Convoy PQ 15 was an Arctic convoy sent from Iceland by the Western Allies to aid the Soviet Union during the Second World War. The convoy sailed in late April 1942, reaching the Soviet northern ports after air attacks that sank three ships out of twenty-five.
Ships edit
The convoy consisted of 25 merchant ships and was accompanied by one auxiliary, the oiler RFA Gray Ranger, which travelled with a destroyer escort.
The Close Escort was led by Commander John Crombie in the minesweeper HMS Bramble and consisted of two other minesweepers and four trawlers, joined later by four destroyers and the anti-aircraft ship HMS Ulster Queen.
A Cruiser Cover Force (Rear Admiral Harold Burrough) in the light cruiser HMS Nigeria, with the heavy cruiser HMS London and two destroyers and a Distant Covering Force (Admiral John Tovey), comprising the battleships HMS King George V and USS Washington (BB-56), (Rear Admiral Robert C. Giffen, USN, commanding), the aircraft carrier HMS Victorious, the heavy cruisers USS Tuscaloosa (CA-37) and USS Wichita (CA-45), the light cruiser HMS Kenya and ten destroyers.
The convoy was also covered by a patrol of four submarines off Norway, guarding against a sortie by German warships.
Action edit
PQ 15 sailed from Reykjavík, Iceland, on 26 April 1942 with its local escort. This was joined on 28 April by the ocean escort, giving the convoy an immediate total escort of 12 warships.
German aircraft sighted the convoy on 28 April while it was 250 nmi (290 mi; 460 km)south-west of Bear Island. No attack developed for two days as the German forces were busy with the reciprocal Convoy QP 11, which left Murmansk in the Soviet Union on 28 April.
On 1 May the Luftwaffe made its first attack on PQ 15, by six Junkers Ju 88s. The German bombers failed to inflict any damage and lost one of their number. The Distant Cover Force suffered two losses when King George V and the destroyer HMS Punjabi collided in fog. Punjabi sank and King George V was forced to return to port. Her place in the group was taken by the battleship HMS Duke of York, which steamed from Scapa Flow to reinforce the escorts.
The escorts made an asdic contact on 2 May, which the destroyer HMS St. Albans and minesweeper HMS Seagull attacked. When the submarine was damaged and forced to the surface it was found to be the Polish Jastrzab, which was assigned to patrol off Norway but was some way out of position. Jastrzab was too badly damaged to continue and was scuttled.
On 3 May at 01:30 in the half light of the Arctic summer nights, six Heinkel He 111 bombers of I. Gruppe, Kampfgeschwader 26, the Luftwaffe's new torpedo bomber force, made the first German torpedo bomber attack of the war.[1] Three ships were hit, two were sunk and one was damaged, later to be sunk by the German submarine U-251. Two aircraft were shot down and a third damaged, which subsequently crashed. A further attack by German high-level bombers at dusk was unsuccessful.
Deteriorating weather on 4 May prevented further attacks, an Arctic gale quickly turning into a snowstorm. PQ 15 arrived at the Kola Inlet at 21:00 on 5 May with no further losses.
Aftermath edit
Botavon and Cape Corso had been sunk by torpedo bombers; Jutland was damaged by torpedo bombers and later sunk by U-251. Of the escorting warships, the submarine Jastrzab and destroyer Punjabi had been sunk and the battleship King George V had been damaged. However, 22 fully laden merchant ships had arrived safely in Murmansk, the largest Allied convoy yet to arrive in the Soviet Union. The convoy was regarded by the Allies as a success, although it gave them a taste of the difficulties to come on the Arctic convoy run.
Ships in the convoy edit
The following information is from the Arnold Hague Convoy Database.[2]
Merchant ships edit
| Name | Flag | Tonnage gross register tons (GRT) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alcoa Cadet (1919) |  United States | 4,823 | Lost in N.Russia after arrival |
| Alcoa Rambler (1919) | United States | 5,500 | At Reykjavik 15–26 April |
| Bayou Chico (1920) | United States | 5,401 | |
| Botavon (1912) |  United Kingdom | 5,848 | Torpedoed and sunk later by convoy escort Captain H. J. Anchor OBE RD RNR (convoy commodore) |
| Cape Corso (1929) | United Kingdom | 3,807 | Sunk by torpedo-bomber |
| Cape Race (1930) | United Kingdom | 3,807 | At Reykjavik 15–26 April vice convoy commodore |
| Capira (1920) |  Panama | 5,625 | |
| Deer Lodge (1919) | United States | 6,187 | At Reykjavik 16–26 April |
| Empire Bard (1942) | United Kingdom | 3,114 | Joined From Reykjavik. Heavy-lift crane ship N. Russia |
| Empire Morn (1941) | United Kingdom | 7,092 | CAM ship at Reykjavik 16–26 April |
| Expositor (1919) | United States | 4,959 | Reykjavik 15–26 April |
| Francis Scott Key (1941) | United States | 7,191 | |
| Gray Ranger (1941) | United Kingdom | 3,313 | Detached, arrived Lerwick 8 May Replenishment oiler |
| Hegira (1919) | United States | 7,588 | |
| Jutland (1928) | United Kingdom | 6,153 | Bombed, wreck sunk by U-251 |
| Krassin (1917) |  Soviet Union | 4,902 | Icebreaker on passage |
| Lancaster (1918) | United States | 7,516 | |
| Montcalm (1904) | United Kingdom | 1,432 | Icebreaker on passage |
| Mormacrey (1919) | United States | 5,946 | |
| Mormacrio (1919) | United States | 5,940 | |
| Paul Luckenbach (1913) | United States | 6,606 | |
| Seattle Spirit (1919) | United States | 5,627 | |
| Southgate (1926) | United Kingdom | 4,862 | At Reykjavik 16–26 April |
| Texas (1919) | United States | 5,638 | |
| Topa Topa (1920) | United States | 5,356 | |
| Zebulon B Vance (1942) | United States | 7,177 |
Escort forces edit
The following information is from the Arnold Hague Convoy Database.[3]
| Name | Flag | Ship Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| HMS Badsworth (L03) |  Royal Navy | Escort destroyer | 28 April – 5 May Rescued survivors from Jutland |
| HMS Belvoir | Royal Navy | Escort destroyer | 28 April |
| HMS Boadicea (H65) | Royal Navy | Destroyer | 28 April – 5 May |
| HMS Bramble (J11) | Royal Navy | Minesweeper | 26 April – 5 May |
| HMS Cape Palliser (FY256) | Royal Navy | ASW trawler | 26 April – 5 May |
| HMS Chiltern | Royal Navy | Minesweeper | 26 April – 5 May |
| HMS Duke of York (17) | Royal Navy | Battleship | 2–5 May |
| HMS Escapade (H17) | Royal Navy | Destroyer | 2–5 May |
| HMS Faulknor (H62) | Royal Navy | Destroyer | 2–5 May |
| Gray Ranger (1941) | United Kingdom | Replenishment oiler | Detached, arrived Lerwick 8 May |
| HMS Hursley (L84) | Royal Navy | Escort destroyer | 28 April |
| HMS Inglefield (D02) | Royal Navy | Destroyer | 28 April – 5 May |
| HMS Kenya (14) | Royal Navy | Cruiser | 28 April – 5 May |
| HMS King George V (41) | Royal Navy | Battleship | 28 April – 2 May |
| HMS Lamerton (L88) | Royal Navy | Escort destroyer | 28 April – 4 May |
| HMS Leda (J93) | Royal Navy | Minesweeper | 26 April – 5 May |
| HMS Ledbury (L90) | Royal Navy | Escort destroyer | 26 April – 27 May |
| HMS London (69) | Royal Navy | Heavy cruiser | 30 April – 1 May |
| HMS Marne (G35) | Royal Navy | Destroyer | 29 April – 5 May |
| HMS Martin (G44) | Royal Navy | Destroyer | 29 April – 5 May |
| HMS Matchless (G52) | Royal Navy | Destroyer | 28 April – 5 May |
| HMS Middleton (L74) | Royal Navy | Escort destroyer | 28 April – 4 May |
| Minerve |  Free French Naval Forces | Submarine | 1–5 May |
| HMS Nigeria (60) | Royal Navy | Light Cruiser | 28 April – 2 May |
| HMS Northern Pride (FY105) | Royal Navy | ASW trawler | 26 Apr – 5 May |
| HMS Oribi (G66) | Royal Navy | Destroyer | 29 April – 5 May |
| HMS Unison (P43) | Royal Navy | Submarine | 1–5 May |
| ORP Jastrząb (P551) |  Polish Navy | Submarine | 2 May 1942, lost in friendly fire incident; five crew killed and six injured. Scuttled. |
| HMS Punjabi | Royal Navy | Destroyer | 29 April – 1 May Lost in collision with HMS King George V |
| HMS Seagull (J85) | Royal Navy | Minesweeper | 26 April – 5 May |
| HMS Somali (F33) | Royal Navy | Destroyer | 28 April – 5 May |
| HNoMS St. Albans (I15) |  Royal Norwegian Navy | Destroyer | 28 April – 5 May |
| HMS Sturgeon (73S) | Royal Navy | Submarine | 28 April – 1 May |
| HMS Ulster Queen | Royal Navy | AA Auxiliary Cruiser | 28 April – 5 May |
| HNoMS Uredd (P-41) | Royal Norwegian Navy | Submarine | 1–5 May |
| USS Madison (DD-425) | United States | Destroyer | 28 April – 6 May |
| USS Plunkett (DD-431) | United States | Destroyer | 28 April – 6 May |
| USS Tuscaloosa (CA-37) | United States | Heavy cruiser | 28 April – 6 May |
| USS Wainwright (DD-419) | United States | Destroyer | 28 April – 6 May |
| USS Washington (BB-56) | United States | Battleship | 28 April – 6 May |
| USS Wichita (CA-45) | United States | Heavy cruiser | 28 April – 6 May |
| USS Wilson (DD-408) | United States | Destroyer | 28 April – 6 May |
| HMS Venomous (D75) | Royal Navy | Destroyer | 28 April – 5 May |
| HMS Victorious (R38) | Royal Navy | Aircraft carrier | 28 April – 5 May |
| HMT Vizalma | Royal Navy | ASW trawler | 26 April – 5 May |
See also edit
Footnotes edit
References edit
- Macintyre, Donald (1971). The Naval War Against Hitler. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-12375-2.
Further reading edit
- Blair, Clay (1996). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–42. Vol. I. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35260-8.
- Kemp, Paul (1993). Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 1-85409-130-1 – via Archive Foundation.
- Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005) [1972]. Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (3rd rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-257-7.
- Ruegg, Bob; Hague, Arnold (1993) [1992]. Convoys to Russia (2nd rev. exp. pbk. ed.). Kendal: World Ship Society. ISBN 978-0-905617-66-4.
- Schofield, Bernard (1964). The Russian Convoys. London: BT Batsford. OCLC 906102591 – via Archive Foundation.
- Woodman, Richard (2004) [1994]. Arctic Convoys 1941–1945. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-5752-1.