2019 Philippine House of Representatives elections

The Philippines uses parallel voting for its lower house elections. There are currently 297 seats in the House; 238 of these are district representatives, and 59 are party-list representatives. Philippine law mandates that there should be one party-list representative for every four district representatives. District representatives are elected under the plurality voting system from single-member districts. Party-list representatives are elected via the nationwide vote with a 2% "soft" election threshold, with a 3-seat cap. The party in the party-list election with the most votes usually wins three seats, the other parties with more than 2% of the vote two seats, and the parties with less than 2% of the vote winning a seat each if the 20% quota is not met.

Campaigning for elections from congressional districts seats are decidedly local; the candidates are most likely a part of an election slate that includes candidates for other positions in the locality, and slates may comprise different parties. The political parties contesting the election make no attempt to create a national campaign.^{[citation needed]}

Party-list campaigning, on the other hand, is done on a national scale. Parties usually attempt to appeal to a specific demographic. Polling is usually conducted for the party-list election, while pollsters may release polls on specific district races. In district elections, pollsters do not attempt to make forecasts on how many votes a party would achieve, nor the number of seats a party would win; they do attempt to do that in party-list elections, though.^{[citation needed]}

The seats held by each party were expected to change by the time candidacies were declared in late 2018.

The parties under the Makabayan bloc was formerly supportive of Duterte's policies until Duterte suspended peace talks with the Communist Party of the Philippines.^{[citation needed]}

Reapportioning the number of seats is done via national reapportionment after the release of every census or via piecemeal redistricting for every province or city. National reapportionment has not happened since the 1987 Constitution took effect, and aside from piecemeal redistricting, the apportionment was based on the ordinance from the constitution, which was in turn based from the 1980 census.^{[citation needed]}

In total, seven new district seats were created. Two were in Isabela, where the entire province was redistricted from four districts to six, and one each in Cavite, where the sixth and seventh districts were redistricted into three, Aklan and Southern Leyte, which were split into two districts, Laguna, where Calamba was separated from the second district and South Cotabato, where General Santos was separated from the first district.

As there are now 245 districts; therefore, there are 61 party-list seats (at least 20% of the total), an increase from 59. The 18th Congress shall then have 306 representatives. However, as preparations were already on its way when the laws for the creation of General Santos and Southern Leyte districts were made, the commission decided to delay elections for the four seats involved to October 2019; the ballots for those districts showed their previous conflagrations as if it were not redistricted yet. A lawsuit was then decided by the Supreme Court prior to rescheduled elections, ordering the commission to declare the winner of the election in South Cotabato's 1st district. Upon doing so, the commission then declared the winner of the unified Southern Leyte district as well. The first elections for these two districts shall be in 2022, at the next general election. This left the number of districts to 243, with still 61 party-list seats.

These representatives are term-limited, and are thus not allowed to run in 2019:

These representatives are not term limited, but did not run:

• Vicente Alcala (PDP–Laban, Quezon-2nd)

  Ran and lost for Governor of Quezon.^[32]

• Arlene Arcillas (PDP–Laban, Laguna-1st)

  Ran and won for Mayor of Santa Rosa, Laguna.^[33]

• Jennifer Austria-Barzaga (NUP, Cavite 4th)

  Ran and won for Mayor of Dasmariñas, Cavite.

• Ferjenel Biron (National Unity Party, Iloilo-4th)

  Ran and lost for Governor of Iloilo.^[34]

• Pia Cayetano, (Nacionalista, Taguig–2nd)

  Ran and won for senator.

• Vincent Crisologo (PDP–Laban, Quezon City–1st)

  Ran and lost for Mayor of Quezon City.^[35]

• Anna Katrina Enverga-dela Paz (NPC, Quezon-1st)

  Running for reelection, later withdrew

• Gwendolyn Garcia (PDP–Laban, Cebu–3rd)

  Ran and won for Governor of Cebu.^[36]

• Alexandra Gonzales (PDP–Laban, Mandaluyong)

  Running for reelection, later withdrew

• Datu Zajid Mangudadatu (PDP–Laban, Maguindanao-2nd)

  Ran and lost for senator

• Danilo Suarez (Lakas, Quezon-3rd)

  Ran and won for Governor of Quezon.^[32]

• Chiqui Roa-Puno (NUP, Antipolo-1st)

  Not running for reelection

• Monsour del Rosario (PDP–Laban, Makati-1st)

  Ran and lost for Vice Mayor of Makati.^[37]

• Gustavo Tambunting (PDP–Laban, Parañaque–2nd)

  Running for reelection, later withdrew

These congressmen left office before their terms expired, and were not replaced. As the 17th Congress has not called for special elections, these seats remain vacant until the sine die adjournment. For party-list representatives, the next person on the list would assume office. In both instances this happened, the next person on the list replaced the person who resigned.

• Tupay Loong (NUP, Sulu-1st)

  Died on June 30, 2016, before taking his oath of office.^[38]

• Mark Villar (Nacionalista, Las Piñas)

  Resigned after appointed as Secretary of Public Works and Highways on August 1, 2016.^[39]

• Jum Jainudin Akbar (Liberal, Basilan)

  Died on November 11, 2016.^[40]

• Maximo Dalog (Liberal, Mountain Province)

  Died on June 3, 2017.^[41]

• Henedina Abad (Liberal, Batanes)

  Died on October 8, 2017.^[42]

These are the marginal seats that had a winning margin of 5% or less, in ascending order.

Party		Votes	%	+/–	Seats	+/–
	PDP–Laban	12,653,960	31.22	+29.32	82	+79
	Nacionalista Party	6,524,100	16.10	+6.68	42	+18
	Nationalist People's Coalition	5,797,543	14.31	−2.73	37	−5
	National Unity Party	3,852,909	9.51	−0.16	25	+2
	Liberal Party	2,321,759	5.73	−35.99	18	−97
	Lakas–CMD	2,069,871	5.11	+3.57	12	+8
	Partido Federal ng Pilipinas	965,048	2.38	New	5	New
	Hugpong ng Pagbabago	652,318	1.61	New	3	New
	Aksyon Demokratiko	398,616	0.98	−0.4	1	0
	Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino	396,614	0.98	+0.77	1	New
	Bukidnon Paglaum	335,628	0.83	+0.48	2	+1
	Pederalismo ng Dugong Dakilang Samahan	259,423	0.64	New	0	0
	Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino	252,806	0.62	+0.32	2	0
	United Nationalist Alliance	232,657	0.57	−6.05	0	−11
	Hugpong sa Tawong Lungsod	197,024	0.49	+0.35	1	New
	Partidong Pagbabago ng Palawan	185,810	0.46	New	2	New
	Bileg Ti Ilokano	158,523	0.39	New	1	New
	People's Reform Party	138,014	0.34	New	1	New
	Unang Sigaw ng Nueva Ecija	120,674	0.30	New	0	0
	Katipunan ng Demokratikong Pilipino	116,453	0.29	New	0	0
	Asenso Abrenio	115,865	0.29	New	1	New
	Kambilan ning Memalen Kapampangan	107,078	0.26	New	0	0
	Padayon Pilipino	98,450	0.24	−0.10	0	0
	Asenso Manileño	84,656	0.21	−0.29	2	0
	Kusog Bicolandia	82,832	0.20	New	0	0
	Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines	81,741	0.20	+0.16	1	New
	Partido Navoteño	80,265	0.20	New	1	New
	Kabalikat ng Bayan sa Kaunlaran	65,836	0.16	−0.03	1	0
	Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas	56,223	0.14	New	0	0
	Bagumbayan–VNP	33,731	0.08	New	0	0
	Kilusang Bagong Lipunan	33,594	0.08	−0.45	0	0
	Adelante Zamboanga Party	28,605	0.07	New	0	0
	Labor Party Philippines	9,718	0.02	+0.00	0	0
	Democratic Party of the Philippines	1,110	0.00	New	0	0
	Hugpong Surigao Sur	816	0.00	New	0	0
	Philippine Green Republican Party	701	0.00	−0.01	0	0
	Independent	2,014,211	4.97	−0.86	2	−2
Party-list seats[a]					61	+2
Total		40,525,182	100.00	–	304	+5
Valid votes		40,525,182	86.34	+2.37
Invalid/blank votes		6,411,957	13.66	−2.37
Total votes		46,937,139	–	–
Registered voters/turnout		61,843,771	75.90	−5.76
Source: COMELEC (Seats won), (Turnout and electorate)

Notes