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Demographics of Pakistan

(Redirected from Demography of Pakistan)

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Pakistan. For a general overview of the citizens of Pakistan, see Pakistanis.

Pakistan had a population of 241,492,197 according to the final results of the 2023 Census.[3][4][5] This figure includes Pakistan's four provinces e.g. Punjab, Sindh, KPK, Balochistan and Islamabad Capital Territory. AJK and Gilgit-Baltistan's census data is yet to be approved by CCI Council of Pakistan. Pakistan is the world's fifth most populous country.[6]

Demographics of Pakistan
Population pyramid of Pakistan as of July 1, 2021
Population241,492,197 (2023 census)
Density260.8/km2 (675/sq mi)
248.9/km2 (645/sq mi) (including AJK and GB)
Growth rateIncrease 1.85% (2021 est.)[1]
Birth rate22.5 births / 1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate7.2 deaths / 1,000 population (2021 est.)[1]
Life expectancy69.1 years (2022 est.)[1]
 • male66.8 years (2022 est.)[1]
 • female71.6 years (2022 est.)[1]
Fertility rate3.47 children born / woman (2021 est.)[1]
Net migration rate−2.0 migrants / 1,000 population (2021 est.)[1]
Age structure
0–14 years40.3% (2017)[2]
15–64 years56.0% (2017)[2]
65 and over3.7% (2017)[2]
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Pakistani
Major ethnicSee Ethnic groups of Pakistan
Language
SpokenSee Languages of Pakistan

Between 1951 and 2017, Pakistan's population expanded over sixfold, going from 33.7 million to 207.7 million. The country has a relatively high, although declining, growth rate supported by high birth rates and low death rates. Between 1998 and 2017, the average annual population growth rate stood at +2.40%.

Dramatic social changes have led to urbanization and the emergence of two megacities: Karachi and Lahore. The country's urban population more than tripled between 1981 and 2017 (from 23.8 million to 75.7 million), as Pakistan's urbanisation rate rose from 28.2% to 36.4%. Even with this, the nation's urbanisation rate remains one of the lowest in the world, and in 2017, over 130 million Pakistanis (making up nearly 65% of the population) lived in rural areas.

Due to a high fertility rate, which was estimated at 3.5 in 2022, Pakistan has one of the world's youngest populations. The 2017 census recorded that 40.3% of the country's population was under the age of 15, while only 3.7% of Pakistanis were aged 65 or more.[2] The median age of the country was 19,[2] while its sex ratio was recorded to be 105 males per 100 females.[3]

The demographic history of Pakistan from the ancient Indus Valley civilization to the modern era includes the arrival and settlement of many cultures and ethnic groups in the modern region of Pakistan from Eurasia and the nearby Middle East. Because of this, Pakistan has a multicultural, multilinguistic, and multiethnic society. Despite Urdu being Pakistan's lingua franca, estimates on how many languages are spoken in the country range from 75 to 85,[7][8] and in 2017, the country's three largest ethnolinguistic groups were the Punjabis (making up 38.8% of the total population), the Pashtuns (18.2%), and the Sindhis (14.6%).[9] Pakistan is also thought to have the world's fourth-largest refugee population, estimated at 1.4 million in mid-2021 by the UNHCR.[10]

Population edit

Main article: Census in Pakistan
Historical Population of Pakistan (four provinces and Islamabad)
YearPop.±% p.a.
1951 33,740,167—    
1961 42,880,378+2.43%
1972 65,309,340+3.90%
1981 84,253,644+2.87%
1998 132,352,279+2.69%
2017 207,684,626+2.40%
2023 241,492,917+2.55%
Source: [3][11]

The 2017 census recorded a population of 207,684,626 living in Pakistan's four provinces and the Islamabad Capital Territory.[3] The census also reported that Azad Kashmir's population stood at 4,045,367[4] and Gilgit-Baltistan's population was 1,492,924.[5] This meant that the total population of Pakistan in 2017 was 213,222,917.

The statistics in the graphs below were created by the United Nations in July 2022,[6] and are covered in more detail in the following section. This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.For years, the country with a population exceeding 230 million has been grappling to achieve economic stability. The people of Pakistan are living in a precarious situation, with an uncertain future in the country.[12]

Population Density per square kilometre of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
Population of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Estimates from the United Nations edit

In July 2022, the United Nations published its 2022 World Population Prospects, a bi annually-updated database where key demographic indicators are estimated and projected worldwide down to the country level. They prepared estimates of Pakistan's population for every year from 1950 to 2021, as well as projections for future decades.[6] This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.

Projections are highlighted in light yellow, and future figures are taken from the medium fertility variant.

YearPopulation% Population
aged 0 to 14		% Population
aged 15 to 64		% Population
aged 65 or more
195037,696,26440.5%54.0%5.5%
195540.3%55.3%4.4%
196045,954,22640.6%55.6%3.7%
196551,841,62642.3%54.4%3.4%
197059,290,87243.7%53.0%3.3%
197568,126,99943.9%52.8%3.4%
198080,624,05743.0%53.5%3.4%
198597,121,55243.0%53.5%3.5%
1990115,414,06943.7%52.8%3.5%
1995133,117,47644.4%52.1%3.5%
2000154,369,92442.9%53.6%3.5%
2005174,372,09841.1%55.4%3.5%
2010194,454,49839.2%57.0%3.7%
2015210,969,29838.4%57.7%3.9%
2020227,196,74137.3%58.6%4.2%
2025249,948,88535.3%60.2%4.5%
2030274,029,83633.2%61.9%4.9%
2035298,432,78031.7%63.1%5.2%
2040322,595,76729.5%64.8%5.7%
2045345,818,94528.1%65.8%6.2%
2050367,808,46826.6%66.5%6.9%

Structure of population edit

Median Age of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

The table below shows Pakistan's population structure by five-year age group and sex using data from the 2017 census.[2] The country's population structure is relatively young, with a median age of 19. With low death rates and a declining birth rate, the country is in the third stage of its Demographic transition. In 2017, Pakistan's sex ratio stood at 105 males per 100 females,[3] which is much more balanced than South Asia as a whole.

The statistics below do not contain Azad Kashmir or Gilgit-Baltistan, which disseminate their census data separately from Pakistan's four provinces and Islamabad.

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotalSex ratioPercent
Total106,318,22101,344,632207,684,626104.9100.0%
0 – 414,944,12414,218,86629,162,990105.114.0%
5 – 915,642,72514,383,59330,026,318108.814.5%
10 – 1412,946,87111,580,31724,527,188111.811.8%
15 – 1911,095,13810,269,21321,366,618108.010.3%
20 – 249,245,0109,247,93618,495,895100.08.9%
25 – 297,936,3828,461,62816,401,13293.87.9%
30 – 346,945,5327,203,49614,151,74896.46.8%
35 – 396,088,1445,958,16412,048,811102.25.8%
40 – 444,847,5224,777,6679,627,067101.54.6%
45 – 494,060,6983,869,2777,931,616104.93.8%
50 – 543,643,7063,300,6456,945,580110.43.3%
55 – 592,647,1272,326,9914,974,986113.82.4%
60 – 642,247,3412,063,6954,311,861108.92.1%
65 – 691,557,7331,393,7182,952,013111.81.4%
70 – 741,131,9161,001,8052,134,220113.01.0%
75 or more1,338,2511,287,6212,626,523103.91.26%
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotalSex ratioPercent
0 – 1443,533,72040,182,77683 716 496108.340.3%
15 – 6458,778,37457,478,712116,257,086102.356.0%
65+4,027,9003,683,1447,711,044109.43.7%

Population distribution edit

Pakistan's population is distributed unevenly, with over half of the country's people living in the Punjab province. On the other hand, Balochistan, which is geographically Pakistan's largest province, is its least-populated. The population is mainly clustered around the most agriculturally fertile areas, particularly the Indus River and its tributaries. Most of the country's people live in rural areas, but two large and growing megacities exist: the coastal Karachi and Lahore in eastern Punjab. Numerous smaller cities (such as Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, and the capital Islamabad) dot the rest of the country.

By province edit

The table below shows Pakistan's provinces and territories by their historical population. While every one of Pakistan's administrative units currently has a growing population, the pace of growth is uneven throughout the country due to differing levels of fertility, mortality, as well as domestic and international migration. Populations pertaining to the modern borders of provinces are shown.

Province or Territory1951[11]1961[11]1972[11]1981[11]1998[11]2017[3]
 Punjab20,540,76225,463,97437,607,42347,292,44173,691,290109,989,655
 Sindh6,047,7488,367,06514,155,90919,028,66630,439,89347,854,510
 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa5,888,5507,578,18610,879,78113,259,87520,919,97635,501,964
 Balochistan1,167,1671,353,4842,428,6784,332,3766,565,88512,335,129
 ICT—117,669237,549340,286805,2352,003,368
Four Provinces and ICT33,740,16742,880,37865,309,34084,253,644132,352,279207,684,626
 Azad Kashmir[4]886,0001,065,0001,573,0001,983,4652,972,5014,045,367
 Gilgit-Baltistan[5]————884,0001,492,924
Total Pakistan————136,208,780213,222,917

Urbanization edit

The following table shows how Pakistan has urbanised. As is true with population growth, urbanisation is an uneven and nonlinear process. With an urbanisation rate of 51.9% as of 2017, Sindh is the country's most urbanised province, and is even more urban than Islamabad Capital Territory. This is largely fuelled by the growth of Karachi, which economically dominates the province and attracts migrants from the rest of the country. On the other hand, the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the territory of Gilgit-Baltistan both share very low urbanisation rates of 16.5%.

Province or Territory1951[11]1961[11]1972[11]1981[11]1998[11]2017[3]
 Punjab17.3%21.5%24.4%27.6%31.3%36.9%
 Sindh29.2%37.9%40.4%43.3%48.8%51.9%
 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa8.6%10.3%11.1%12.6%14.3%16.5%
 Balochistan12.4%16.9%16.5%15.6%23.9%27.6%
 ICT0.0%0.0%32.3%60.1%65.7%50.4%
Four Provinces and ICT17.7%22.5%25.4%28.3%32.5%36.4%
 Azad Kashmir[4]———8.1%12.5%17.4%
 Gilgit-Baltistan[5]————16.8%16.5%
 ICT0.0%0.0%32.3%60.1%65.7%50.4%

Largest cities edit

Main article: List of cities in Pakistan by population

As urbanisation has progressed and owing to the country's large population, Pakistan today has many very large urban centers which act as hubs for commerce and culture. The nation has two megacities, Karachi and Lahore. With populations of 14.9 million and 11.1 million respectively (in 2017), they are among the world's largest metropolises. The country also has seven more cities with more than 1 million residents each: Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Peshawar, Multan, Hyderabad, and Islamabad. All of them play a significant role in the country, housing nearly 14 million people altogether. Aside from these, there are 103 more cities in the country with populations of at least 100,000.

Below a list showing Pakistan's twenty largest cities as of the 2017 census can be found, which not only shows the current populations of the cities, but also their growth rates and locations. The full list can be found on the main article: List of cities in Pakistan by population.

All city population figures below include adjacent cantonments.

City NameProvince or Territory2017 Population[13]1998 Population[11]Avg. Annual Growth Rate
Karachi  Sindh14,884,4029,339,023 2.48%
Lahore  Punjab11,119,9855,209,088 4.06%
Faisalabad  Punjab3,210,1582,008,861 2.49%
Rawalpindi  Punjab2,097,8241,409,768 2.11%
Gujranwala  Punjab2,028,4211,132,509 3.11%
Peshawar  KPK1,969,823982,816 3.72%
Multan  Punjab1,872,6411,197,384 2.38%
Hyderabad  Sindh1,733,6221,166,894 2.10%
Islamabad  ICT1,009,003529,180 3.45%
Quetta  Balochistan999,385565,137 3.04%
Bahawalpur  Punjab762,774408,395 3.34%
Sargodha  Punjab658,208458,440 1.92%
Sialkot  Punjab656,730421,502 2.36%
Sukkur  Sindh500,401335,551 2.12%
Larkana  Sindh488,006270,283 3.15%
Sheikhupura  Punjab472,269280,263 2.79%
Rahim Yar Khan  Punjab420,963233,537 3.14%
Jhang  Punjab414,309293,366 1.83%
Dera Ghazi Khan  Punjab397,362190,542 3.94%
Gujrat  Punjab390,758251,792 2.34%

Vital statistics edit

As Pakistan lacks a national vital statistics system that publicly disseminates data, all of the following information is made from estimates, which are constantly being revised. The United Nations estimated that in February 2021, only 42% of births in Pakistan were officially registered, making it the world's most populous country where more than half of births remained unregistered.[14] The United Nations was unable to estimate how many deaths were officially registered.[14]

Estimates based on surveys edit

Surveys taken by the Pakistani government or intergovernmental organisations are seen as the most reliable method of keeping tabs on birth, death, fertility, and infant mortality rates in a country without a reliable vital registration system. The data recorded in these surveys is used by the United Nations in order to estimate historical and future fertility and mortality figures for Pakistan in the World Population Prospects.[15]

SurveyCrude birth rateCrude death rateInfant mortality rateTotal fertility rateLife expectancy
UrbanRuralTotalMaleFemale
DHS 2006–07[16]30.7—783.304.494.08——
PSLM 2007–08[17]——693.134.413.95——
PSLM 2011–12[18]——633.264.353.95——
DHS 2012–13[19]——743.164.203.84——
PSLM 2013–14[20]——653.244.353.95——
DHS 2017–18[21]29—622.933.943.56——
PSLM 2018–19[22]——603.014.213.75——
PMMS 2019[23]——————64.366.5
PDS 2020[24]276.7563.074.113.7264.565.5

Regional fertility rates edit

Many of the surveys above also recorded fertility rate data broken down by each of Pakistan's administrative units, while many more surveys have been taken explicitly focusing on a specific province or territory. The fertility rate data recorded in these surveys is displayed in the table below.

SurveyPunjabSindhKPKBalochistanICTAJKG-BPakistan
DHS 2006–07[16]3.94.34.34.1———4.08
MICS Punjab 2011[25]3.6———————
DHS 2012–13[19]3.83.93.94.23.0—3.83.84
MICS Punjab 2014[26]3.5———————
MICS Sindh 2014[27]—4.0——————
MICS KPK 2016–17[28]——4.0—————
MICS G-B 2016–17[29]——————4.6—
DHS 2017–18[21]3.43.64.14.03.03.54.73.56
MICS Punjab 2017–18[30]3.7———————
MICS Sindh 2018–19[31]—3.7——————
MICS KPK 2019[32]——4.0—————
MICS Balochistan 2019-20[33]———4.0————
MICS AJK 2020–21[34]—————3.4——

The MICS surveys above also provide data on the district level, although they come with a far higher margin of error. This margin of error is lessened for larger districts from where larger sample sizes were utilised. In the chart below, the latest fertility rate data for each Pakistani district with a population of over 2 million as of the 2017 census can be found. Although the table is originally ranked by district population size, clicking the headers will allow the reader to sort the table.

DistrictProvinceTotal fertility rateMargin of errorYear of survey2017 Population
Lahore  Punjab3.1±0.22017–18[30]11,119,985
Faisalabad  Punjab3.3±0.22017–18[30]7,882,444
Rawalpindi  Punjab3.2±0.22017–18[30]5,402,380
Gujranwala  Punjab3.4±0.22017–18[30]5,011,066
Rahim Yar Khan  Punjab4.6±0.42017–18[30]4,807,762
Multan  Punjab3.6±0.32017–18[30]4,746,166
Peshawar  KPK4.0±0.52019[32]4,331,959
Muzaffargarh  Punjab4.7±0.32017–18[30]4,328,549
Karachi West  Sindh2.2±0.32018–19[31]3,907,065
Sialkot  Punjab3.5±0.32017–18[30]3,894,938
Sargodha  Punjab3.6±0.32017–18[30]3,696,212
Bahawalpur  Punjab3.9±0.42017–18[30]3,669,176
Sheikhupura  Punjab3.7±0.32017–18[30]3,460,004
Qasur  Punjab4.3±0.32017–18[30]3,454,881
Okara  Punjab4.3±0.42017–18[30]3,040,826
Bahawalnagar  Punjab3.7±0.32017–18[30]2,975,656
Karachi Central  Sindh2.2±0.32018–19[31]2,971,382
Khanewal  Punjab4.0±0.42017–18[30]2,920,233
Vehari  Punjab3.8±0.32017–18[30]2,902,081
Karachi East  Sindh3.2±0.42018–19[31]2,875,315
Dera Ghazi Khan  Punjab5.4±0.52017–18[30]2,872,631
Gujrat  Punjab3.1±0.22017–18[30]2,756,289
Jhang  Punjab4.3±0.42017–18[30]2,742,633
Korangi  Sindh2.5±0.32018–19[31]2,577,556
Sahiwal  Punjab3.6±0.42017–18[30]2,513,011
Khairpur  Sindh4.8±0.82018–19[31]2,405,190
Mardan  KPK4.0±0.32019[32]2,373,399
Swat  KPK4.5±0.52019[32]2,308,624
Quetta  Balochistan4.7±0.32019-20[33]2,269,473
Hyderabad  Sindh3.0±0.42018–19[31]2,199,928
Toba Tek Singh  Punjab3.5±0.32017–18[30]2,191,495
Sanghar  Sindh4.2±0.42018–19[31]2,049,873
Islamabad  ICT3.0±0.32017–18[21]2,003,368

Estimates from the United Nations edit

In July 2022, the United Nations published its 2022 World Population Prospects, a biennially-updated database where key demographic indicators are estimated and projected worldwide down to the country level. They prepared the following estimates of demographic indicators in Pakistan for every year from 1950 to 2021, as well as projections for future decades.[6] This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.

YearMid-year
population		Annual
live births		Annual
deaths		Annual
natural
increase		CBRCDRRNCIMRTFRLife expectancy
MaleFemale
195037,696,2641,647,7391,173,219474,52043.731.112.6263.46.8036.233.4
195138,215,7851,686,3781,121,858564,52044.129.414.8252.96.8037.534.6
195238,816,7771,727,2881,089,817637,47144.528.116.4243.36.8038.635.8
195339,488,2281,768,5241,063,098705,42644.826.917.9234.16.8039.836.9
195440,224,0901,810,5741,044,277766,29745.026.019.0225.66.8040.737.9
195541,023,1281,853,9441,022,153831,79145.224.920.3217.46.8041.839.0
195641,884,9951,900,5101,008,574891,93645.424.121.3209.66.8042.739.8
195742,808,5111,948,801993,703955,09845.523.222.3202.26.8043.740.7
195843,794,9931,999,584981,7041,017,88045.622.423.2195.26.8044.641.6
195944,843,6392,049,555970,1491,079,40645.721.624.1188.76.8045.542.5
196045,954,2262,102,786961,0201,141,76645.720.924.8182.66.8046.343.4
196147,060,9152,157,005951,4111,205,59445.820.225.6176.76.8047.244.2
196248,161,8412,201,790939,9421,261,84845.619.526.2171.26.8048.045.0
196349,325,0502,247,761922,3831,325,37845.518.726.8166.06.8048.846.3
196450,552,5922,293,167907,5511,385,61645.317.927.4161.26.8049.747.4
196551,841,6262,340,733897,3331,443,40045.117.327.8157.56.8050.348.5
196653,199,4142,388,085869,5231,518,56244.816.328.5153.26.8051.650.0
196754,629,7932,438,389854,1121,584,27744.615.629.0149.96.8052.651.2
196856,124,7432,483,692840,6241,643,06844.215.029.2147.06.8053.552.3
196957,676,8052,524,648831,2021,693,44643.714.429.3144.56.8054.253.3
197059,290,8722,584,996818,8061,766,19043.513.829.8142.16.8055.054.6
197160,878,7812,648,206985,1421,663,06443.416.227.3145.56.8049.052.2
197262,509,5652,712,779838,9781,873,80143.313.429.9137.96.8155.455.1
197364,285,6242,785,335852,4591,932,87643.313.230.0136.06.8155.555.5
197466,149,1692,853,960874,0801,979,88043.113.229.9134.36.8155.455.6
197568,126,9992,931,237882,4232,048,81443.013.030.1132.56.8155.856.2
197670,230,9233,015,342900,0182,115,32442.912.830.1131.06.8155.956.5
197772,451,1053,116,181922,2942,193,88743.012.730.3129.66.8055.856.9
197874,789,3303,223,019934,5532,288,46643.112.530.6128.16.7856.357.4
197977,407,3413,337,688950,2352,387,45343.212.330.9126.66.7656.558.1
198080,624,0573,487,787970,0442,517,74343.512.131.4125.16.7356.858.6
198184,270,2023,700,2741,001,0602,699,21444.211.932.2123.66.7057.159.3
198287,828,1983,903,1911,035,6632,867,52844.611.832.7122.16.6757.459.8
198391,080,3724,067,8661,057,0643,010,80244.711.633.1120.56.6457.760.5
198494,003,8674,188,9051,075,2403,113,66544.511.433.1118.86.6258.061.0
198597,121,5524,291,6121,100,9923,190,62044.211.432.9117.06.5958.560.4
1986100,618,5234,453,0731,131,8493,321,22444.311.333.0115.26.5558.860.3
1987104,251,0934,602,4181,185,0623,417,35644.211.432.8113.36.5258.559.8
1988107,967,8384,749,5061,208,5743,540,93244.011.232.8111.56.4858.560.4
1989111,670,3864,877,5281,229,6723,647,85643.711.032.7109.66.4358.760.7
1990115,414,0694,979,8051,238,4823,741,32343.110.732.4107.86.3659.061.4
1991119,203,5695,070,5481,256,9303,813,61842.510.532.0105.96.2959.461.3
1992122,375,1795,146,9421,290,6283,856,31441.810.531.3103.96.2159.660.7
1993125,546,6155,116,8441,309,4183,807,42640.810.430.3101.76.1159.660.4
1994129,245,1395,188,3811,321,8343,866,54740.110.229.999.56.0159.760.6
1995133,117,4765,214,1501,355,5863,858,56439.210.229.097.25.8959.560.4
1996137,234,8105,283,3671,351,4573,931,91038.59.928.794.75.7759.961.1
1997141,330,2675,323,1601,363,6883,959,47237.79.728.092.35.6459.961.5
1998145,476,1065,391,8731,360,0604,031,81337.19.427.789.95.5160.262.1
1999149,694,4625,457,8201,350,1654,107,65536.59.027.587.55.3960.862.8
2000154,369,9245,503,8801,349,7604,154,12035.88.827.085.35.2661.263.1
2001159,217,7275,621,7181,365,2654,256,45335.38.626.883.35.1261.463.6
2002163,262,8075,707,8781,383,9134,323,96534.98.526.481.55.0161.763.7
2003166,876,6805,705,8691,389,3234,316,54634.18.325.879.84.8861.964.0
2004170,648,6205,728,0411,397,6374,330,40433.58.225.378.44.7561.964.4
2005174,372,0985,741,6651,467,7944,273,87132.98.424.577.94.6461.264.0
2006178,069,9845,780,3281,397,0714,383,25732.47.824.675.74.5362.165.7
2007181,924,5215,939,2541,421,1004,518,15432.67.824.874.54.5161.966.1
2008185,931,9556,026,1121,440,0354,586,07732.47.724.673.14.4361.966.5
2009190,123,2226,126,9531,466,0944,660,85932.27.724.571.84.3662.166.5
2010194,454,4986,251,6491,479,5754,772,07432.17.624.570.54.3062.366.9
2011198,602,7386,344,7911,497,8604,846,93131.97.524.368.84.2362.567.1
2012202,205,8616,416,6011,518,6634,897,93831.67.524.167.14.1762.767.2
2013205,337,5626,432,6441,512,9114,919,73331.27.323.865.54.1163.067.6
2014208,251,6286,374,7161,522,2174,852,49930.57.323.263.84.0163.167.7
2015210,969,2986,297,4661,504,8204,792,64629.77.122.662.13.9063.568.2
2016213,524,8406,291,2081,510,5004,780,70829.37.022.360.43.8363.768.3
2017216,379,6556,289,9651,496,2764,793,68929.06.922.158.83.7664.068.8
2018219,731,4796,302,0811,508,1294,793,95228.66.821.857.13.6964.269.0
2019223,293,2806,330,9331,514,6004,816,33328.36.821.555.53.6264.669.1
2020227,196,7416,362,7051,606,2934,756,41228.07.120.953.93.5663.968.8
2021231,402,1176,374,7411,660,4004,714,34127.57.220.452.33.4763.868.6
Life expectancy in Pakistan since 1921
Life expectancy in Pakistan since 1960 by gender

Human development edit

Human Development Index edit

Further information: List of administrative units of Pakistan by Human Development Index

Pakistan's Human Development Index (HDI) value for 2018 is in the medium human development category with a score of 0.560 (152nd rank out of 189 countries and territories) compared to 0.614 (135th rank) for Bangladesh and 0.647 (129th rank) for India. From 1990 to 2018, Pakistan's HDI increased 38.6% from 0.404 to 0.560.[35][36]

2018 Information on Pakistani provinces/regions, compared to other countries, estimated at three decimal places is provided below:[37]

RankRegionHDI (2018)[37]
Medium human development
1Islamabad Capital Territory0.875
2Azad Jammu & Kashmir0.611
3Gilgit-Baltistan0.593
4Punjab0.567
–  Pakistan (average)0.561
Low human development
5Sindh0.533
6Khyber Pakhtunkhwa0.529
7Balochistan0.477
8FATA0.466

Literacy edit

definition: aged 10 and over with the "Ability to read and understand simple text in any language from a newspaper or magazine, write a simple letter and perform basic mathematical calculation (ie, counting and addition/subtraction)." as of 2018[38]

Total population
62.3%
Male
72.5%
Female
51.8%

Educational institutions by kind edit

[40]

Nationality, ethnicity, and language edit

Ethnic groups edit

Main article: Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Dominant Ethnolinguistic Group in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Ethnic groups in Pakistan (World Factbook)[41]

  Punjabis (44.7%)
  Pashtuns (18.24%)
  Sindhis (14.1%)
  Saraikis (8.4%)
  Muhajirs (7.6%)
  Balochis (3.6%)
  Others (6.3%)

The major ethnolinguistic groups of Pakistan include Punjabis, Pashtuns,[42][43]Sindhis, Saraikis, Muhajirs, Balochs, Paharis[note 1][note 2] and Brahuis,[44][note 3] with significant numbers of Kashmiris, Chitralis, Shina, Baltis, Kohistanis, Torwalis, Hazaras, Burusho, Wakhis, Kalash, Siddis and other various minorities.[45][46]

Pakistan's census does not include the 1.4 million citizens of Afghanistan who are temporarily residing in Pakistan.[47][48][49] Majority of them were born in Pakistan within the last four decades and are ethnically Pashtuns, Tajiks, Uzbeks and others.[50]

Foreign-born population in Pakistan edit

Main article: Immigration to Pakistan

After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, many Muslims from India migrated to Pakistan and they are the largest group of foreign-born residents. This group is dwindling because of its age. The second-largest group of foreign-born residents consists of refugees from Afghanistan who are expected to leave Pakistan by the end of 2018.[51] There are also smaller groups of Muslim immigrants from countries such as Burma, Bangladesh, Iraq, Somalia, Iran, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, among others.[citation needed]

YearPopulationForeign bornPercentage foreign born
196046,259,0006,350,29613.73%
197059,565,0005,105,5568.57%
198079,297,0005,012,5246.32%
1990111,698,0006,555,7825.87%
2000142,648,0004,242,6892.97%
2005157,935,0003,254,1122.06%
Source:[52]Mostly those born before 1947

Languages edit

Main article: Languages of Pakistan

Languages of Pakistan (2017)[53]

  Punjabi (38.78%)
  Pashto (18.24%)
  Sindhi (14.57%)
  Saraiki (12.19%)
  Urdu (7.08%)
  Balochi (3.02%)
  Hindko (2.24%)
  Brahui (1.24%)
  Kashmiri (0.17%)
  Others (2.47%)
Census history of major languages
RankLanguage2017 census1998 census1981 census1961 census1951 census
1Punjabi*38.78%44.15%48.17%56.39%57.08%
2Pashto18.24%14.42%13.35%8.47%8.16%
3Sindhi14.57%14.1%12.7%12.59%12.85%
4Saraiki*12.19%10.53%9.54%
5Urdu7.08%7.57%7.60%7.57%7.05%
6Balochi3.02%3.57%3.02%2.49%3.04%
7Others6.12%4.66%5.62%12.49%11.82%

Pakistan is a multilingual country with dozens of languages spoken as first languages.[54][55] The majority Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family.[56][57]

Urdu is the national language and the lingua franca of Pakistan, and while sharing official status with English, it is the preferred and dominant language used for inter-communication between different ethnic groups.[54][55] Numerous regional languages are spoken as first languages by Pakistan's various ethnolinguistic groups. Languages with more than a million speakers each include Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Urdu, Balochi, Hindko, Pahari-Pothwari[note 2] and Brahui.[9]

Ethnologue lists 74 languages in Pakistan. Of these, 66 are indigenous and 8 are non-indigenous. In terms of their vitality, 7 are classified as 'institutional', 17 are 'developing', 37 are 'vigorous', 10 are 'in trouble', and 3 are 'dying'.[58]

Urdu (national language) edit

The proportion of people with Urdu as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Urdu (اردو) is the national language (قومی زبان) and lingua franca of Pakistan.[59] Although only about 7% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language, it is widely spoken and understood as a second language by the vast majority of Pakistanis.[60][61]

No region in Pakistan uses Urdu as its mother tongue, though it is spoken as the first language of Muslim migrants (known as Muhajirs) in Pakistan who left India after independence in 1947.[62] Urdu was chosen as a symbol of unity for the new state of Pakistan in 1947, because it had already served as a lingua franca among Muslims in north and northwest British India.[63] It is written, spoken and used in all provinces/territories of Pakistan, and together with English as the main languages of instruction,[64] although the people from differing provinces may have different native languages.[65]

Urdu is taught as a compulsory subject up to higher secondary school in both English and Urdu medium school systems, which has produced millions of second-language Urdu speakers among people whose native language is one of the other languages of Pakistan – which in turn has led to the absorption of vocabulary from various regional Pakistani languages,[66] while some Urdu vocabularies has also been assimilated by Pakistan's regional languages.[67][68]

Punjabi edit

The proportion of people with Punjabi as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Punjabi (پنجابی) is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan. It is spoken as a first language by almost 39% of Pakistanis.[69] It is the 11th most widely spoken language in India, and the third most-spoken native language in the Indian Subcontinent. The language is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora, particularly in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and the broader Indo-European language family in its usage of lexical tone.[70]

Pashto edit

The proportion of people with Pashto as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Pashto (پښتو) is an Iranian language spoken as a first language by more than 18% of Pakistanis, mainly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in northern Balochistan as well as in ethnic Pashtun communities in the cities of Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore, and most notably Karachi,[71][72][73][74] which may have the largest Pashtun population of any city in the world.[75]

There are three major dialect patterns within which the various individual dialects may be classified; these are Pakhto, which is the Northern (Peshawar) variety, and the softer Pashto spoken in the southern areas such as in Quetta.

Sindhi edit

The proportion of people with Sindhi as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Sindhi (سنڌي) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken as a first language by almost 15% of Pakistanis, mostly in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The name "Sindhi" is derived from Sindhu, the original name of the Indus River.[76]

Like other languages of this family, Sindhi has passed through Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) and Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha) stages of growth. 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa) but later work has shown this to be unlikely.[77] It entered the New Indo-Aryan stage around the 10th century CE.[78][79]

Saraiki edit

The proportion of people with Saraiki as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Saraiki (سرائیکی) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda group, spoken in central and southeastern Pakistan, primarily in the southern part of the province of Punjab. Saraiki is to a high degree mutually intelligible with Standard Punjabi[80][81] and shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and morphology. At the same time in its phonology it is radically different[82] (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and the development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with the Sindhi language spoken to the south.[80]

Saraiki is the language of about 26 million people in Pakistan, ranging across southern Punjab, southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and border regions of northern Sindh and eastern Balochistan.[83]

Balochi edit

The proportion of people with Balochi as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Balochi (بلوچی) is an Iranian language spoken as a first language by about 3% of Pakistanis, mostly in the Balochistan province. Rakshani is the major dialect group in terms of numbers. Sarhaddi is a sub-dialect of Rakshani. Other sub-dialects are Kalati (Qalati), Chagai-Kharani and Panjguri. Eastern Hill Balochi or Northern Balochi is very different from the rest.

Hindko edit

The proportion of people with Hindko as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Hindko (ہندکو) is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda dialects spoken in several discontinuous areas in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab.Hindko is mutually intelligible with Punjabi and Saraiki,[84] and has more affinities with the latter than with the former.[85] Differences with other Punjabi varieties are more pronounced in the morphology and phonology than in the syntax.[86]The word Hindko, commonly used to refer to a number of Indo-Aryan dialects spoken in the neighbourhood of Pashto, likely originally meant "the Indian language" (in contrast to Pashto).[87] An alternative local name for this language group is Hindki.[88][note 4]

Brahui edit

The proportion of people with Brahui as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Brahui (براھوی) is a Dravidian language which is spoken in the central part of Balochistan province. Brahui is spoken in the central part of Pakistani Balochistan, mainly in Kalat, Khuzdar and Mastung districts, but also in smaller numbers in neighbouring districts, as well as in Afghanistan which borders Pakistani Balochistan; however, many members of the ethnic group no longer speak Brahui.[89]

Minor languages edit

Map showing some of the minor languages in Pakistan as of 1998.

Other languages spoken by linguistic minorities include the languages listed below, with speakers ranging from a few hundred to tens of thousands. A few are highly endangered languages that may soon have no speakers at all.[90] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization defines five levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":[91]

  • Vulnerable - "most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)"
  • Definitely endangered – "children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home"
  • Severely endangered – "language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves"
  • Critically endangered – "the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently"
  • Extinct – "there are no speakers left; included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s"

The list below includes the findings from the third edition of Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010; formerly the Red Book of Endangered Languages), as well as the online edition of the aforementioned publication, both published by UNESCO.[92]

LanguageStatusCommentsISO 639–3
Balti languageVulnerable[91]Also spoken in: Indiabft
Bashkarik languageDefinitely endangered[91] gwc, xka
Badeshi languageCritically endangered[91] bdz
Bateri languageDefinitely endangered[91] btv
Bhadravahi languageDefinitely endangered[91]Also spoken in: Indiabhd
Brahui languageVulnerable[91]Also spoken in: Afghanistanbrh
Burushaski languageVulnerable[91] bsk
Chilisso languageSeverely endangered[91] clh
Dameli languageSeverely endangered[91] dml
Domaaki languageSeverely endangered[91] dmk
Gawar-Bati languageDefinitely endangered[91]Also spoken in: Afghanistangwt
Gowro languageSeverely endangered[91] gwf
Jad languageDefinitely endangered[91]Also spoken in: Indiajda
Kalasha languageSeverely endangered[91] Not to be confused with Kalasha-ala languagekls
Kalkoti languageSeverely endangered[91]  
Kamkata-vari language, Kata-vari dialect, Kamviri dialectDefinitely endangered[91]Also spoken in: Afghanistanbsh, xvi
Khowar languageVulnerable[91] khw
Kundal Shahi languageDefinitely endangered[91]Also spoken in: India 
Maiya languageVulnerable[91] mvy
Ormuri languageDefinitely endangered[91]Also spoken in: Afghanistanoru
Phalura languageDefinitely endangered[91] phl
Purik languageVulnerable[91]Also spoken in: Indiaprx
Savi languageDefinitely endangered[91]Also spoken in: Afghanistansdg
Spiti languageVulnerable[91]Also spoken in: Indiaspt
Torwali languageDefinitely endangered[91] trw
Ushojo languageDefinitely endangered[91] ush
Wakhi languageDefinitely endangered[91]Also spoken in: China, Tajikistan, Afghanistanwbl
Yidgha languageDefinitely endangered[91] ydg
Zangskari languageDefinitely endangered[91]Also spoken in: Indiazau

Religion edit

Main article: Religion in Pakistan

Religion in Pakistan (2017)[93][unreliable source?]

  Islam (96.5%)
  Hinduism (2.1%)
  Christianity (1.3%)
  Other (0.1%)

According to the World Factbook, Library of Congress, Oxford University, over 96% of the population of Pakistan is Muslim and the remaining 4% is Hindu, Christian, and others.[94][95][96] Majority of the Muslims practice Sunni with a significant minority of Shi'as.

Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi school, although there are some Hanbalis and Ahl-e-Hadees. The majority of Shia Muslims belong to the Ithnā'Ashariyyah branch,[94] while a smaller number practice Ismailism. There are small non-Muslim religious groups, including Christians, Ahmadis, Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Baháʼís and Zoroastrians (Parsis),[97]

Religious breakdown of the Pakistani population as of Pakistan Census 2017:
ReligionPopulation
Muslims
200,362,718
Hindus
4,444,870
Christians
2,642,048
Ahmadiyya
191,737
All Others[a]
43,253
  1. ^ including Zoroastrians, Sikhs, and Buddhists

Recent changes and detailed demographic data edit

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics released religious data of Pakistan Census 2017 on 19 May 2021.[98] 96.47% are Muslims, followed by 2.14% Hindus, 1.27% Christians, 0.09% Ahmadis and 0.02% others.

The 2017 census showed marginal increase in the share of Hindus.The census also recorded Pakistan's first Hindu-majority district, called Umerkot District.

On the other hand, Christianity in Pakistan, while increasing in raw numbers, has fallen significantly in percentage terms since the last census. Christians are concentrated in the most developed parts of Pakistan, Lahore District (over 5% Christian), Islamabad Capital Territory (over 4% Christian), and Northern Punjab.

The Ahmadiyya movement shrunk in size (both raw numbers and percentage) between 1998 and 2017, while remaining concentrated in Lalian Tehsil, Chiniot District, where approximately 13% of the population is Ahmadiyya.

Here are some maps of Pakistan's religious minority groups as of the 2017 census by district:
Hindu Proportion of each Pakistani District of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
Ahmadiyya Proportion of each Pakistani District of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
Christian Proportion of each Pakistani District of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
Virtually all people not belonging to one of these minority groups were Sunni or Shia Muslim, with the most religiously homogeneous areas found in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Pakistanis around the world edit

Main article: Overseas Pakistanis
 Saudi Arabia4,000,000
 United Arab Emirates1,600,000
 United Kingdom1,200,000
 United States687,942[99]
 Canada215,000[100]
 Kuwait190,000
 South Africa180,000[101]
 Oman385,000
 Australia61,913[102]
 Germany179,668
 Qatar52,500
 France50,000
 Norway39,257[103]
 Denmark21,000
 New Zealand10,000
 Ireland9,501
 Japan22,118[104]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Major ethnolonguistic group in Azad Kashmir.
  2. ^ a b Lack of exact numbers of speakers of the language due to the language not being represented in the previous censuses. Upcoming 2022 Census of Pakistan will include Pahari-Pothwari as an option. Baart (2003, p. 10) provides an estimate of 3.8 million, presumably for the population in Pakistan alone. Lothers & Lothers (2010, p. 9) estimate the Pakistani population at well over 2.5 million and the UK diaspora at over 0.5 million. Note that the Pothwari speakers of the Pothohar Northern Punjab are ethnic Punjabis.
  3. ^ Ethnolinguistic groups with a population of more than a million each.[9]
  4. ^ The term Hindki normally refers to a Hindko speaker and Shackle (1980, p. 482) reports that in Pashto the term has slightly pejorative connotations, which are avoided with the recently introduced term Hindkūn.

References edit

Sources edit

External links edit


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