José Eleazar López Contreras (5 May 1883 – 2 January 1973) was the president of Venezuela between 1935 and 1941. He was an army general and one of Juan Vicente Gómez's collaborators, serving as his War Minister from 1931. In 1939, Contreras accepted on behalf of Venezuela the ships Koenigstein and Caribia which had fled with Jews from Germany.[1][2]
Eleazar López Contreras | |
|---|---|
 | |
| President of Venezuela | |
| In office 18 December 1935 – 5 May 1941 | |
| Preceded by | Juan Vicente Gómez |
| Succeeded by | Isaías Medina Angarita |
| Ministry of War | |
| In office 22 April 1931 – 17 December 1935 | |
| Preceded by | Tobías Utribe |
| Succeeded by | Antonio Chalboud Cardona |
| Senator for life | |
| In office 23 January 1961 – 2 January 1973 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 5 May 1883 Queniquea, Táchira, Venezuela |
| Died | 2 January 1973 (aged 89) Caracas, Venezuela |
| Political party | Independent |
| Spouse(s) | Luz María Volkmar Luisa Elena Mijares María Teresa Núñez Tovar |
| Children | Blanca Rosa Eleazar Cristina Cecilia Fernando Margarita |
| Profession | General, Politician |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service |
|
| Years of service | 1899−1941 |
| Rank | Vice Commander (final) |
| Commands | |
| Battles/wars | |
Presidency
At the beginning of his presidency he faced two great crises: the first one was on Friday, February 14, 1936, when a popular demonstration arrived at Miraflores to demand the restitution of constitutional guarantees, the dissolution of the Gomecista majority Congress and the summoning of a National Constituent Assembly. The bloody events that took place during the repression of said demonstration led to the immediate dismissal and temporary arrest of the Governor of the Capital District, Felix Galavis. President Lopez partially accepted the demands. The second was the labor strike in June of the same year, where the purpose of the opposition was to overthrow him, which was not accomplished. He reformed the Constitution in July 1936, tried to be democratic by reducing the presidential term from 7 to 5 years, a clause that he himself surprisingly applied. However, authoritarian measures were legalized, such as exile by presidential decree and the proscription of communist and anarchist ideologies, which caused several politicians accused of such to be expelled from the country, among them Rómulo Betancourt.
His government is remembered for the creation of protection and assistance organisms such as the Ministry of Health and Social Assistance by a decree on February 25, 1936. The importance of public hygiene was stated as a motive. Many of the innovations that the Ministry introduced were due to Arnoldo Gabaldón, who brought recommendations from the Conference of Directors of Public Health in Washington, D.C. in 1936. The Ministry of Agriculture and Breeding was also created due to the importance that the policy of Contreras intended to attribute to agricultural development. On August 6, 1936 he created the Venezuelan Children's Council. In 1938 the Technical Institute of Immigration and Colonization was created, through which the government planned to distribute large estates to Venezuelan and foreign farmers, in order to repopulate the countryside and to raise the quality of life.
1936 Constitution
Main changes:[3]
- Senators and deputies are elected by second degree elections. They are in charge of electing the President of the Republic. With the 1945 reform, parliamentarians are elected directly.[4]
- The presidential term is reduced from 7 to 5 years.
- The parliamentary term is 4 years.
- Men over 21 years of age and literate can elect and be elected.
- Women can participate in the elections to Municipal Councils. After the reform of 1945, women are allowed to vote universally and by secret ballot.[4]
- The name of Zamora State is changed to Barinas State.
- Communist and anarchist activities are prohibited, but in the reform of 1945 this provision is suppressed.[4]
López Contreras cabinet
| Cabinet[5] | ||
|---|---|---|
| OFFICE | NAME | TERM |
| President | Eleazar López Contreras | 1935–1941 |
| Interior Affairs | Pedro Tinoco | 1935–1936 |
| Diógenes Escalante | 1936 | |
| Alejandro Lara | 1936 | |
| Régulo Olivares | 1936–1937 | |
| Alfonso Mejía | 1937–1938 | |
| Luis Gerónimo Pietri | 1938–1941 | |
| Foreign Affairs | Pedro Itriago Chacín | 1935–1936 |
| Esteban Gil Borges | 1936–1941 | |
| Finance | Efraim González | 1935–1936 |
| Gustavo Herrera | 1936 | |
| Alejandro Lara | 1936 | |
| Alberto Adriani | 1936 | |
| Cristóbal L. Mendoza | 1937–1938 | |
| Francisco J. Parra | 1938–1941 | |
| War and Navy | Antonio Chalbaud Cardona | 1935–1936 |
| Isaías Medina Angarita | 1936–1941 | |
| Development | Pedro París | 1936 |
| Nestor Luis Pérez | 1936–1938 | |
| Manuel R. Egaña | 1938–1941 | |
| Public Works | Antonio Díaz | 1935–1936 |
| Tomás Pacaninis | 1936–1938 | |
| Enrique Jorge Aguerrevere | 1938–1941 | |
| Public Instruction | R. González Rincones | 1935–1936 |
| José Ramón Ayala | 1936 | |
| Caracciolo Parra Pérez | 1936 | |
| Rómulo Gallegos | 1936 | |
| Alberto Smith | 1936–1937 | |
| Rafael Ernesto López | 1937–1938 | |
| Enrique Tejera | 1938–1939 | |
| Arturo Uslar Pietri | 1939–1941 | |
| Sanitation and Agriculture | R. González Rincones | 1935–1936 |
| Health and Social Welfare | Enrique Tejera | 1936 |
| Santos A. Dominici | 1936–1937 | |
| Honorio Sigala | 1937–1938 | |
| Julio García Álvarez | 1938–1941 | |
| Agriculture | Alberto Adriani | 1936 |
| Alfonso Mejía | 1936–1937 | |
| Hugo Parra Pérez | 1937–1938 | |
| Amenodoro Rangel Lamus | 1938–1939 | |
| Alfonso Mejía | 1939–1941 | |
| Communications | Francisco H. Rivero | 1936 |
| Honorio Sigala | 1936 | |
| Alejandro Lara | 1936–1937 | |
| Luis Gerónimo Pietri | 1937–1938 | |
| Héctor Cuenca | 1938–1939 | |
| José Rafael Pocaterra | 1939–1941 | |
| Secretary of the Presidency | Amenodoro Rangel | 1935-1936 |
| Francisco Parra | 1936 | |
| Diógenes Escalante | 1936–1938 | |
| Alfonso Mejía | 1938–1939 | |
| Tulio Chiossone | 1939−1941 | |
| Secretary | Amenodoro Rangel Lamus | 1935-1937 |
Personal life
Eleazar López Contreras was married to María Teresa Núñez Tovar,[citation needed] who served as First Lady of Venezuela from 1936–1941.[citation needed]
María Teresa Núñez Tovar
See also
References
- (in Spanish) General Eleazar López Contreras — Official biography.
- ^ "Nuevo Mundo Israelita - Semanario al servicio de la comunidad judia de Venezuela". Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Morashá | Home". Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Fundación Empresas Polar > Historia de Venezuela para nosotros". web.archive.org. 31 March 2008. Archived from the original on 31 March 2008. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ a b c Rojas, Indira (18 October 2020). "La revolución del voto y el 18 de octubre de 1945". Prodavinci (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ Centro Editor/José Rivas Rivas (1972). "Historia Gráfica de Venezuela. 1- El Gobierno de López Contreras"