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Bru language

Not to be confused with Brao language.

Bruu (also spelled Bru, B'ru, Baru, Brou) is a Mon–Khmer dialect continuum spoken by the Bru people of mainland Southeast Asia.

Bru
Bruu
Native toLaos, Vietnam, Thailand
EthnicityBru, Katang
Native speakers
(300,000 cited 1991–2006)[1]
Latin, Lao, Thai
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
bru – Eastern Bru
brv – Western Bru
sss – Sô
xhv – Khua
ncq – Northern Katang
sct – Southern Katang
Glottologbrou1236

Sô and Khua are dialects.[2]

Names

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There are various local and dialect designations for Bru (Sidwell 2005:11).

  • So ~ Sô
  • Tri (So Tri, Chali)
  • Van Kieu
  • Leu ~ Leung (Kaleu)
  • Galler
  • Khua
  • Katang (not the same as Kataang)

Distribution

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The distribution of the Bru language spreads north and northeast from Salavan, Laos, through Savannakhet, Khammouane, and Bolikhamsai, and over into neighboring Thailand and Vietnam (Sidwell 2005:11). In Vietnam, Brâu (Braò) is spoken in Đắk Mế, Bờ Y commune, Đắk Tô District, Kon Tum Province.[3]

Dialects

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Thailand has the following Western Bru dialects (Choo, et al. 2012).

The following Bru subgroups are found in Quảng Bình Province (Phan 1998).[5]

Below is a comparative vocabulary of Vân Kiêu, Măng Coong, Tri, and Khùa from Phan (1998:479-480),[5] with words transcribed in Vietnamese orthography.

GlossVân KiêuMăng CoongTriKhùaVietnamese
onemuimuôimột
twobarhai
threepeiba
fourponbốn
fiveshăngt'shăngnăm
hairsoktóc
eyematmắt
noselyumumũi
skyplanggiangtrời
groundkutekatekk'tekđất
waterdơdonước
fishsiacá
birdchamchim
water buffalotricktrâu
cattlentrotrobò

Phonology

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Consonants

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The consonant sounds in both East and West dialects consist of the following:[6]

LabialAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Plosive/
Affricate		voicelesspttɕkʔ
aspiratedpʰtʰkʰ
voicedbd
Nasalmnɲŋ
Liquidrhoticr
laterall
Fricativewsh
Approximantj
  • /w/ is typically pronounced as labiodental fricative [v] or approximant [ʋ] when occurring in initial position. In final position, it is always heard as [w].
  • /r/ can be heard as either a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ].
  • /tʰr/ as a consonant cluster, can be phonetically heard as [tʰɹ̥] in the Western dialect.
  • /h/ can also be heard as a voiced glottal [ɦ] when a preceding a breathy vowel sound in the Western Bru dialects. It can also be heard as nasal [h̃] when preceding a nasal vowel in the Western dialects.[7]
Final consonants
LabialAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Plosiveptkʔ
Nasalmnŋ
Fricativeh
Rhoticr
Approximantplainwlj
aspiratedwʰjʰ
glottalizedwˀjˀ
  • Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ in final position are heard as unreleased [p̚, t̚, k̚].

Vowels

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FrontCentralBack
Closei iːɨ ɨːu uː
Close-mide eːə əːo oː
Open-midɛ ɛːɜ ɜːɔ ɔː
Opena aːɒ̈ ɒ̈ː
Vowels in the Western Bru dialect
FrontCentralBack
Closei iːɯ ɯːu uː
Close-mide eːɤ ɤːo oː
Open-midɛ ɛːʌ ʌːɔ ɔː
Opena aːɒ̈ ɒ̈ː

Breathy vowels

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Vowel sounds may also be distinguished using breathy voice:

Breathy vowels
FrontCentralBack
Closei̤ i̤ːɨ̤ ɨ̤ːṳ ṳː
Close-mide̤ e̤ːə̤ ə̤ːo̤ o̤ː
Open-midɛ̤ ɛ̤ːɜ̤ ɜ̤ːɔ̤ ɔ̤ː
Opena̤ a̤ːɒ̤̈ ɒ̤̈ː
Breathy vowels in the Western Bru dialect
FrontCentralBack
Closei̤ i̤ːɯ̤ ɯ̤ːṳ ṳː
Close-mide̤ e̤ːɤ̤ ɤ̤ːo̤ o̤ː
Open-midɛ̤ ɛ̤ːʌ̤ ʌ̤ːɔ̤ ɔ̤ː
Opena̤ a̤ːɒ̤̈ ɒ̤̈ː

Nasal vowels

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Nasal vowel sounds may occur in the Western Bru dialect:

Nasal vowels in the Western Bru dialect
FrontCentralBack
Closeĩːɯ̃ũ ũː
Open-midɛ̃ ɛ̃ːʌ̃ːɔ̃ ɔ̃ː
Openã ãːɒ̈̃ ɒ̈̃ː

References

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  1. ^ Eastern Bru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Western Bru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Sô at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Khua at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Northern Katang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Southern Katang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ "Mon-Khmer Classification (Draft)".
  3. ^ Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et al.; Viện hàn lâm khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - Viện dân tộc học. 2014. Các dân tộc ít người ở Việt Nam: các tỉnh phía nam. Ha Noi: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội. ISBN 978-604-90-2436-8
  4. ^ Engelkemier, Jennifer M. (2010). Aspects of Bru Khok Sa-at grammar based on narrative texts (PDF) (M.A. thesis). Payap University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  5. ^ a b Phan Hữu Dật. 1998. "Về tên gọi các tộc người nói ngôn ngữ Môn-Miên ở miền tây tỉnh Quảng Bình." In Một số vấn đề về dân tộc học Việt Nam, p.476-482. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà Nội.
  6. ^ Miller, Carolyn P. (2017). Eastern Bru Grammar Sketch. SIL Language and Culture Archives.
  7. ^ Thongkum, Theraphan L. (1980). The distribution of the sounds of Bruu. Mon-Khmer Studies 8. pp. 221–293.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Further reading

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