23 January 1989[27]
16	Morocco	31 January 1989[28]
17	Sri Lanka	6 February 1989[29]
18	Uganda	15 February 1989[30]
19	Ghana	17 February 1989[31]
20	Romania	February 1989[32]
21	Senegal	February 1989[33]
22	North Korea	3 March 1989[34]
23	Serbia	5 April 1989[35]
24	Republic of the Congo	6 April 1989[36]
25	Gabon	7 April 1989[37]
26	Poland	11 April 1989[38]
27	Laos	15 May 1989[39]
28	Hungary	23 June 1989[40]
29	Bangladesh	24 July 1989[41]
30	Philippines	4 September 1989[42]
31	Vanuatu	17 October 1989[43]
32	Indonesia	19 October 1989[44]
33	Albania	26 October 1989[45]
34	India	16 November 1989[46]
35	Guinea-Bissau	November 1989[47]
36	Russia	10 January 1990[48]
37	Comoros	1990[49]
38	Mauritius	1990[49]
39	Seychelles	1990[49]
40	Tanzania	1990[49]
41	Zambia	20 February 1991[50]
42	Namibia	2 May 1991[51]
43	Cambodia	17 December 1991[52]
44	Turkey	19 December 1991[53]
45	Syria	22 January 1992[54]
46	Tajikistan	6 March 1992[55]
47	Kazakhstan	6 April 1992[56]
48	Azerbaijan	15 April 1992[57]
49	Turkmenistan	17 April 1992[58]
50	Georgia	25 April 1992[59]
51	Bosnia and Herzegovina	30 October 1992[60]
52	Slovakia	1 January 1993[61]
53	Brunei	24 May 1994[62]
54	Uzbekistan	25 September 1994[63]
55	Papua New Guinea	13 January 1995[64]
56	South Africa	15 February 1995[65]
57	Tunisia	19 April 1995[66]
58	Kyrgyzstan	12 September 1995[67]
59	Malawi	23 October 1998[68]
60	Ukraine	2 November 2001[69]
61	Belarus	4 February 2003[70]
62	East Timor	1 March 2004[71]
63	Paraguay	26 March 2005[72]
64	Montenegro	1 August 2006[73]
65	Costa Rica	5 February 2008[64]
66	Equatorial Guinea	11 July 2008[74]
67	Ecuador	24 November 2008[75]
68	Venezuela	27 April 2009[76]
69	Dominican Republic	15 July 2009[64]
70	Cape Verde	4 December 2009[77]
71	Eswatini	3 November 2010[78]
72	Peru	12 November 2010[79]
73	Chile	25 February 2011[80]
74	Uruguay	29 March 2011[64]
75	Lebanon	17 August 2011[81]
76	Brazil	3 December 2011[82]
77	Iceland	15 December 2011[83]
78	Thailand	1 August 2012[84]
79	Cyprus	9 February 2013[85][86]
80	Guyana	21 February 2013[64]
81	El Salvador	9 May 2013[87]
82	Honduras	10 May 2013[88]
83	Grenada	27 September 2013[64]
84	Haiti	27 September 2013[64]
85	Bolivia	15 November 2013[64]
86	Belize	9 July 2014[89]
87	Sweden	30 October 2014[90]
88	South Sudan	24 January 2015[91]
89	Argentina	5 March 2015[92]
—	Holy See	13 May 2015[93]
90	Saint Lucia	14 September 2015[64]
91	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	22 September 2016[64]
92	Botswana	8 March 2017[64]
93	Lesotho	23 November 2017[94]
94	Sierra Leone	6 December 2017[95]
95	Dominica	18 March 2018[96]
96	Colombia	6 August 2018[97][98]
97	Saint Kitts and Nevis	29 July 2019[99]
98	Mexico	2 June 2023[100][101]
99	Norway	28 May 2024[102][103]
100	Spain	28 May 2024[104]
101	Slovenia	5 June 2024[105]
102	Barbados	12 June 2024[106]
103	Antigua and Barbuda	14 June 2024[107]
104	Afghanistan	Unknown
105	Angola	Unknown
106	Benin	Unknown
107	Burkina Faso	Unknown
108	Chad	Unknown
109	Cuba	Unknown
110	Djibouti	Unknown
111	Egypt	Unknown
112	Ethiopia	Unknown
113	Gambia	Unknown
114	Guinea	Unknown
115	Iran	Unknown
116	Iraq	Unknown
117	Ivory Coast	Unknown
118	Kenya	Unknown
119	Libya	Unknown
120	Maldives	Unknown
121	Mali	Unknown
122	Mauritania	Unknown
123	Mongolia	Unknown
124	Mozambique	Unknown
125	Nicaragua	Unknown
126	Nigeria	Unknown
127	Somalia	Unknown
128	Sudan	Unknown
129	Togo	Unknown
130	Yemen	Unknown
131	Zimbabwe	Unknown

The Palestine Liberation Organization maintains a network of missions and embassies,^[108] and represents the Palestinian National Authority abroad.^[108][109] Most of the 144 states that have recognised the State of Palestine have elevated the Palestinian representation in their country to the status of embassy.^[110] A number of other states have granted some form of diplomatic status to a PLO delegation, falling short of full diplomatic recognition. In some cases, as a matter of courtesy, these delegations and missions have been granted diplomatic privileges,^[110] and are often referred to as "embassies" with their heads as "ambassadors".^[111]

In the United States, an unofficial PLO information office was established in New York in 1964 and run by Sadat Hassan, who served as Permanent Representative of Yemen to the United Nations.^[112] The Palestine Information Office was then registered with the Justice Department as a foreign agent and operated until 1968, when it was closed. The PLO was designated a terrorist organization by the United States in 1987,^[113][114] but in 1988 a presidential waiver was issued which permitted contact with the organization.^[115] A PLO office was reopened in 1989 as the Palestine Affairs Center.^[116] The PLO Mission office, in Washington D.C., was opened in 1994, and represented the PLO in the United States. On 20 July 2010, the United States Department of State agreed to upgrade the status of the PLO Mission in the United States to "General Delegation of the PLO".^[117]

The State of Palestine is represented in various international organizations as member, associate or observer.

In 1964, the first summit of the League of Arab States, held in Cairo in January, resulted in a mandate for the creation of a Palestinian entity.^[168][169] Subsequently, in May, the Palestine Liberation Organization was established during a meeting of the Palestinian National Congress in Arab-controlled Jerusalem.^[170] The organisation's establishment was formally approved at the Arab League's second summit, held in Alexandria in October.^[171] The PLO was granted full membership in 1976.^[172] Its seat was assumed by the State of Palestine following the declaration of independence in 1988.^{[172][specify]}

The PLO was accorded full membership in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC; now named Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) in 1969;^[5] it attended the founding conference, held in Rabat in September 1969, as an observer.^[173] Its seat was assumed by the State of Palestine following the declaration of independence in 1988.^[specify] It is also a member of the Islamic Development Bank, an international financial institution for member states of the OIC.^[174][175]

The Palestine National Council (PNC) sent formal notification to the U.N. Secretary-General regarding the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in May 1964. The following year in October, some Arab states requested that a PLO delegation be allowed to attend meetings of the Special Political Committee, and it was decided that they could present a statement, without implying recognition. PLO participation in the discussions of the Committee took place under the agenda item of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) from 1963 to 1973.^[176]

The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status at the United Nations General Assembly in 1974 through General Assembly Resolution 3237. In the UNGA's regional groupings, the PLO gained full membership in the Group of Asian states on 2 April 1986.^{[note 8]} Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine,^[177] the UN re-designated this observer to be referred to as "Palestine" in 1988 (General Assembly Resolution 43/177) and affirmed "the need to enable the Palestinian people to exercise their sovereignty over their territory occupied since 1967".^[177][178] In July 1998, the General Assembly adopted a new Resolution (52/250) conferring upon Palestine additional rights and privileges, including the right to participate in the general debate held at the start of each session of the General Assembly, the right of reply, the right to co-sponsor resolutions and the right to raise points of order on Palestinian and Middle East issues.^[179] By this resolution, "seating for Palestine shall be arranged immediately after non-member States and before the other observers."^[179] This Resolution was adopted by a vote of 124 in favour, 4 against (Israel, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, United States) and 10 abstentions.^[180][181]

Since 2011, Palestinian diplomacy has been centred around the Palestine 194 campaign, which aims to gain membership for the State of Palestine in the United Nations at its 66th Session in September 2011. It seeks to effectively gain collective recognition for a Palestinian state based on the borders prior to the Six-Day War, with East Jerusalem as its capital. In September 2012, the Palestine Liberation Organization submitted a draft resolution according non-member observer state status to Palestine,^[182][183] which the General Assembly approved on 29 November 2012.^[152] The change in status was described by The Independent as "de facto recognition of the sovereign State of Palestine".^[184]

The vote was a historic benchmark for the sovereign State of Palestine and its citizens, whilst it was a diplomatic setback for Israel and the United States. Status as an observer state in the UN will allow the State of Palestine to join treaties and specialised UN agencies, such as the International Civil Aviation Organisation,^[185] the Law of the Seas Treaty and the International Criminal Court. It shall permit Palestine to claim legal rights over its territorial waters and air space as a sovereign state recognised by the UN. It shall also provide the citizens of Palestine with the right to sue for control of their territory in the International Court of Justice and with the legal right to bring war-crimes charges, mainly those relating to the unlawful Israeli occupation of the State of Palestine, against Israel in the International Criminal Court.^[186]

After Palestine was granted UN observer status, the UN authorised the PLO to title its representative office to the UN as 'The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations',^[187] and Palestine re-titled its name accordingly on postal stamps, official documents and passports,^[188][189] whilst it has instructed its diplomats to officially represent 'The State of Palestine', as opposed to the 'Palestine National Authority'.^[188] Additionally, on 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents",^[190] thus recognising the PLO-proclaimed State of Palestine as being sovereign over the territories of Palestine and its citizens under international law.

On 13 June 2014, the State of Palestine became a party to the International Criminal Court, based in The Hague; the State of Palestine acceded to the Rome Statute on 2 January 2015.^[191]

Before the United Nations General Assembly voting in September 2012, the Palestinian Authority had tried to become a party to the Rome Statute and therefore recognize the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2009 and again in April 2012.^[192][193] According to The Jerusalem Post, "had the ICC accepted the PA's recognition of its jurisdiction, it would have also tacitly accepted its statehood."^[194]

In June 2006, a decision by the 29th International Conference of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent admitted the Palestine Red Crescent Society as a full member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

The State of Palestine has been a full member of the Geneva Conventions since 2 April 2014.

In 1989, just one year after the proclamation of the State of Palestine, the Palestine Liberation Organization had tried to accede to the Geneva Conventions back in 1989, but Switzerland, as the depositary state, had stated that because the question of Palestinian statehood had not been settled within the international community, it was incapable of recognising Palestine as a "power" that could accede to the Conventions.^[195]

The State of Palestine is a full member of the International Olympic Committee,^[196] of the International Paralympic Committee,^[197] and of FIFA.^[198]

On 28 September 2023, a majority of the members of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) approved a proposal for the State of Palestine to be recognized, with that name, as an observer state to the Agency.^{[Note 1]}

The PLO currently holds observer status at the World Health Organization (WHO). It had applied for full membership status as far back as 1989, when the United States, which provided one-quarter of the WHO's funding at the time, informed the WHO that its funding would be withheld if Palestine was admitted as a member state. Yasser Arafat described the U.S. statement as "blackmail". The PLO was asked to withdraw its application by the WHO director general. The WHO subsequently voted to postpone consideration of the application and no decision on the application has been made yet.^[195] John Quigley writes that Palestine's efforts to gain membership in several international organisations connected to the United Nations was frustrated by U.S. threats to withhold funding from any organisation that admitted Palestine.^[202] On 31 October 2011, following the admission of Palestine to UNESCO, the Minister of Health Fathi Abu Moghli announced that the PNA would then seek membership at the WHO;^[203] however, following reports that that would lead to the defunding of the entire organization by the United States – as the US had done to UNESCO after it admitted Palestine –, the Palestinian government announced that they would not be seeking membership at WHO at the time.^[204] As of 2023, the WHO still refers to the territories claimed by the State of Palestine – the West Bank and Gaza – as "the Occupied Palestinian Territory".

In 2022, the State of Palestine was allowed to participate, as an observer state and under the name "Palestine", of the World Trade Organization's twelfth Ministerial Conference, held in Geneva, Switzerland.^[205]

The Palestine Liberation Organization, representing the Palestinian National Authority, participates in trade liberalisation:

The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority are jointly^{[note 13]} accepted as party to the international agreements in the Arab Mashreq:

• Fowler, Michael; Bunck, Julie Marie (1995). Law, Power, and the Sovereign State: The Evolution and Application of the Concept of Sovereignty. Penn State Press. ISBN 0-271-01471-7.
• Hirschberger, Bernd (2021). External Communication in Social Media During Asymmetric Conflicts A Theoretical Model and Empirical Case Study of the Conflict in Israel and Palestine. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8394-5509-8. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
• Quigley, John (1990). Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-1023-6.
• Takkenberg, Alex (1998). The Status of Palestinian Refugees in International Law (Illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-826590-5.
• Talmon, Stefan (1998). Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile (Illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-826573-5.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to International relations of the State of Palestine.

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived 5 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine
• EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Country profile of Palestine