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2020 Jamaican general election

General elections were held in Jamaica on Thursday, 3 September 2020[1] to elect 63 members of Parliament. As the constitution stipulates a five-year parliamentary term,[2] the next elections were not expected until between 25 February and 10 June 2021. However, Prime Minister Andrew Holness called early elections to ensure a united response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. On the advice of Holness, Governor General Patrick Allen dissolved Parliament on 13 August 2020.[3]

2020 Jamaican general election
← 20163 September 2020Next →
All 63 seats in the House of Representatives
32 seats needed for a majority
Turnout37.85% (Decrease 10.52pp)
 First partySecond party
 
LeaderAndrew HolnessPeter Phillips
PartyJLPPNP
Last election50.08%, 32 seats49.71%, 31 seats
Seats won4914
Seat changeIncrease 17Decrease 17
Popular vote408,376305,950
Percentage57.07%42.76%
SwingIncrease 6.99ppDecrease 6.95pp
Results by constituency
Prime Minister before election

Andrew Holness
JLP

Prime Minister after election

Andrew Holness
JLP

The result was a landslide victory for the ruling Jamaica Labour Party,[4] which received 57% of the vote and won 49 seats; the People's National Party remained the opposition party, losing 16 seats.[5] Amid the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic, voter turnout was only 38%,[6] the lowest in an election since 1983.[7]

Background

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Prior to the election, the Jamaica Labour Party, led by Prime Minister Andrew Holness, formed a majority government. The largest opposition party was the People's National Party, led by Peter Phillips. Either the Jamaica Labour Party or the People's National Party have been in power since universal suffrage was introduced in 1944.[8]

Electoral system

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The 63 members of the House of Representatives are elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting.[9] Voters must be 18 years and over and be a citizen of Jamaica or a Commonwealth citizen.[10]

The leader of the party commanding a majority of support in the House of Representatives is called on by the Governor General to form a government as Prime Minister,[11] while the leader of the largest group or coalition not in government becomes the Leader of the Opposition.[12]

Campaign

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Only two parties registered to contest the election, the Jamaica Labour Party and the People's National Party, and each nominated candidates in all 63 constituencies. The two parties agreed to participate in three televised debates hosted by the Jamaica Debates Commission.[13]

The People's National Party campaigned for a referendum on removing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state.[14]

On 15 August 2020, the pastors of the Christian right Jamaica Progressive Party announced that the party would not contest the elections due to lack of time to prepare.[15]

Contesting parties

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PartyPositionIdeologyLeader
(since)		Last electionAt dissolutionContested
Jamaica Labour PartyCentre-rightNationalism[16][17][18]
Fiscal conservatism[19]
Populism
Conservatism[20][21][22]
Republicanism
Fabianism (originally)[18]		Andrew Holness
(January 2010)
32 / 63 (51%)
34 / 63 (54%)
63
People's National PartyCentre-leftSocial democracy
Democratic socialism
Populism
Republicanism[23]		Peter Phillips
(November 2017)
31 / 63 (49%)
29 / 63 (46%)
63

Slogans and songs

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PartySloganOfficial song
JLP"Build back stronger."[24]

#GreenLight[25]

PNP"Building your Jamaica."[26]

Building Your Jamaica: #VotePNP2020[27]

Incumbent MPs not seeking re-election

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Seven members of parliament did not stand for re-election:[28]

Retiring incumbentElectoral DistrictTerm in officeReasonDate announcedReplaced as MP by
Robert PickersgillPNPSaint Catherine North Western1989–2020Not standing22 August 2017[29]Hugh Graham
Evon RedmanPNPSaint Elizabeth North Eastern2016–2020Not standing10 May 2018[30]Delroy Slowley
Derrick KellierPNPSaint James Southern1987–2020Not standing28 May 2018[31]Homer Davis
Ronald ThwaitesPNPKingston Central1997–2020Not standing22 May 2019[32]Donovan Williams
Noel ArscottPNPClarendon South Western2007–2020Not standing14 September 2019[33]Luthon Cousins
Shahine RobinsonJLPSaint Ann North Eastern2001–2020Died in office29 May 2020[34]Marsha Smith
Leslie CampbellJLPSaint Catherine North Eastern2016–2020Not standing26 June 2020[35]Kerensia Morrison

Candidates

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Candidate nominations were finalised on nomination day, 18 August 2020.[1] The full candidate list is presented below,[36] along with the incumbent candidates before the election.[37] MPs who are not standing for re-election are marked (†). Government ministers are in bold,[38] and party leaders are in italics.

Clarendon Parish

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Electoral DistrictCandidatesIncumbent
JLPPNPOther
Clarendon CentralMichael HenryZuleika JessMichael Henry
Clarendon North CentralRobert Nesta MorganDesmond BrennanPearnel Charles
Clarendon North WesternPhillip HenriquezRichard AzanMerrick Cohen (Ind.)Richard Azan
Clarendon NorthernDwight SibbliesHorace DalleyHorace Dalley
Clarendon South EasternPearnel Charles JrPatricia Duncan SutherlandPearnel Charles Jr
Clarendon South WesternKent GammonLothan Cousins† Noel Arscott

Hanover Parish

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Electoral DistrictCandidatesIncumbent
JLPPNP
Hanover EasternDave Hume-BrownWavell HindsDave Hume-Brown
Hanover WesternTamika DavisIan HaylesIan Hayles

Kingston Parish

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Electoral DistrictCandidatesIncumbent
JLPPNP
Kingston CentralDonovan WilliamsImani Duncan-Price† Ronald Thwaites
Kingston East & Port RoyalEgwugwu PriestlyPhillip PaulwellPhillip Paulwell
Kingston WesternDesmond McKenzieJoseph WitterDesmond McKenzie

Manchester Parish

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Electoral DistrictCandidatesIncumbent
JLPPNPOther
Manchester CentralRhoda Moy CrawfordPeter BuntingRohan Chung (Ind.)Peter Bunting
Manchester North EasternAudley ShawDonald JacksonAudley Shaw
Manchester North WesternDamion YoungMikael PhillipsMikael Phillips
Manchester SouthernRobert ChinMichael StewartMichael Stewart

Portland Parish

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Electoral DistrictCandidatesIncumbent
JLPPNP
Portland EasternAnn-Marie VazBishop Purcell JacksonAnn-Marie Vaz
Portland WesternDaryl VazValerie Neita RobertsonDaryl Vaz

Saint Andrew Parish

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Electoral DistrictCandidatesIncumbent
JLPPNP
Saint Andrew East CentralJodian MyriePeter PhillipsPeter Phillips
Saint Andrew East RuralJuliet HolnessJoan Gordon-WebleyJuliet Holness
Saint Andrew EasternFayval WilliamsVenesha PhillipsFayval Williams
Saint Andrew North CentralKarl SamudaO'Neil LynchKarl Samuda
Saint Andrew North EasternDelroy ChuckDavid TullochDelroy Chuck
Saint Andrew North WesternNigel ClarkeRohan BanksNigel Clarke
Saint Andrew South EasternKari DouglasJulian RobinsonJulian Robinson
Saint Andrew South WesternMoureen LorneAngela Brown-BurkeAngela Brown-Burke
Saint Andrew SouthernVictor HydeMark GoldingMark Golding
Saint Andrew West CentralAndrew HolnessPatrick RobertsAndrew Holness
Saint Andrew West RuralJuliet Cuthbert-FlynnKrystal TomlinsonJuliet Cuthbert-Flynn
Saint Andrew WesternDorlan FrancisAnthony HyltonAnthony Hylton

Saint Ann Parish

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Electoral DistrictCandidatesIncumbent
JLPPNPOther
Saint Ann North EasternMarsha SmithKeith BrownMarsha Smith"
Saint Ann North WesternKrystal LeeDayton CampbellPeter Shand (Ind.)Krystal Lee
Saint Ann South EasternDelroy GranstonLisa HannaLisa Hanna
Saint Ann South WesternZavia MayneValenton WintZavia Mayne

Saint Catherine Parish

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Electoral DistrictCandidatesIncumbent
JLPPNPOther
Saint Catherine CentralOlivia GrangeMaurice WestneyOlivia Grange
Saint Catherine East CentralAlando TerrelongeRaymond PryceAlando Terrelonge
Saint Catherine EasternDwight PecooDenise DaleyDenise Daley
Saint Catherine North CentralNatalie Campbell RodriquesNatalie Neita-HeadleyJohn Henry (Ind.)
Lloyd Smith (Ind.)		Natalie Neita-Headley
Saint Catherine North EasternKerensia MorrisonOswest Senior-Smith† Leslie Campbell
Saint Catherine North WesternNewton AmosHugh GrahamGene Guthrie (Ind.)† Robert Pickersgill
Saint Catherine South CentralAndrew WheatleyKurt MatthewsAndrew Wheatley
Saint Catherine South EasternRobert MillerColin FaganColin Fagan
Saint Catherine South WesternEverald WarmingtonKurt WaulUpton Blake (Ind.)Everald Warmington
Saint Catherine SouthernDelroy DobneyFitz JacksonFitz Jackson
Saint Catherine West CentralChristopher TuftonKenyama BrownChristopher Tufton

Saint Elizabeth Parish

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Electoral DistrictCandidatesIncumbent
JLPPNP
Saint Elizabeth North EasternDelroy SlowleyBasil White† Evon Redman
Saint Elizabeth North WesternWilliam J.C. HutchinsonRyan KeatingWilliam J.C. Hutchinson
Saint Elizabeth South WesternFloyd GreenEwan StephensonFloyd Green
Saint Elizabeth South EasternFranklyn WitterDwaine SpencerFranklyn Witter

Saint James Parish

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Electoral DistrictCandidatesIncumbent
JLPPNPOther
Saint James CentralHeroy ClarkeAndre HyltonRas-Astor Black (Ind.)Heroy Clarke
Saint James East CentralEdmund BartlettMichael HemmingsEdmund Bartlett
Saint James North WesternHorace ChangGeorge HamiltonHorace Chang
Saint James SouthernHomer DavisWalton Small† Derrick Kellier
Saint James West CentralMarlene Malahoo ForteAndre HaughtonMarlene Malahoo Forte

Saint Mary Parish

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Electoral DistrictCandidatesIncumbent
JLPPNP
Saint Mary CentralLennon RichardsMorais GuyMorais Guy
Saint Mary South EasternNorman DunnShane AlexisNorman Dunn
Saint Mary WesternRobert MontagueJason StanfordRobert Montague

Saint Thomas Parish

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Electoral DistrictCandidatesIncumbent
JLPPNP
Saint Thomas EasternMichelle CharlesFenton FergusonFenton Ferguson
Saint Thomas WesternJames RobertsonMarsha FrancisJames Robertson

Trelawny Parish

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Electoral DistrictCandidatesIncumbent
JLPPNPOther
Trelawny NorthernTova HamiltonVictor Wright JnrGenieve Dawkins (Ind.)Victor Wright
Trelawny SouthernMarisa Dalrymple-PhilibertLloyd GillingsRichard Sharpe (Ind.)Marisa Dalrymple-Philibert

Westmoreland Parish

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Electoral DistrictCandidatesIncumbent
JLPPNPOther
Westmoreland CentralGeorge Wright (became

independent MP in 2021[39])

Dwayne VazGeorge Wright (Ind.)[39]

Torraino Beckford (Ind.)
Don Foote (Ind.)[b 1]

Dwayne Vaz
Westmoreland Eastern[b 2]Daniel LawrenceLuther BuchananHaile Mika'el (Ind.)Luther Buchanan
Westmoreland WesternMorland WilsonWykeham McNeillWykeham McNeill
  1. ^ Foote is a JLP member contesting the election independently as the "Jamaica Abolitionist Movement".[40]
  2. ^ The initial count ended in a tie that was decided in favour of incumbent Luther Buchanan. However, Daniel Lawrence was declared the winner after a recount.[41]

Marginal seats

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The following lists identify and rank seats using the vote margin by which the party's candidate finished behind the winning candidate in the 2015 election. This vote margin is given as a percentage of all eligible voters in the district.

For information purposes only, seats that have changed hands through subsequent by elections have been noted. Seats whose members have changed party allegiance are ignored.

Marginal seats by party (with winning parties and margins from the 2016 Jamaican general election)
Jamaica Labour Party (JLP)People's National Party (PNP)
Marginal
1Saint Mary South Eastern[a 1]0.02%1Saint Catherine North Eastern0.53%
2Saint James Southern0.24%2Saint Andrew Eastern0.62%
3Saint Ann North Western1.18%3Saint Elizabeth South Eastern0.69%
4Trelawny Northern1.24%4Saint Thomas Western1.08%
5Saint Catherine South Eastern1.49%5Saint Ann South Western1.34%
6Westmoreland Central2.70%6Hanover Eastern1.44%
7Saint Catherine North Western3.05%7Saint Andrew East Rural1.83%
8Manchester Central3.17%8Saint Catherine East Central1.97%
9Clarendon Northern3.21%9Clarendon North Central2.42%
10Clarendon North Western3.57%10Clarendon South Eastern2.44%
11Manchester Southern3.77%11Saint Elizabeth North Western4.34%
12Westmoreland Western4.49%12Saint James West Central4.67%
13Saint Catherine North Central4.59%13Saint Andrew West Rural5.69%
14Saint Elizabeth North Eastern4.79%14Manchester North Eastern5.86%
15Hanover Western4.82%15Saint Elizabeth South Western6.81%
16Saint Thomas Eastern5.41%16Saint James Central6.85%
17Kingston Central5.78%17Saint Andrew West Central7.05%
18Portland Eastern[a 2]6.62%18Portland Western7.14%
19Clarendon South Western6.67%19Saint Catherine South Western7.43%
20Manchester North Western6.75%20Saint Ann North Eastern7.83%
21Saint Mary Central7.10%21Saint James East Central8.06%
22Saint Catherine Southern7.12%22Saint Andrew North Western8.47%
23Saint Andrew East Central7.44%23Saint Mary Western9.80%
24Saint Catherine Eastern7.61%24Trelawny Southern10.70%
25Saint Andrew South Eastern9.78%25Saint James North Western11.85%
26Saint Andrew Western10.43%26Saint Andrew North Eastern12.05%
27Westmoreland Eastern10.52%27Saint Andrew North Central12.39%
28Saint Ann South Eastern10.98%28Saint Catherine West Central13.43%
29Kingston East and Port Royal25.20%29Clarendon Central15.33%
30Saint Andrew Southern36.37%30Saint Catherine South Central20.47%
31Saint Andrew South Western40.79%31Saint Catherine Central24.94%
Safe32Kingston Western34.83%
Safe
Source: General Election 2016 - Electoral Commission of Jamaica
  1. ^ Later gained by the JLP in a by-election on October 30, 2017, by a margin of 36.26% over the PNP.
  2. ^ Later gained by the JLP in a by-election on April 4, 2019, by a margin of 1.62% over the PNP.

Opinion polls

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Don Anderson, CEO of Market Research Services Limited, Larren Peart, founder and CEO of Bluedot Data Intelligence Limited and Bill Johnson of Johnson's Survey Research Limited Inc have commissioned opinion polling for the general election regularly sampling the electorates' opinions.

DatePollsterSample
size		JLPPNPOtherLead
3 September 20202020 general election–57.142.80.114.3
21–24 August 2020RJR Gleaner Group/Don Anderson poll[42]–37253812
21–23 August 2020Jamaica Observer/Bill Johnson poll[43]1,00037234014
20 July–6 August 2020Nationwide News Network/Bluedot poll[44]–52341418
23 July–3 August 2020RJR Gleaner Group/Don Anderson poll[45]–36204416
9–12 July 2020Jamaica Observer/Bill Johnson poll[46]1,20036174719
13–20 June 2020Mello TV/Bill Johnson poll[47]1,20038194319
12–15 March 2020Jamaica Observer/Bill Johnson poll[48]1,20033194814
8–18 February 2020RJR Gleaner Group/Don Anderson poll[49]1,0383022488
2–19 December 2019Nationwide News Network/Bluedot poll[50]–5644012
7 August 2019Don Anderson poll[51]–3530355
2–4 August 2019One PNP/Bill Johnson poll[52]1,0003432342
28 March 2019RJR Gleaner Group/Don Anderson poll[53]1,00329185311
12 March 2018RJR Gleaner Group/Don Anderson poll[54]–2619556
25 February 20162016 general election–50.149.70.20.4

CEAC Solutions polling

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These polls are used internally by the PNP.[55]

DatePollsterSample
size		JLPPNPOtherLead
3 September 20202020 general election–57.142.80.114.3
28-29 August 2020CEAC Solutions poll[56]3664144153
25 February 20162016 general election–50.149.70.20.4

Results

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The ECJ reported that 97% of the polling stations had opened by 7:00 AM, and the remaining stations were open by 8:00 AM.[57] The polls closed at 5:00 PM.[58] Election observers included the EU delegation to Jamaica [59] and a domestic NGO, Citizens Action for Free and Fair Elections (CAFFE).[60]

Before 10:00 PM, preliminary results indicated that the JLP had won 44 seats; for the first time since 1967, the JLP was re-elected while contesting all seats.[61] PNP leader Phillips did not give a concession speech, but called Holness privately to offer congratulations.[62] Phillips resigned as PNP leader on 4 September 2020.[63] The full preliminary count indicated a total of 49 seats for the JLP.[64] A tie in Westmoreland Eastern was declared to be won by the JLP after a recount.[41]

PM Holness was sworn in for a new term by Governor-General Sir Patrick Allen on 7 September 2020. The ceremony, which was held at King's House, was restricted to 32 people to comply with public health measures.[65]

PartyVotes%+/–Seats+/–
Jamaica Labour Party408,37657.07+6.9949+17
People's National Party305,95042.76–6.9514–17
Independents1,1850.17+0.0300
Total715,511100.00–63–
Valid votes715,51198.78
Invalid/blank votes8,8061.22
Total votes724,317100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,913,41037.85
Source: Electoral Commission of Jamaica

See also

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References

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  2. ^ "The Legislature". Jamaica Information Service. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  3. ^ "It's Sept 3". Jamaica Observer. 12 August 2020. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  4. ^ "Political Tsunami turns Jamaica green with massive JLP victory". Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  5. ^ "Jamaica's Ruling Party Claims Landslide Victory in Thursday's General Election". Voice of America. 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.; Charles, Jacqueline (3 September 2020). "Prime Minister Andrew Holness and Jamaica Labor Party retain power in 'tsunami victory'". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.; "Jamaica election: Andrew Holness' JLP re-elected amid rise in Covid-19 cases". BBC News. 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.; Chappell, Kate (3 September 2020). "Jamaica's ruling party claims re-election victory in landslide win". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  6. ^ "JLP Trounces PNP 49 to 14 Seats" (Archived 5 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine). The Gleaner, 3 September 2020.
  7. ^ "Jamaica Election Centre". www.caribbeanelections.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
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  10. ^ "Registration Procedures". Electoral Commission of Jamaica. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  11. ^ "The Executive". Jamaica Information Service. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  12. ^ "The Opposition". Jamaica Information Service. Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  13. ^ black|PNP, JLP agree to political debates ahead of next general elections Archived 13 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine Jamaica Observer, 18 October 2019
  14. ^ "PNP vows to hold referendum on whether to remove Queen if elected". Jamaica Gleaner. 8 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020..
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  16. ^ King, Cheryl L. A. (2003). Wipf and Stock Publishers (ed.). Michael Manley and Democratic Socialism: Political Leadership and Ideology in Jamaica. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 9781592442348. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
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  22. ^ Wallace, Elisabeth (1977). University of Toronto Press (ed.). The British Caribbean from the Decline of Colonialism to the End of Federation. University of Toronto Press. p. 41.
  23. ^ "PNP Manifesto 2016". Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
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  26. ^ "Building Your Jamaica 🎼 🇯🇲 Bet you Neva know say a PNP Build that!". People's National Party on Twitter. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
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  28. ^ "#JaVotes2020 | Seven MPs not seeking re-election". Jamaica Gleaner. 12 August 2020. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
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  34. ^ "Labour Minister Shahine Robinson has died". Loop Jamaica. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  35. ^ Mills, Horace (26 June 2020). "MP confirms he is not seeking re-election". Jamaica Beacon. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  36. ^ "Constituencies". jamaica-elections.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
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  38. ^ "Members of the Cabinet – Office of the Prime Minister". Office of the Prime Minister. Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  39. ^ a b "MP George Wright resigns from JLP | Loop Jamaica". Loop News. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  40. ^ "Don Foote steps into fray in Westmoreland Central". Jamaica Gleaner. 15 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  41. ^ a b Ferguson, Albert (16 September 2020). "'I Will Deliver' - Lawrence Pledges Transformation After Winning See-Saw Westmoreland Eastern Recount". Jamaica Gleaner. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
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  43. ^ "Jamaica Observer Limited". Jamaica Observer. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  44. ^ Hughes, Cliff (10 August 2020). "NNN/Bluedot Poll: JLP Leads PNP by 18%". Nationwide 90FM. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
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  46. ^ "Jamaica Observer Limited". Jamaica Observer. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  47. ^ "PNP Trails JLP by 19% in Voter Standings - Bill Johnson Poll". Nationwide 90FM. 16 July 2020. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  48. ^ "Jamaica Observer Limited". Jamaica Observer. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
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  50. ^ "JLP has 12 point lead over PNP - Nationwide Bluedot Poll". jamaicatimesja.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  51. ^ Brooks, Dennis (7 August 2019). "Don Anderson Poll Shows Bunting 18 Points Ahead of Phillips". Nationwide 90FM. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  52. ^ Brooks, Dennis (7 August 2019). "Bill Johnson Poll Shows Holness/Phillips In Statistical Dead Heat". Nationwide 90FM. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  53. ^ "PNP under water - Opposition party trailing JLP in polls; critics say party, Phillips in bad shape". jamaica-gleaner.com. 28 March 2019. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  54. ^ "JLP Seven Points Ahead Of PNP In National Poll". www.radiojamaicanewsonline.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
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  56. ^ Campbell, Chevon (31 August 2020). "PNP Internal Poll Puts Party Slightly Ahead of JLP to Win Thursday's Election". Nationwide 90FM. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  57. ^ "97% of polling stations opened on time – EOJ". Jamaica Observer. 3 September 2020.[permanent dead link]
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  59. ^ Wilson-Harris, Nadine (4 September 2020). "EU ambassador gives vote of confidence to election". Jamaica Gleaner. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  60. ^ "Election was free, fair – CAFFE". Jamaica Observer. 7 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
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  63. ^ "Watch: Peter Phillips steps down". Loop News Jamaica. 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  64. ^ "Holness to be sworn in tomorrow". Jamaica Gleaner. 6 September 2020. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  65. ^ "Watch: Holness sworn in as prime minister for a third time". Loop News Jamaica. 7 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
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